自考本科英美文学.ppt

The Neoclassical Period,新古典主义时期,Duration（P.79）,Neoclassical period is the one in English literature between the return of Stuarts(斯图亚特王朝) to the English throne in 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads抒情诗集 by Wordsworth华兹华斯 and Coleridge柯勒律治 in 1978.,A turbulent time,An age full of conflicts and divergence of values. The restoration of Charles II in 1660 The Glorious Revolution in 1689 Constant strife between the monarch and the parliament Constant strife between big partiesthe Tories and Whigs,Constant strife between ruling class and the laboring poor Constant strife between religious sects, such as the Roman Catholicism and protestants (church of England) The eighteenth century saw the fast development of England as a nation,Social Background:,fast development of England as a nation Economic Development 1. A vast expansion of British colonies in North America, India, the West Indies 2. Acts of Enclosure圈地法案（Enclosure Movement圈地运动）“Ship devouring man”,3. Industrial Revolution工业革命 4. The rise of the British bourgeois or middle class,Enlightenment启蒙运动（P.80）,The 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment启蒙时期 or the Age of Reason理性时代. 1. a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe 2. furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries.,3. to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. 4. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality & science. They advocated universal education (reason serves as the yardstick fro the measurement of all human activities ) 5. provided theory for the French Revolution of 1789 and the American War of Independence in 1776,Some great enlighteners,John Dryden 德莱顿 Alexander Pope亚历山大蒲柏 Joseph Addison (艾迪生) Richard Steele理查德斯蒂尔 Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特 Daniel Defoe丹尼尔笛福 Richard Sheridan查尔斯谢里丹 Henry Fielding亨利菲尔丁 Samuel Johnson塞缪尔约翰逊,Neoclassicism,In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.,Viewpoints on literature: (p.81),All forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, Literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.,Fixed laws and rule on literature:,Prose : precise, direct, smooth and flexible. Poetry: lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic, and each class should be guided by its own principles. Drama : written in the Heroic Couplets. (p.82),Literature,Poetry: John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Samuel John, Thomas Gray Modern English Novels: (gives a realistic presentation of life of the common people) Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, George Smollett, Oliver Goldsmith.,Drama: Richard Brinsley Sheridan Prose: Jonathan Swift A modest Proposal- the best model of satire.,Gothic Novels(p.83),: stories of mystery and horror which take place in some haunted or disserted castles Horace Walpole: The Castle of Otranto Ann Radcliffe: The Mysteries of Udolpho, the Italian,John Bunyan约翰班扬,1628-1688 Born into a poor family Imprisoned twice for preaching Wrote Pilgrims Progress during the second imprisonment,Works (P.84),The Life and Death of Mr. Badman The Pilgrims Progress (天路历程),The Pilgrims Progress,The most successful religious allegory(寓言) in the English language. Characters: author, Christian, Pliable(柔软的) ， Mr. Worldly Wiseman, Mr. Evangelist (传道者)，Faithful, Apollyon恶魔, Hopeful, Giant Despair. The story: (p.85) reaching the Celestial City(天国),Reading：,Vanity Fair名利场 All that cometh is vanity. Christian arrived in Vanity Fair A description of the Fair and the People,Alexander Pope,1688-1744 A well to do merchant family Ill health from the cradle to the grave A representative of the Enlightenment One of the first to introduce rationalism(理性主义) to England Order: supreme value (p.91) An expert on Heroic Couplet,His works,An Essay On Criticism论批评 The Rape of the Lock (夺发记) a mock epic Dunciad： 愚人记-a satire An Essay On Man 人论,Daniel Defoe笛福,His works: The Shortest Way with the Dissenters. The True-born Englishman The Review Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记 (most famous of his work, his masterpiece),Captain Singleton辛格尔顿船长 Moll Flanders摩根.佛兰德斯 Colonel Jack杰克上校 Roxana罗克珊娜 A Journal of the Plague Year. 大疫年日记,Characteristics of his works(p.98),Defoe was a very good story-teller. He had a gift for organizing minute details His sentences are sometimes short, crisp & plain, & sometimes long & rambling His language is smooth, easy, colloquial & mostly vernacular. There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its best.,Robinson Crusoe,Characters: Robinson Crusoe, Friday-a Negro Story: p.99,Robinson:,real hero, the typical 18th English middle class man, with a great capacity for work. the very prototype(原型) of the empire builder the representative of the human labor and puritan fortitude,Jonathan Swift,1677-1745 A master satirist讽刺作家（P.107） A master of English Prose散文（P.107）,His works(P.107),A Tale of a Tub 木桶的故事 The Battle of the Books 书籍之战 Gullivers Travels (his greatest satiric work) 格列佛游记 A Modest Proposal (more powerful) 温和的建议 The Drapiers Letters布商来信,Writing style,Swift is a master satirist. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. Good style: “proper words in proper place”,Gullivers Travels格列佛游记,His best fictional work小说 Published in 1726 Theme: criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life. (p.108),Four parts（p.108）,Part I: His experiences in Lilliput(小人国) Part II: His experiences in Brobdingnag(大人国) Part III: The experiences in Flying Island(飞岛) Part IV: The experience in Houyhnhnm（具有人类理性的马） land,Reading,An account of some aspects of Lilliputian life,Henry Fielding (亨利菲尔丁 ),A playwright and a novelist Considered Father of English Novel for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern Novel. (p.121) comic epic in prose: 散文体喜剧史诗（p.121） Adopted “the third-person narration”,His works,Plays: The Coffee-house Politician:咖啡屋的政治家 The Tragedy of Tragedies:悲剧中的悲剧 Pasquin:巴斯昆 The historical Register for the year: 历史纪事,Novels(p.120) 1.The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews(约瑟夫安德鲁斯 ) 2.The History of Jonathan Wild the Great大伟人江奈生魏尔德传 3.The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling汤姆琼斯 masterpiece on subject of human nature 4.The history of Amelia- a story of the unfortunate life of an idealized woman, a maudlin picture of the social life,The writing characteristics:,P.121,Tom Jones(p.122),Full Title: the history of Tom Jones, a foundling. Fieldings masterpiece 18 books,Characters and the story,Tom Mr. Allworthy: Blifil: a nephew Sophia and Mr. Western,The personality of Tom,a national hero, honest, kind-hearted, high-spirited, loyal, and brave, but impulsive(冲动),Samuel Johnson塞缪尔约翰逊,En energetic and versatile(多才多艺的) writer Poet, dramatist, prose romancer(传奇小说作家) biographer， essayist， critic，lexicographer （词典编纂者）,His works(p.131),London The Vanity of Human wishes人类欲望之虚幻 The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia Irene: Author of the first English Dictionary by an Englishman-A dictionary of the English Language,Richard Brinsley Sheridan谢立丹,A playwright Works: The Rivals对手 The school for Scandal丑闻学校 P.136,Thomas Gray托马斯格雷,Leader of the sentimental poetry(感伤主义诗歌领袖) Graveyard school墓地派 Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 1751 乡村墓园挽歌,The Romantic Period,浪漫主义时期,p.157,Began in 1789 with the publication of Wordsworth华滋华斯 and Coleridges柯勒律治 Lyrical Ballads抒情诗集 Ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scotts沃尔特司各特 death,Historical Background,Internationally： French Revolution1789-1794法国革命 Jean Jacque Rousseau卢梭（法国启蒙思想家） Thomas Paines 托马斯潘恩 Declaration of Rights of Man 人权宣言,Nationally： The Enclosure 圈地运动Industrial Revolution 工业革命 Sharp conflicts between capital and labor,Romanticism浪漫主义P.161,1789-1832 A literary and philosophical theory The individual as the very center of all life and experience The center of art Literature as an expression of his or her unique feelings,An age of poetry. (major romantic poets: Blake布莱克, Wordsworth华兹华斯，Coleridge柯勒律治 ,Byron拜伦，Shelley雪莱，Keats济慈 ) Major representatives of the movement: Wordsworth and Coleridge,Nature is the major source of poetic imagination, provides the subject matter. 5. poetry should be free from all rules.,Views on poetry(p.161-162),1. Poetry as a healing energy; 2. simple theme 3. poet as a “man speaking to men”; poetry as the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings. 4. imagination and nature,Prose散文,Also a great age of prose Newspapers, magazines and periodical期刊 Representatives： Coleridge，Hazlitt黑兹利特 Lamb兰姆 De Quincey德昆西 Novelists: Jane Austen简奥斯汀 ,Walter Scott沃尔特司各特,Jane Austen: (p.165) Her major theme: love and marriage Love should be justified by reason and disciplined by self-control,Walter Scott: established the historical novel Waverley威弗利 Rob Roy罗伯罗伊 Ivanhoe 艾凡赫,Gothic Novels(p.166),a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century & was one phase of the Romantic Movement principal elements: violence, horror, the supernatural Typical examples: The Mysteries of Udolpho奥多芙的神秘 (1794) by Ann Radcliffe & Frankenstein(科学怪人) (1818) by Mary Shelley,William Blake威廉布莱克,A poet and engraver雕刻师 Life of seclusion and poverty Recognized posthumously死后: First important Romantic poet,His works,Poetical Sketches诗学札记 -A collection of youthful verse. Joy, laughter, love and harmony are the prevailing note p.168,Songs of Innocence天真之歌 -presenting a happy and innocent world Songs of Experience经验之歌 -a world of misery, poverty, disease, war P. 168 Central theme: childhood,The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚姻 A satire and a revolutionary prophecy(预言) -the relationship of the contraries(对立),Language styles: P.170,plain and direct language. lyric beauty with immense compression（压缩） of meaning. He distrusts the abstractness抽象 and tends to embody his views with visual images视觉意象. Symbolism象征,Chimney Sweeper（1）,扫烟囱的人 Scarcely: 几乎不 Soot煤烟 Curl:卷发、卷曲 Shave：剃 Sight：景象 Coffin：棺材,Plain：平原 Leaping：跳跃 Theme： child labor innocence,Chimney Sweeper （2）,Woe: 悲哀 Heath：荒野 Theme： child labor A criticism of the Church and King experience,The Tyger 老虎,Immortal： 不朽的 Frame：设计、建造 Symmetry：对称、匀称 Deeps：深渊 Aspire：追求 Twist：扭曲 Sinew：肌腱,Furnace：火炉 Anvil：砧骨 Clasp：紧抱,Summary,one of Blakes best-known poems. the great power of tiger Symbolic the power of man? Or the revolutionary force? Or the evil? Or as it is usually interpreted, the Almighty Maker who created both the meek & gentle lamb & the terrible & awesome tiger?,William Wordsworth,One of the Lake Poets湖畔诗人 (Southey骚塞, Coleridge柯勒律治 ) Collaborated on Lyrical Ballads(抒情诗集)with Coleridge Poet Laureate桂冠诗人: 1843（p.175） Worshiper and Prophets of nature: 自然的提倡者(p.176,179),Leading figure of the English romantic poetry, the focal焦点 poetic voice of the period(p.179) Started the modern poetry, changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature. (p.179),His works,Collaborated on Lyrical Ballads(抒情诗集)with Coleridge Two groups according to the subjects: Nature Human life,Poems about nature(176-177),The Sparrows Nest麻雀窝 To a Skylark致云雀 To the Cuckoo致布谷鸟 To a Butterfly致蝴蝶 I wandered Lonely as a Cloud我孤独地漫游，像一朵云 An Evening Walk My Heart Leaps up Tintern Abbey丁登寺,Poems about Human life(177-178),Theme: Joys and sorrows of the common people The Thorn荆棘 The Sailors mother水手的母亲 Michael迈克尔 The Affliction of Margaret玛格丽特的苦恼 The Old Cumberland Beggar坎伯兰郡的老乞丐,Lucy poemsa young country girl living a simple life in a remote village far from the civilized world The Idiot Boy白痴男孩 The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦者,Long poem,Prelude :序曲 -a masterpiece to show his philosophy of his life Prophet of nature (p.178),Literary views,Simplicity Source of poetic truth is the direct experience of the senses. Scenes and events of everyday life and speech of ordinary people are the raw materials of poetry. P. 179,I wandered Lonely as a Cloud,Float:漂浮 Vale：溪谷、谷 Daffodil：水仙花 Flutter：飘动、摆动 Toss：摇动 Sprightly：愉快的 Outdid：超越,Glee：快乐 Jocund：快活的 Vacant：空的 Pensive：沉思的 Solitude：孤独,Theme,Beauty of Nature Happiness solitude,Composed upon Westminster Bridge,西敏寺桥有感而作 Majesty：威严、雄伟 Garment：衣服 Dome：圆屋顶 Glittering：闪闪发光的 Splendor：光彩、壮丽 Glide：滑翔,An Italian Sonnet rhyming abbaabba cdcdcd Beauty of nature,She Dwelt Among the Untrodden ways,她住在人迹罕至的地方 Dwelt: 居住 Untrodden：杳无人迹的 Maid 少女 Violet：紫罗兰 Mossy：生苔的,Cease：停止 One of the Lucy poems A young country girl living a simple life,Solitary reaper 孤独的割麦者,Behold：看 Yon：那边 Lass少女 Reap：收割 Bind：捆绑 Overflowing：满溢,a young peasant girl working alone in the fields & singing as she works.,Samuel Taylor Coleridge,塞缪尔泰勒柯尔律治 A joint volume of poetry with William Wordsworth, Lyrical Ballads (抒情诗集) A landmark in English Poetry One of the Lake Poets (湖畔诗人),His works,The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古航海家之歌 Kubla Khan: 忽必烈汗 Christabel：克里斯塔贝尔 mysticism神秘主义, demonism魔凭妄想 and strong imagination,George Gordon Byron拜伦,A romantic poet Poetry of experience. His heroes are more or less surrogates代理 of himself. His works: Childe Harolds Pilgrimage 哈罗德公子游记 Don Juan:唐璜 (p.194),Childe Harolds Pilgrimage(p.194),A gloomy, passionate young wanderer who escaped from the society he disliked and traveled around the continent, questing for freedom.,Don Juan (p.194),Masterpiece, a great epic of the early 19th century A poem based on a traditional Spanish legend of a great lover and seducer of women.,Byronic Hero拜伦式英雄(p.195),1.A proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. 自负的、神秘的，出身高贵的反叛角色 2. Passionate热情的，powerful 3. Unconquerable wills and unexhausted energies. 无敌的意志和无限的精力 4. rebellious 反叛的 5. modeled on the life and personality of Byron himself.,Song for the Luddites,卢德工人之歌 Luddites: n. 勒德分子（十九世纪初英国手工业工人中参加捣毁机器的人）；强烈反对机械化或自动化的人 Support of the Luddites Sympathy for the workers,Percy Bysshe Shelley雪莱,one of the leading Romantic poets an intense & original lyrical poet in the English language(P.209) With revolutionary ideas Love for freedom and hatred toward tyranny,His works,Queen Mab: A philosophical Poem: 麦布女王 emphasizes how the “Spirit of Nature自然的精灵” pulses in all people and makes an absurdity荒谬 of selfishness and pride The Revolt of Islam伊斯兰的反叛,Prometheus Unbound: 解放了的普罗米修斯: Four-act poetic drama base on Greek mythology An exultant(欢欣鼓舞的) work in praise of humankinds potential.（p. 208）,Adonais：阿童尼:an elegy for John Keats Man of England: 英格兰人: a war cry for rebellion(p.207,209),Ode to the west wind西风颂：if Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?(p.214),John Keats约翰济慈,His works (p.216-218) On first Looking into Chapmans Homer初读查普曼译荷马有感 Endymion:恩底弥翁 Lamia:拉弥亚(希腊神话中的人首蛇身女怪，上半身是美丽的女人，下半身为蛇身 ) Isabella:伊莎贝拉 The Eve of St. Agnes圣爱格尼斯之夜,The Four Great Odes四大颂,Ode on Melancholy忧郁颂 Ode on a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂 Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂 Ode to Psyche心灵颂,Jane Austen 简奥斯丁,brought the English novels, as an art of form, to its maturity one of the greatest of all novelists. （p.226） realistic writer:,Her works(p.223),Sense and Sensibility 理智与情感Her first novel Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见The most popular of her novels dealing with the five Bennet sisters & their search for suitable husbands Northanger Abbey 诺桑觉寺satirizes those popular Gothic romances of the late 18th century,Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德庄园presents the antithesis of worldliness & unworldliness Emma 爱玛gives the thought over self-deceptive vanity Persuasion 劝导contrasts the true love with the prudential calculations,Characteristics of her novels,1. a realistic writer 2. a neoclassicism advocator, upholding traditional ideas of order, reason, proportion and gracefulness in novel writing. (p. 223) 3. about human beings in their personal relationship: the relationship between men & women in love. (p.223-224),4. writes within a very narrow sphere: day-to-day country life of the upper-middle class English. (p.226),Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见,Pride & Prejudice, originally drafted as “First Impressions“ in 1796, is the most delightful of Jane Austens works. The love story between Darcy and Eizabeth The title tells of a major concern of the novel pride & prejudice.,Characters and the story (P.226-228),The love story between Darcy and Elizabeth Mr. and Mrs. Bennet has five daughters: Bingley and Jane Lydia and Wickham,The Victorian Period,维多利亚时期,Duration,1836-1901: the reign of Queen Victoria(维多利亚女王统治时期)(P.233),Economically,Early years: rapid economic development and serious social problems: Industrial Revolution: “workshop of the world”,Late years：decline衰退of the British Empire and the decay腐朽 of the Victorian values. Oscar Wilde and Walter Pater: Art for arts sake: 为艺术而艺术,Politically,Tension and conflict between capital and labor: Chartist Movement: 宪章运动,Ideologically （思想上）,fundamental changes： religious convictions宗教信仰 were shook Darwins The origin of Species物种起源 （Tennysons In Memoriam丁尼生 悼念） Utilitarianism 功利主义、实用主义,Literature,1.Many-sided and complex 2.Reflect the great changes that were going on in peoples life and thought. Novels: Critical realists批判现实主义者 and novelists: Dickens (狄更斯)，Thackeray(萨克雷)，Charlotte Bronte(夏洛蒂勃朗特 ), Emily Bronte (艾米莉勃朗特 ) Mrs. Gaskell盖斯凯尔夫人, Anthony Trollope安东尼特罗洛普George Eliot (乔治艾略特 ) Thomas Hardy (托马斯哈代 )(p. 236),Critical realists:,A faithful representation真实的再现 Criticism of the society Defence of the mass Concern about the fate of the common people,Prose:散文 Poetry： mainly characterized by experiments with new styles and new ways of expression Poets: Robert Browning布朗宁, Alfred Tennyson丁尼生,Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality and spirit of the age. (p.237),Charles Dickens查尔斯狄更斯,Unhappy childhood One of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age. 17 novels,His works,Sketches by Boz 博兹札记 The Posthu