英语语言学名词解释.doc

1.Synchronic Thestudyoflanguageatsomepointintime Diachronic Thestudyoflanguageasitchangesthroughtime2 .Langue refers to the linguistic competence of the speakerParole refers to the actual phenomena or data of linguistics3.Complementary distribution（互补分布）is the relationship between two different elements, where one element is found in a particular environment and the other element is found in the opposite environment. It often indicates that two superficially different elements are in fact the same linguistic unit at a deeper level.4.Locutionary act means that when we speak, we move our vocal organs and produce a number of sounds with a certain meaning. Illocutionary act is using a sentence to perform a function.Perlocutionary act is the results or effects that are produced by meanings of saying something.5.Semantic broadening is a process to extend or elevate the meaning from its originally specific sense to a relatively general one.6.A lingua franca(通用语) is a language systematically used to make communication possible between people not sharing a mother tongue, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both mother tongues7. Grammatical marker in linguistics, a marker is a free or bound morpheme that indicates the grammatical function of the marked word, phrase, or sentence.9.Displacement（移位性）means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication.1.Prescriptive:lay down rules for correct usage. Descriptive:describe the language actually used by the speaker,being right or wrong. 2.Diacritics:the study of a language through the course of its history.3.Bound root: is a root which cannot occur as a separate word apart from any other morpheme.4.Grammatical relations: is a role of a noun phrase or complement clause that determines syntactic behaviors5.Selectional restriction: A limitation on what words can go with a particular word.6.Speech act theory: A theory of language based on J. L. Austins How to Do Things with Words (second edition, 1975), the major premise of which is that language is as much, if not more, a mode of action as it is a means of conveying information.7.Gradable antonymy: A term that denotes one end of a scale while the other term denotes the other end, such as long and short.8.Standard language: is a language variety used by a group of people in their public discourse.9.Esperanto: is the most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language10.Equivalence: The relationship between two propositions that are either both true or both false1.Argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with nominal element in a sentence general linguistics the study of language as a whole3.Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world. It deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4Syntactic category refer to the language law field5. Derivational affix added to an existing form to create a word6.context Generally speaking is consist of language as a whole 7converse antonymy The type of antonymy is typically seen is reciprocal social roles ,kinship relations, temporal and spatial relation,such as teacher-student 8 bilingual people develop some ability in a second language9 co-hyponyms: Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms.10 the application of linguistics theories and principles to language teaching.especially the teaching of foreign and second language 1. Narrow transcription the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as a narrow transcription.2. Negative transfer is all called interference, it means that the learners mother tongue obstacles their second languages acquisition, it mainly manifest the differences between the objective language and the native language.3Inflectional affix very often add a minute or delicate grammatical function only to the stem, Inflectional affix do not change the word class of the word they attach to.4 sequential rules（序列规则）the rules governing the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential rules.5. polysemy A single word having several or many meanings6. Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context.7. Complementary antonymy :members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each field completely.such as male, female, present and Absent.8. diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of history.9. Superordinate the upper term in hyponymy is the class name. A superordinate usually has several hyponyms.under flower, for example, there are peony,jasmine, violet, carnation. Hyponyms the lower terms in hyponymy. These members of the same class are co-hyponyms.10. Hyponymy a relation between two words in which the meaning of one word is included in the meaning of another word.11. .endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or moire of its constituents, i.e, a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable center or head.12. The critical period hypothesis there is a specific and limited time period for language acquisition.13. Language transfer learners use of prior linguistic information (chiefly his mother tongue )or some physically carryover of native language surface to a second language context.14. Creole when a pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community, and is acquired by the children of that speech community as their native language,it is said to be a creole15. Dialect it is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regional, social, gender, and age variations.16. Connotation what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to.17. Entailment this is a logical relationship between two sentences in which the truth of the second necessarily follows the truth of the first, while the falsity of the first follows from the falsity of the context.18. Descriptive study if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive. prescriptive study if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, it is said to be descriptive.19. Grimms law Grimms law named for Jacob Grimm, is a set of statements describing the inherited Proto-Ind