数词、名词、主谓一致、读写综合、.doc

数词1. 数词的分类基数词和序数词 基数词表示数目的多少； 序数词表示数目的顺序，其前通常加定冠词the。2. 基数词的构成 (1) 1-12为独立的单数。如：one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve(2) 1319的基数词以-teen结尾。如：thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen (3) 2090整十位的基数词以-ty结尾。 如：twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety。(4) “几十几”由十位数和个位数之间加连字符“-”构成。如：36thirty-six；58fifty-eight；(5) 101999的基数词由百位数后加and，再加十位数或个位数构成。如: 365three hundred and sixty-five(6)1000以上基数词的表示方法：从右向左用分节号“，”分节，每三个数字为一节，第一个分节号前用thousand，第二个分节号前用million，第三个分节号前用billion。如：2,418,000,000two billion, four hundred and eighteen million或two thousand, four hundred and eighteen million。注意：hundred, thousand, million, billion等用在具体的数字后面时用单数；如：three hundred people，fifty thousand trees 当thousand, million, billion等前面没有具体的数字时通常用复数，并与of连用。hundreds of 数百的；成百上千的；thousands of 数千的；成千上万的；millions of 数百万的如：There are hundreds of people who need new housing. 3. 序数词的构成(1) 第一、第二、第三分别为first, second, third。 (2) 第四至十九都是由相应的基数词加-th构成。如：fourth, seventh 注意第五、第八、第九和第十二的拼写有所变化，分别为fifth, twelfth, eighth, ninth。(3)十位数的序数词由相应的基数词变y为i，再加上-eth构成。如:twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth, fiftieth, sixtieth, seventieth, eightieth, ninetieth(4) 第二十一至第九十九的序数词只需在个位数上采用序数词形式，十位、百位、千位以上的数字均用基数词表示。如： 第四十七forty-seventh 第六十五sixty-fifth (5)第一百、第一千、第一百万分别在相应的基数词后面加上-th。如: hundredth, thousandth, millionth(6)序数词的缩写形式，由阿拉伯数字加序数词的后两个字母构成。如： 第一1st；第二2nd；第四十五45th；第一百零六106th4. 数词的其他形式(1) 分数分数由基数词和序数词合成，分子用基数词，分母用序数词。若分子大于1时，分母用复数形式，即序数词加-s。带分数的读法为“整数+and+分数”。 12如： one half 或 a half one fourth 或 one (a) quarter three quarters或 three fourths three and five sixths 注意：(1) 和带分数连用的名词用复数。如： hours three and a half hours或three hours and a half (2). 如果带分数的整数部分是1，名词读在带分数之后时，名词要用复数；而名词读在1与分数之间时，名词则用单数。 如： miles one and a third miles或one (a) mile and a third (2).小数整数与小数之间用小数点隔开。读小数时，小数点后面的数字要单独读出。小数点读作point(点)，零读作zero。如果整数是零,往往不读出。如： 0.1zero point one或point one 0.03zero point zero three 2.25two point two five14.163fourteen point one six three 注意：与小数连用的名词的数：整数是零时,名词用单数形式,其他情况名词用复数形式。 如：0.27 metre zero point two seven metre；1.26.metres one point two six metres (3) 百分数用percent表示。如：5% 5 per cent (缩写：5.PC)，读作five percent (4) 时刻的表达法分钟数+时钟数半小时以内用（含半小时）“分钟数+past+时钟数”，表示“几点过几分”；超过半小时则用“分钟数+to+时钟数”，表示“差几分钟到几点”。 如：7:05five past seven；5:31twenty-nine to six（差29分6点）时钟数+分钟数 如：6:30six thirty；5:20 five twenty (5) 年、月、日的表达法年份用基数词,日期用序数词。如：2009年5月1日可以写作May 1(st), 2009，读作May the first, two thousand and nine (或twenty o nine); 也可写作1(st) May, 2009，读作the first of May, two thousand and nine (或twenty o nine);也可全用阿拉伯数字表达，但要注意英美差异，英国先写日子，美国先写月份。如：6, 8, 2009 =2009年8月6日(英国) ；=2009年6月8日(美国)(6) 电话号码及编号 用No. +基数词。如：1号：No. 1；6路公共汽车：No.6 bus 用the+序数词+名词。如：the fifth lesson 第五课；the First World War 第一次世界大战 用名词（首字母大写）+基数词（若用英语拼写，首字母要大写）。如：第一课： Lesson One；四班 Class Four电话号码4013586：Tel. No. 4013586 .中考真题演练1. Did you know that the earth is home to_ animals?A. million B. millions C. million of D. millions of 2. Please turn to page_ and look at the_ picture in this unit.A. twentieth; one B. twenty; one C. twentieth; first D. twenty; first3. Football is so exciting that _ people in the world play it.A. million ofB. millions ofC. two millions of4. Now, everybody, please turn to Page _ and look at the _ picture. A. Fifth; five B. Five; fifth C. Fifth; fifthD. Five; five 5. Do you have enough students to clean the laboratory? No, I think we need _ students. A. anotherB. two others C. more two D. two more 6. The government of Chongqing is building _ cheap and good houses for the people. A. thousand B. thousands C. thousand of D. thousands of . 7. How many teachers are there in your school? _, but Im not sure. A. Hundreds B. Hundred C. Hundreds of D. One hundred 8. The river is very long and it is about _.A. 20 metres wide B. 15 metres long C. 30 metres high D. 50 metres tall9. Eight _ students in our school are from countryside.A hundredsB hundred C hundreds of D hundred of10. _ trees were cut down. And many birds lost their home. A. Two thousands B. Thousands of C. Thousand of 11. My father will have _ holiday next month. Hell take me to Qingdao.A. ten days B. ten days C. ten-days D. ten days12. Well have a _ holiday. What about going to the West Lake? A. two days B. two-day C. two-days D. two-days 3. I dont believe that this _ boy can paint such a nice picture.A. five years oldB. five-years-oldC. five-year-old14. Each of us has to write a _ report every two weeks. A. two-hundred-wordB. two-hundreds-wordC. two-hundreds-words D. two-hundred-words 名词一、名词的分类名词专有名词普通名词可数名词个体名词集体名词不可数名词物质名词抽象名词1. 专有名词表示人物、地方、国家、组织、机构等专有名称的词。如: Tom, China, Qingdao University, the Great Wall特性： 与其所表示的事物一一对应。 实词的首字母要大写。2. 普通名词泛指一类人或事物的名称的词。如: student, girl, money分类：可数名词和不可数名词可数名词：可以直接用数字计数的词。 如: boy, girl不可数名词：不能直接用数字计数的词。 如: water, money, bread可数名词包括：个体名词和集体名词个体名词：表示单个的人或事物的名称的词。如: book, actor集体名词：表示由若干人或事物组成的集合体的名称的词。如：family, class不可数名词包括：物质名词和抽像名词物质名词：表示构成世上万物的物质或材料名称的词。如: water, wood, paper, air抽像名词：表示性质、行为、状态、情感等抽像概念名称的词。如：fun, happiness, health, weather, news二.名词的数1. 规则名词复数的构成。(1) 一般情况下直接加-s。在清辅音后读/s/，在元音和浊辅音后读/z/。如：cooks, pens, boys(2) 以s, x, sh, ch结尾的名词，直接加-es,读/Iz/。如：buses, boxes, inches(英寸)(3) 以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，y变成i，再加es，读/z/。如：lady-ladies, story-stories注意：以元音字母+y结尾的词，直接加s。 如：boy-boys(4) 以o结尾的名词。一般直接加s读/z/。 如： radio-radios, photo-photos, zoo-zoos, piano-pianos 少数加es, 读/z/。如：hero-heroes, negro-negroes , tomato-tomatoes, potato-potatoes 两种情况均可。如：zero-zeros/zeroes(5) 以f/fe结尾的词。 一般将f/fe变为v,再加es,读/vz/。如：wife, knife, wolf, thief, shelf, self, life, half, leaf 妻子(wife)持刀(knife)去宰狼(wolf)， 小偷(thief)吓得发了慌； 躲在架(shelf)后保己（self)命(life)， 半(half)片树叶(leaf)遮目光。 有些直接加s，读/s/。如：roof（房顶）-roofs, belief（信仰）-beliefs, safe(保险箱)-safes 个别有两种形式。 如：handkerchief（手帕）-handkerchiefs/handkerchieves(6) 字母、符号、数字等复数的构成通常在其后加s。如：There are two ts in teeth.在teeth这个单词里有两个t。 There are three 8s in this number. 在这个数字里有3个8。2. 不规则名词复数的构成。(1) 变内部元音。如： man-men, woman-women, tooth-teeth(2) 单复数同形。如：fish, sheep, deer, Chinese, jin(斤）, yuan（元)(3) 无规则变化。如：mouse-mice, child-children 3.复合名词复数的构成(1) 有中心词（主要名词）时，通常将中心词变为复数。如：story-tellerstory-tellersmother-in-law（岳母） mothers-in-law passer-bypassers-bylooker-onlookers-on(2) 没有(主要)名词时，在词尾加s。如: grown-up grown-upsgo-between(中间人) go-betweens(3)由man/woman加其他名词构成的复合名词变复数时前后都变。如：man driver-men drivers,woman writer-women writers 注意：boy/girl student - boy/girl students， German-Germans(4)表示“某国人”的名词的单、复数变化。“中日瑞不变英法变，其它国把-s加后面”。如：Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese Swiss-Swiss Englishman-EnglishmenFrenchman-FrenchmenAmerican-AmericansAustralian-AustraliansCanadian-CanadiansKorean-KoreansRussian-RussiansIndian-Indians三、名词所有格名词所有格表示所有关系。如: Toms cat分类： s所有格，of所有格和双重所有格1. s所有格(1) s所有格的构成通常在名词后加s，如果词尾已有s，则直接加。如：the girls books那个女孩的书 the boys books那些男孩子们的书(2)s所有格的运用 多用于表示有生命的人或动物的名词。 如：Jims bike, Marys skirt 也可用于表示时间、空间、距离、价格、重量等无生命的名词。 如： the citys history, three days time, the books author, todays newspaper比较: Mary and Jeans room 两人共有的房间 Marys and Jeans rooms两人各自的房间(3) s所有格后名词的省略 前面出现的名词，可以省略。如：This MP5 is Marys. 其后的名词表示某人的家、办公场所时可以省略。如：He stayed at Johns last night. The boy went to the barbers. 2. of所有格的运用 主要用于无生命的名词。如：the leg of the table, the top of the mountain 也可用于表示人或动物的名词。如： the pride of her family the daughter of a policeman3. s所有格和of所有格的比较 两者很多情况下可以通用。如：the films end=the end of the film the young peoples education =the education of the young people 表示类别属性时通常用s。如： womens clothes childrens books 名词以“the+形容词/分词”的形式出现时，通常用of所有格。如：the problem of the young年青人的问题；the children of the killed被杀害者的孩子3. 双重所有格 双重所有格是s所有格和of所有格的结合，通常表示“许多中的一个或一部分”。如： a friend of Marys some books of our teachers四.不可数名词的量化表达不可数名词不能直接用数字计数，表示不可数名词的量常用以下三种方法： (1)用some, much, a little, little, a lot of, lots of, plenty of等来表示。如： much water；a lot of money；a little milk；plenty of rice；some orange juice(2). 用容器来表示。 如：a cup of coffee, two pots of water, ten bags of rice, six boxes of ink(3)用计量单位来表示。如：a loaf/slice of bread(一块/片面包), a grain of rice, a piece of paper五.名词的语法功能1. 作主语 如：A teacher must be patient.2. 作宾语 如：I like English. 3. 作表语 如：He is a student. 4. 作定语 如：These are apple trees.5. 作宾补 如：We call him Tom. 名词作定语的注意事项：(1)名词作定语时通常用单数如： shoe factory, flower shop(2) “数词-名词”结构作定语时，名词也要用单数。如：an eight-hour sleep a nine-year-old girl(3) 少数名词习惯上用复数。如：sports car, parents meeting.中考真题演练1. Its a good _to have breakfast every morning.A. hobby B. job C. menu D. skill2. The _often eat grass on the hill.A. chicken B. horse C. cow D. sheep3. How many_do we need to make fruit salad? Two should be enough. A. cabbage B. potatoes C.bananas D.lemon4.Could you tell me how to remember new words quickly?Yes, I think a_tree can help you a lot. A. grammar B. equation C. punctuation D. vocabulary5. Jeremy Lin is the first Chinese-American basketball_in the NBA. He is a little different from Yao Ming. A. dancer B. player C. watcher 6. You look so healthy. Yeah, I like eating apples. An apple a day keeps the _ away. A. teacherB. workerC. farmerD. doctor 7. Could you please get me some _? Im hungry. A. apple B. water C. bread D. egg 8. As young adults, it is our_to try our best to deal with each challenge in our education with the help of our teacher.A. work B. job C. duty D. task9. Work hard, and you will get good _. A. lessons B. notes C. grades D. answers 10. I am tired after a long walk. I want to have a _. A. talk B. look C. party D. rest 11. Im thirsty. May I have something to drink? OK. Heres some _. A. rice B. bread C. water 12. Excuse me, where can I exchange _? There is a bank on the second floor. A. books B. food C. money D. stamps 13. Peter regards Liaocheng as his second _ because he has lived here for 10 years. A. family B. house C. home D. room 14. I have great_ in learning math and Im so worried. Could you help me?Sure. Id be glad to.A. troubleB. interestC. joyD. fun15. Yao Ming is very popular among the teenagers. Yes. Many middle school students are his _. A. heroes B. stars C. fans D. brother读写综合(一)难度：A.信息归纳请阅读下面这篇文章，根据所提供的信息，完成下面表格。Did you watch the 2012 London Olympic Games? If you did, you must know a person who changed mens swimming history of China and set a new world record for us.Yes, thats Sun Yang who gave us lots of surprise by winning two Olympic gold medals in swimming.Sun Yang became the first Chinese male swimmer to earn a gold medal as he won the 400m freestyle with an Olympic record in London on July 28th, 2012.It is the first gold medal a Chinese swimmer has ever won in the Olympic history.All of the Chinese are proud of him.He is the hero of the whole China.Sun Yang was born on December 1st, 1991 in Zhejiang.He is 198cm tall and 89kg in weight.Sun Yangs hobbies are singing and reading.Sun Yang loved sports when he was very young.He kept training hard every day and that is why he has made such great achievements.Now nearly every Chinese knows him.When he goes anywhere, he must be followed by his fans, which makes his life less convenient and difficult, but he is very rich.So do you want to be a person like him?Information CardThe time Sun Yang changed mens swimming history of China(1)_.Where was the 2012 Olympics held？(2)_.The number of gold medals he got at the Olympics(3)_.When was Sun Yang born？(4)_.Sun Yangs hobbies(5)_.B.书面表达 中国在2012年伦敦奥运会赢得了38枚金牌，所有中国人都为此而感到骄傲。假设你是一名叫李明(Li Ming)的中学生，你也很热爱运动，擅长运动。请你用英语写一篇文章，内容包括：1.你的特长和爱好。2.你想成为专业运动员(professional athlete)，但你的父母不同意，请你阐述利弊。3.请谈论你将如何为实现你的梦想而努力，并坚信你的梦想一定会成真。作文要求：1.不能照抄原文；不得在作文中出现学校真实的名称和学生的真实姓名。2.语句连贯，词数80个左右。 (二) 难度：A.信息归纳请阅读下面这篇文章，根据所提供的信息，完成下面表格。“Who needs a shopping mall if you have Taobao？” says Wang Lin, 28, a writer in Beijing.Taobao, Chinas largest online shopping site, has become an important part of Wang Lins life.She spends lots of money on Taobao.A growing number of Chinese Internet users like Wang have found the joys of online shopping.Most online shoppers are students or young workers.More women shop online than men.Clothing and homeuse products (产品) are the most popular online.It was reported that more than 250 billion yuan was spent on online shopping last year, 80% through Taobao. Taobao means “looking for treasure” in Chinese. People can find almost everything they need on Taobao, from clothes to books, from candies to DVD players.“You may question the security of online shopping，” Wang Lin said.“Its very safe and convenient.Unless you receive the products from sellers and are satisfied with them, the shop owner will not get the money.You can also get your money back if you want to return the product.”Information CardJob of Wang Lin(1)_.Most online shoppers are(2)_.The most popular products online(3)_.In Chinese Taobao means(4)_.The reason why Wang Lin likes shopping online (5)_.B.书面表达随着互联网的发展和普及，网络购物在中国也变得越来越普遍了，甚