汉译英课件-第五讲.ppt

2019/4/3,1,第五讲：词语理解与翻译 词的上下文，词的形式，词性，搭配和变化,2019/4/3,2,目 录,词语的理解与翻译 1 词的上下文 2 词的形式 3 词的词性 4 词的搭配 5 词的变化 Exercises and Assignments,3,词语的理解与翻译,翻译中错译的情况常常是由于对词语的词义理解不准确引起的。靠查词典并不能完全解决问题，只有通过上下文的分析，通过对文章总的意思、作者的思路、词的语法特征、词的搭配和词的变化等方面的理解才能确定词义。,2019/4/3,4,1 词的上下文,英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义。一词多义就是说同一个词在同一个词类中，又往往有几个不同的词义。在英汉翻译过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后就要善于选择和确定原句中关键词的词义。,2019/4/3,5,如mine / get up 词义的变化：,mine: 矿井宝库源泉地雷 坑道水雷烟火潜道 getup 的词义引申： 起床 式样格式装束 打扮劲头勇气 一般人很难从mine和getup猜出后面几个词义。,2019/4/3,6,有的词还出现相反或对立的意思,如 overlook： 1） fail to notice； 2） look at carefully 如 sanction： 1）approval； 2）punishment 可见在翻译中我们不能凭自己的印象，使用自己熟悉的词义，而应当利用上下文进行分析再确定词义。,2019/4/3,7,Examples,1) . . . which will make a more economic use of the wealth of talent，application and industry currently being wasted on certificates， diplomas and degrees that no one wants to know about. 使之能比较珍惜学校的人才资源，勤奋刻苦的努力。而现在这些人才资源和努力都浪费在无人感兴趣的证书、文凭和学位上。,2019/4/3,8,Examples,2）For the first two years，the war was largely 1eft to the soldiers，whose on1y objective was victory without regard for politica1 considerations，because these they did not understand. 在战争头两年中，战争主要是交给军人们去负责，因为他们唯一的目标是取胜，不是政治因素，这个他们也不懂。,2019/4/3,9,Examples,3）And until recently this hostile towards daydreaming was the most common one， （But now some people are taking a fresh look at daydreaming， some think it may be a very healthy thing to do） 不久前，这种白日做梦的否定态度仍然相当普遍。,2019/4/3,10,Examples,4） In the United States a battle had long raged in military and congressional circles over how much of our defense effort should be al1otted to bombers, how much to missi1es 美国军界和国会长期来一直在激烈地争论着，我们的国防力量究竟应该把多少用在轰炸机上，多少用在导弹上。,2019/4/3,11,2 词的形式,确定一个词的词义，还可以从词的本身语法变化来确定。英语中许多名词，用作可数名词时和用作不可数名词时，意思大不相同，,2019/4/3,12,英语中许多名词，用作可数名词时和用作不可数名词时，意思大不相同，,如: agreement（同意an agreement（协定）； people（人民）a people（民族）； hostility（敌意）hosti1ities（战争）； use（使用）uses（用途）； room（空间）rooms（房间）,2019/4/3,13,conclusion,对名词的可数与不可数形式所隐含的不同意义要引起足够的重视。意思用上去不合适时，要看一看这个名词是可数名词还是不可数名词，有没有其他意思。,2019/4/3,14,Examples,1） The reason？ University medical schools can only find places for ha1f of those who apply. 为什么？因为大学的医学院只能为申请攻读学位者中的一半人提供名额。 2）No war has ever started with such a victory for one side at the very beginning of the hostilities. 从未有一场战争在它一开始时一方就取得了如此巨犬的胜利。,2019/4/3,15,Examples,3） There is a definite link between smoking and 1ung cancer. But this doesnt make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company. 吸烟肯定与肺癌有关，但这并未使你感刭太不舒服，因为吸烟的人不止你一个。 4） Every people in turn adapted itself to the law of necessity. 各个民族都相继适应了这条必然的规章。,2019/4/3,16,Examples,5）And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind. 习惯于多动脑筋而不是不大肯动脑的人，在进人老龄后要比起一个不积极动脑子的人的认知能力更为健全。,2019/4/3,17,Examples,6） While these underprivileged peop1e receive he1p from the Government, they have no high hopes for their future 这些生活水平低下的人们虽然得到政府的救助，但是他们对未来不抱多大的希望。,2019/4/3,18,3 词的词性,如同汉语一样，英语中许多词兼有不同的词性。同一个词由于词性不同，意思也有差别。,2019/4/3,19,Examples (can),Workers can fish. 1 (把can看成是助动词，) “工人能够钓鱼”； 2 (看成是谓语动词) “工人把鱼制成罐头”,2019/4/3,20,Examples (like),1. I like the book. 在主语后是动词“喜欢”， 2. In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. 在谓语后是介词“象” “在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃象金子般在闪闪发光。” 3. Like knows likes. 名词“相似的人、物”， “英雄识英雄。”,2019/4/3,21,Examples,) Under the law of competition， the employer of thousands is forced into the strictest economies，among which the rates paid to labor figure prominently. 在竞争的法则下，上万人的雇主不得不实行一些最严厉的节约措施，其中节约给工人报酬的那部分占很大一部分。,2019/4/3,22,Examples,2）（Until the World War brought chaos to most of their institutions，） their whole lives were regulated， perhaps more than those of any other people save the Spaniards， by a regard for precedent. 除西班牙人，他们的全部生活，或许比共他任何民族的生活都更受到先例的制约。,2019/4/3,23,Examples,3） great lorries with a double deck cargo of cars for export 1umber past Magdalen and the University Church. 满载着出口汽车的双层犬型卡车在马稳林学院和大学教堂旁隆隆驶过。,2019/4/3,24,Examples,4） When a complicated word processor attempts to doub1e as a desktop publishing program or a kitchen appliance comes with half a dozen attachments， the product is bound to be unwieldy and burdensome. 如果要将一台复杂的文字处理机兼有台式出版系统的功能，或兼有一台配有六种附件的厨房用具的功能，那么这种产品就必然笨重累赘。,2019/4/3,25,Examples,5） He thought that directly internal confidence in the government declined, her financial structure wou1d be in danger. 他认为一旦国内对政府信心下降，它的财政体制就会出现危机。 6） Perhaps total destruction is even more attractive than total insecurity and never ending persona1 anxiety. 或许统统毁灭的结局要比老是感刽不安和无穷无尽的担忧更吸引人。,2019/4/3,26,4 词的搭配,一个词语尽管有许多释义，但是用在特定的句子中，与不同的词搭配，意思只能是一个。因此根据词语的搭配关系，我们往往可以分辨多义词的不同含义，从而选择原文所表达的确切词义。,2019/4/3,27,Examples (last),1) He is the last man to come. 他是最后来的。 2) He is the last man to do it. 他决不会干那件事。 3) He is the last person for such a job. 他是最不配干这个工作。,2019/4/3,28,Examples (last),4) He should be the last (man) to blame 怎么也不该怪他。 5) He is the last man to consult. 根本不宜找他商量。 6) This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。,2019/4/3,29,Examples (take off),1) To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her, but it had been an agony for years. 脱某地或穿鞋对她是一种痛苦，但这已是多年以来的痛苦了。,2019/4/3,30,Examples (take off),2) An area like size of the Hornets flight deck was marked off on an airstrip and they practiced taking off time after time from this restricted space. 在机场上标出了与大黄蜂号甲板一样大小的一块地方，他们（机组人员）一次双一次地练习从这样一块有限的面积上起飞。,2019/4/3,31,Examples (take off),3) He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working as though about to take off. 他工作的时候，总是坐在椅子边上，好象随时都会跳起身来的样子。,2019/4/3,32,Examples (take off),4) Their first major design was a pleated denim jean with external pockets dubbed “baggies” that took off in high schools and colleges and soon was imitated by other apparel manufacturers. 他们的头一项重要设计是一种打褶的、缝上明袋的兰色斜线纹粗布裤，这种裤子人们称为“袋子”， 在中学和大学中首先流行，接着别的服装商店也都很快仿制起来。,2019/4/3,33,Examples (interview),Unhappi1y，this p1entiful genera1 1iterature about interviewing pays litt1e attention to the journa1istic interview 不幸的是，诈多大量有关面谈的一般性文献较少涉及新闻采访这一领域。,2019/4/3,34,Examples (new schoo1 ),“In short,” a leader of the new schoo1 contends， “the scientific revo1ution， as we ca11 it， was 1argely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions。” 新学派的一位领导人坚持说：“简而言之，我们称谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。”,2019/4/3,35,5 词的变化,英语写作中在表达同一意思时，不经常使用简单的单词重复方法，而是用同义词、近义词或上义概括词来代。如果不注意到这种修辞变化手段，而错把它们当作两个没有任何语义关系的词或词组，就会造成误译。因此了解英语写作中为追求用词变化而运用的修辞手段，有助于准确理解词义。,2019/4/3,36,Examples,1） There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. 方法论是指专门用于一般历史研究的概念，还是指适合于历史研究中各个具体领域的研究手段，意见并不一致。,2019/4/3,37,Examples,2） The Second world War in some ways gave birth to 1ess novelty and genius than the FirstIt was， of course， a greater cataclysm， fought over a wider area， and a1tered the social and politica1 contour of the world at least as radically as its predecessor. 第二次世界大战在某些方面来说，不像第一次大战那样产生了诸多新奇事物和天才。诚然它是一场更大的灾难，战事蔓延到更广阔的地区，改变了世界的社会和政治的轮廓，至少激烈程度不亚于第一次大战，或许更为激烈。,2019/4/3,38,Examples,3） It is necessary to consider the amount of credit granted；interest rates， which may vary slightly； the number and range of outlets， though most cards cover major garages， hote1s，restaurants and department stores。 有必要考虑信用卡赊账的限额、利率（可能有些高低）、接受的商家有多少及使用范围，虽然大多数信用卡在大加油站、旅馆、饭店和百货商店均可使用。,2019/4/3,39,Examples,4） The torpedo bombers skimmed low， launching their missiles from just fifty feet off the calm surface of the water. Once these torpedoes hit the water， they drive along under their own power and struck our ship below the water-line a most devastating blow. 鱼雷轰炸机低低掠过，在距乎静的水面仅五十英尺的高度发射鱼雷。这些鱼雷一旦进入水中就靠自身动力向前推进，袭击我舰吃水线以下的部位这是最可怕的打击。,2019/4/3,40,Examples,5） These， as 1ong as the sun was above the horizon，intercepted much of the light and color； but when the great luminary has passed away from our direct vision， its light shines more directly on the under sides of a11 the clouds and air strata of different densities. 原先只要太阳还在地平线上，云雾就截住不少阳光和色彩，但现在太阳从我们的视野中消失了，阳光便更为直接地照射到密度不同的云层和大气层的底部。,2019/4/3,41,Exercises and Assignments,一、译下例各句子，注意根据在句中的词类来确定它的词义： 1. It is not right for children to sit up late. 2. The plane was right above our heads. 3. In the negative, right and left, and black and white are reversed. .She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery.,2019/4/3,42,Answers,、孩子们睡得晚不好。（形容词） 、飞机正好在我们头上面。（副词） 、照片底片上，左右黑白与正片恰好相反。 （名词） 、她尽力为她丈夫被控抢劫申冤。（动词）,2019/4/3,43,Exercises and Assignments,二、译下例各句，根据上下及搭配关系来确定斜体词的词义： 1. If the stove isnt made up, it will go out. 2. There isnt any girl called Clementine. Hes just made her up. 3. Half the roads in the region are still to be made up. 4. Society is made up of people with widely differing abilities. 5. It took Laurence Olive more than an hour to make up for the part of “Othello”. 6. They make up a bed on the sofa for the unexpected visitor. 7. We have to drive fast to make up the hour we lost in Boston.,2019/4/3,44,Answers,、如不添煤，炉子就会熄灭。 、根本没有个叫克莱门蒂的姑娘，全是他捏造出来的。 、这地区的路面有一半还没有修好。 、社会是由具有迥然不同的能力的人组成的。 、扮演“奥赛罗”这个角色，劳伦斯奥利佛花了一个多小时化装。 、他们把沙发收拾一下让这位不速之客睡。 、人们不得不加快车速，以弥补在波士顿所耽误的时间。,2019/4/3,45,Exercises and Assignments,1. The foreign trade has risen to unprecedented figures. 2. Dr. Eliot was one of the most revered figures in the world of learning. 3. On the desk there was a bronze figure of Plato. 4. He saw dim figures moving towards him. 5. June was good at figure skating.,2019/4/3,46,Answers,、对外贸易的数字有了空前的增涨。 、埃利奥特博士是学术界最受尊敬的人物之一。 、书桌上有一尊柏拉图的铜像。 、他隐隐约约看见一些人影在向他跟前移动。 、琼善于花样花式滑冰。,2019/4/3,47,Exercises and Assignments Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be: rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their en