观庙高中英语语法学案五动词的时态和语态.doc

Pain past is pleasure .(过去的痛苦就是快乐。)观庙高中英语语法学案五 动词的时态和语态 Guolei 2013-9-11【考点透视】动词的时态和语态是历年高考的重点，而且测试的难度也在逐年加大。在单项填空题中，每年考查动词时态的题不少于两道，动词的语态常和时态放在一起考查。高考命题者常从三个角度进行命题：一是直接给定时间状语。考生能直接根据所给时间状语作出选择；二是给定时间状语，但所给时间状语有着较强的干扰性和迷惑性，考生不能直接根据时间状语作出选择；三是题干中不提供任何时间状语，而给出一个上下文情景或一个结构较为复杂的句子，考生必须仔细分析语境，才能作出正确判断。教学目标：了解几种常考时态的基本用法，并能够在真实的情景中灵活使用各种时态进行日常交际。教学重点：一般过去时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时、过去完成时、一般将来时、将来完成时的基本用法。教学难点：1. 搞清楚几组动词时态的区别：过去进行时和一般过去时时，一般过去时和过去完成时，现在完成时的区别。2. 各种时态以及含情态动词的被动形式和应用。动词的时态和语态动词的时态在主动语态中，高中英语中常见的有12种时态。各种时态的谓语动词的一般形式见下表：一般进行完成完成进行现在过去将来/一. 一般现在时：1. 表示现在的习惯，经常发生的动作或存在的状态：Every evening, after supper, he sits down with a cup of coffee before the television.Each person needs water and a diet of healthy food. 2. 表示真理，事实或自然规律：The earth moves round the sun in 365 days.The moon travels round the earth once every month. 3.表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。如：I know what you mean. Smith owns a car and a house.4.表示按规定、计划、安排或时间表将要发生的情况： come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等When does the train leave? The time form Liverpool arrives at 11: 15.在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来的概念。引起时间状语从句的连词有：when, after, before, until, as soon as；引起条件状语从句的连词有：if, unless; so (as) long as。I will not stop my fight against slavery until all slaves are free. 但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。二. 现在进行时：1. 表示说话时正在进行的动作：Tom, Im speaking to you. Are you listening? 2. 表示目前这个阶段正在进行着的动作：The population of the world is increasing rapidly.3. 表示说话人厌恶、批评，不喜欢等感情色彩，常与always，constantly, forever等连用：She is always leaving things about.They also have bad teeth, because of the sugar which they are always eating. 4. 表示近期即将发生的动作：They are leaving for Tibet next Monday.注：状态性动词不用进行时态(1) be和have或者含有be 和have意义的动词。(2) feel, sound, smell, taste等连系动词。(3) hear, see, find等表示结果的动词。(4) like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need等表示心理或情感状态的动词。注：进行时态的两种概念现在进行时和过去进行时都具有两种不同的时间概念：瞬间概念和阶段概念。现在进行时的瞬间概念就是“说话的时候”。表示瞬间概念时，现在进行时的时态特点是，动作已经开始，正在过程中，但尚未结束。Our country is getting stronger and stronger.Im getting on well with my English.过去进行时的瞬间概念通常用表示“点时间”的时间状语表达出来。I was doing my homework this time yesterday.Mother was cooking when I came home.阶段概念的时间状语是“段时间”，表示在一段时间内一直在做的动作，至于动作是否结束则不是说话者所关心的。He is writing a new novel these days.（没有干其他的事情）The workers were building a bridge last year.三. 现在完成时：1. 表示过去开始持续到现在的状况或完成的动作，通常与yet, already, by this time, just, ever, never, now, before, several times, since, up to now, so far, recently, lately, for a long time, in the last / past few years等连用：It has rained every day so far this month.Mr. Ball has just called on Mrs. Zhu to give her a message. 2. 表示已有的经历，往往强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果：Who has taken my camera? I put it here a moment ago.3. 在时间、条件状语从句中代替将来完成时：Dont go out until you have washed your clothes.Please give the book to Lily if you have finished reading it.4.下列句型中常用现在完成时It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句This(That / It)is the first(second)time that + 完成时This(That / It)is the only + that + 完成时This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting + that 从句 + 完成时四. 现在完成进行时： 表示由过去开始，延续到现在并且可能还会继续进行的动作。一般可以翻译成“一直。”，常与the whole day, all morning或for和since连用：People have been talking of it a lot recently. Pippas parents have been waiting for them. The soldiers have been struggling against the flood day and night for a week.五. 一般过去时：1. 表示在过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, ago, in 1989, at that time等连用：When and where did you shoot that bear? The interview went well and I told the company about my experiences and answered their questions as honestly as I could. 2. 表示过去的习惯性动作、过去反复发生的事：In those days he took his wife and children to the cinema at least once a week.3. 句中没有时间状语时，可依据上下文进行推测：Havent you graduated from college?Yes, I studied French for two years.4.表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.He bought a watch but lost it.常用一般过去时的句型：Why didnt you / I think of that? I didnt notice it.I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before. I didnt recognize him.六过去进行时：1. 表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生： She was flying to Paris this time last Monday.2. 表示过去某个动作正在进行时，另一个动作（突然）发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中：We were playing football when it began to rain.当我们正在踢球的时候，突然下起了雨。七. 过去完成时：1. 表示在过去某一活动以前已经完成了的动作。简单地说，过去完成时所表示的时间就是“过去的过去”，常与for, since, already, after, never, before, by the time等连用：The performance had started before we found our seats.She had typed all the letters by the time her boss arrived at the office.2.表示动作或某事继续到过去某时已有一段时间：He had been ill for a week when he was sent to the hospital.By the end of last year, she had taught in this school for 30 years.3. 表示过去未实现的希望或计划，常与hope, expect, suppose, mean, think, want等连用：She had thought of paying us a visit, but the bad weather made her change her plans.“时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.表示“一就”的几个句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when / than / before + 一般过去时。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.八过去完成进行时：表示从过去某时起持续到过去另一时间的动作，可能刚刚终止，也可能继续下去。与现在完成进行时用法相似，只是以过去时间为着眼点。He had been working there for three years before he moved to London. 九过去将来时：表示过去某个时候将要发生的事或计划、打算要做的事。He told me that his father was in hospital and that he would go to see him after work.They explained that they would build a dam to control flood.十一般将来时：1.表示预见或说话人说话的时刻才考虑到的，还可以表示客观规律必然发生的事情：There will be a new movie shown at the Globe Cinema tonight.Go through the gate and you will find the entrance to Bear Country on the other side. Lets go together then. I will meet you at the theatre at six-thirty. 注：如果不是表示将来的时间，而是表示“意愿、坚持、推论”等，will也可用于条件句。If you will learn English , Ill help you .你若愿意学习英语，我将帮助你。If you will kindly wait a moment , Ill ask him to go there with you .你若耐心等一会的话，我将叫他和你一起去那儿。如果条件从句表示将来发生的动作或状态，主句中常用will，从句用一般现在时表示。If you go to England, you will like the food there .2.be going to do表示按照计划，打算或安排要做的事，主语是人；表示已经有迹象将要发生的事，主语是物：Im going to stay here until tomorrow night.Look at these black clouds . Its going to rain . Im afraid Im going to have a bad cold.注：一般来说，“意图”是事先经过考虑的，用be going to表示；反之则用will。will还多用于对话中，即一方听了对方的话后所作出的反应。A. Theyre going to meet at the school gate . B. Please bring me a cup of tea . Ill do it in a minute . 3. be动词和come, leave, reach, return, go, start out, meet, open, die, arrive等瞬间动作表示“来去”“出发”“到达”等的词语和表示未来的时间副词连用，表示近期将发生的动作：When will they leave? They are leaving very soon. Aunt Lucy is returning home from New Zealand next week.Is anybody seeing you off? 4. be about to表示马上发生，“就要”，“即将”，不能和at once, immediately和具体时间的词语连用，常用于be about to do , when：The plane is about to take off when the police received a phone call, saying that a bomb might have been planted on it.5. be to do表示按照计划或安排将要发生的动作，或表示职责、意图、约定、可能性等，还可以表示转述第三者的话，与第二人称连用：You are to be back by 11 oclock . We are to meet at the zoo. Is he studying for an examination?Yes, hes to take it next week.十一将来进行时：1. 表示将来某一时刻进行的动作或某一时段内持续的动作：Daniels family will be enjoying their holiday in Huangshan this time next week.2. 表示现在进行的动作，但这个动作会持续到将来：Paul is still in the lab. I think that he will be doing the experiment until tomorrow morning.3. 表示将来自然而然会发生的事，而非安排：The weather report says that it will be snowing when we arrive in Wuxi City tomorrow afternoon.4. 表示委婉地或有礼貌地询问，请求对方或别人计划要做的事：Will you be playing basketball this weekend? If you will, could I join you?十二将来完成时：1. 表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作，往往对将来某一时间产生影响，经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用：By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.By the time he graduates from the college, he will have learned three foreign languages.2. 表示推测，相当于must have done：You will have heard of this, I guess.I am sure he will have got the information.【相关知识及运用】1. 一般过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时的区别：上述三个时态在使用中容易混淆是因为他们有相近的地方，这个相近之处就是“过去”。现在完成时和过去完成时的概念都同“过去”有关，彼此之间的混淆便由此产生。只有抓住他们的不同，才能熟练地将这三种时态区别开。一般过去时只用以陈述过去发生过的事情。In a poor district in Paris, in the year 1775, there was a wine shop, the owner of which was Monsieur Defarge. 向读者陈述1775年所发生的故事的地点、人物等有关信息。现在完成时表达的动作虽然发生在过去，但说话时要强调的是这个过去的动作与现在有关系，语意的重心着眼于现在。这种过去的动作同现在的联系有两种情况：a)过去的动作对现在仍具有影响。-Would you go to see the film with me this evening?-Sorry, I have seen it before.have seen the film的动作肯定发生在过去，对现在的影响是“我不想和你去看了”。b)过去的动作延续到现在。表示这种延续时经常会用到for、since一类时间状语。I have worked in Beijing since I graduated from the university. (从毕业一直延续到现在)We have lived in Beijing for about 20 years. (20年前发生的 “live”，一直延续到现在)过去完成时必须有一个过去的动作作为参照点，由此发生了同一般过去时混淆的问题。过去完成时是一种相对的时态，它必须有一个过去的动作为参照，比这个过去的参照动作更早的动作才能用过去完成时。如果没有这个过去的参照的动作，就没有过去完成时，即使是一亿年前的动作也是一般过去时。When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.got to the cinema是过去的动作，had begun则发生在got to the cinema 之前。注：某些固定句型中的固定时态This / That / It is the first time +从句（ ）Its / has been +一段时间+since从句（ ）Hardly / No sooner had sb. done when / than +从句（ ）It will be +一段时间+before从句（ ）It was +一段时间+before从句（ ）Its time+从句（ 或 ）would rather+从句（ / ）2. 一般过去时与过去进行时的区别：过去进行时表示动作的未完成性、持续性，着眼于动作的过程；一般过去时表示动作的完成，即动作发生过，且已结束，着眼于结果。She was writing a report last night and I dont know if she has finished it.(表示昨晚一直在写)She wrote a report last night.（表示昨晚写了，并且写好了）过去进行时与always, forever等词连用表示一定的感情色彩。 He was always throwing things about. (表示不满或讨厌)注：时态的呼应在复合句，从句（主要是宾语从句）中的时态，常受主句谓语动词的影响，这就叫做时态的呼应，时态的呼应一般有如下的情况。1. 如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态，其从句中的谓语动词应该用什么时态就用什么时态，She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears.2. 如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态，从句中的谓语动词就要用过去时态，但要注意到下列情况：如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时。She said she was busy then. 如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句中须用过去完成时。I didnt know that she had been to London twice. 如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之后，从句须用过去将来时。They didnt know when they would have a rest. 如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象，虽然主句的谓语动词为过去时态从句中仍要用一般现在时。When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round. 如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语，虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句仍用一般过去时；但如果该状语表示的时间不具体，则从句仍要用过去完成时。Tome said he was born in 1975.动词的语态语态是表示主语、谓语和宾语之间相互关系的动词形式。在英语中有主动语态和被动语态之分。主动语态所表达的主、谓、宾之间的关系是：主语发出或执行谓语动作，谓语动作的对象或承受者为宾语。即主语同谓语具有语意上的逻辑关系，谓语同宾语具有语意上的逻辑关系。被动语态所表达的关系是：动作的承受者做句子的主语，这时句子的主语和谓语之间具有逻辑上的动宾关系。被动语态的基本形式：助动词 / 情态动词 / be + 过去分词口语只也有用get / become + 过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by短语有时可以省略）在被动语态中，各种时态的谓语动词的一般形式见下表：一般进行完成现在过去将来（1）使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）；（作补语的）不定式前需加to。The boss made him work all day long.He was made to work all day long(by the boss)短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。The children were taken good care of (by her).Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.情态动词和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等结构变被动语态，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词。当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时，被动语态有两种形式：（A）谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。（B）用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如：People say he is a smart boy.It is said that he is a smart boy.He is said to be a smart boy.People know paper was made in China first.It is known that paper was made in China first.Paper was known to be made in China first.类似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that （2）不能用被动语态的几种情况。所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中如come up, run out（用完）, give out（耗尽）, go out（熄灭）, come out（出版）, come to light, belong to, break out, lose heart, die out, own, have, possess, happen, occur等。表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等。表示归属的动词，如have、own、belong to等。表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。（3）主动形式表被动意义。当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时；当cut、read、sell、wear、write等词与well, smoothly, easily等连用时，说明主语内在的“性能”“特点”，用主动代替被动；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗These novels wont sell well.这些小说不畅销。My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。The door wont lock.门锁不上。The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香。当break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。The plan worked out successfully. The lamps on the wall turn off.want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。在“be + 形容词（for sb） + to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。This kind of water isnt fit to drink. The girl isnt easy to get along with.另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。（4）被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。be seated坐着He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）坐在凳子上。be hidden躲藏He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在门后。be lost迷路 be drunk喝醉 be dressed穿着The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.（5）被动语态与系表结构的区别被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如：The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)The book is well sold.(系表结构)动词do 的时态、语态形式变化对照表主动语态被动语态一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时过去将来时现在完成进行时过去完成进行时 动词的时态考点 考点1.一般现在时与现在进行时 Planning so far ahead _ no sense so many things will have changed by next year. (2011全国新课标卷23)A. made B. is making C. makes D. has made考点2. 现在完成时与一般过去时It is the most instructive lecture that I _ since I came to this school. (2011湖南卷30) A. attended B. had attended C. am attending D. have attended 考点3.过去进行时与一般过去时 That must have been a long trip. Yeah, it _ us a whole week to get there. (2011北京卷27) A. takes B. has taken C. took D. was taking考点4. 过去完成时与一般过去时By the time Jack returned home from England, his son _ from college.(2011辽宁卷34) A. graduated B. has graduated C. had been graduating D. had graduated 考点5.现在完成时与现在完成进行时 You look so tired, what have you been doing? We have been discussing the problem but we _ a conclusion yet. A. havent drawn B. have been drawing C. didnt draw D. werent drawing考点6.一般将来时与将来进行时 I hear you _ in a pub. Whats it like? Well, its very hard work and Im always tired, but I dont mind. (2011江苏卷21) A. are working B. will work C. were working D. will be working动词的语态考点 考点1.两种特殊的被动语态1. 双宾语动词的被动语态She was _ the bike for 25 dollars，but she wouldnt take it. A. provided B. supplied C. offered D. gave英语中有些动词可以有两个宾语，如： give, buy, bring, show, pass, offer, lend, leave, tell, write, sing, teach等，这些动词用于被动结构时，可以将其中任何一个宾语变为主语，而另一个宾语仍保留在谓语后面。如： He bought me many books. I was bought many books. 或 Many books were bought for me.2. 短语动词的被动语态 Why does Lingling look so unhappy? She _ by her classmates. A. has laughed B. has laughed at C. has been laughed D. has been laughed at短语动词是由“动词+介词”， “动词+名词+介词”等结构构成的动词短语，在被动语态结构中，不能漏掉其后的介词。在“动词名词介词”这类动词短语的被动结构，“名词be动词过去分词介词”也是高考热点。如：take care ofcare be taken of; make good use ofgood use be made of; take advantage ofadvantage be taken of。 考点2.主动表被动的若干情形 Shall we go fishing tomorrow? Sounds great, but with so much homework _， I really cant afford the time. A. done B. to do C. being done D. doing考点3.不及物动词和有些及物动词(短语)无被动语态Great changes _ in the city and a lot of factories _.A. have been taken place; have been set up B. have taken place; have been set upC. are taken place; are set up D. were taken place; were set up 考点4. 作状语的动词被动语态 If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city _ by their enthusiastic supporters. (2011浙江卷19) A. being cheered B. be cheered C. to be cheered D. were cheered考点5. 作后置定语的动词被动语态 The Town Hall _ in the 1800s was the most distinguished building at that time. A. completing B. completed C. having been completed D. to have been completed考点6. “get/become及其他系动词过去分词”表示被动，构成系表结构 They got _ after returning from the big party last week. A. separate B. separating C. separated D. to separate考点7.形式被动意义表主动的短语一般都由“be v.ed介词或少量的不定式”组成，如be faced with(面临)，be determined to do(下决心干)，be caught in(遇上), be devoted to (致力于), be known for(因出名)，be lost in(陷于，埋头于) 等等。在句中作状语时只需去掉be。 _ to achieve high grades in the final examination, he tried to study harder and harder. A. Being determining B. Determined C. To determine D. Determine 考点8. 带复合宾语的动词被动语态结构 The missing girl was last seen _ under the big tree. A. read B. to read C. reading D. to be read