急性缺血性脑卒中血管成形术（英文）

Emergent Revascularization For Acute Ischemic Stroke,Rishi Gupta, MD Staff, Cerebrovascular Center The Cleveland Clinic Foundation,Introduction,-There are 700,000 ischemic strokes/year in the U.S. -70% of patients with cerebral occlusions -Since 1995, IV t-PA utilized within 0-3 hour time window1 -Rates of delivery 3-19% at specialized centers vs. 1-2% in the community -Other therapeutic options needed to benefit larger number of patients,1NINDS t-PA study group, NEJM 1995, 2 Hacke et al. Lancet 2004,Intro (Contd),Potential ways to increase patients being treated: 1) Utilization of perfusion mismatch to select patients for thrombolytic therapy 2) Endovascular techniques to achieve recanalization: - Mechanical methods without thrombolysis for later strokes,Large Vessel Occlusion,-Toni et al. showed 25% of patients with acute stroke deteriorate within 96 hours = poor long term prognosis5 -Further evaluation showed improvement was linked to arterial patency or presence of collaterals -Interestingly, 15-20% of patients have a delay in deterioration linked to vessel occlusion + poor collaterals6,5 Toni, et al Stroke 1997, 6 Toni et al. Arch Neurol 1995,-Physiology based imaging studies: - MRI DWI/PWI - CT Perfusion - PET - Xenon CT -MRI not always available 24 hours, lengthy studies -CT perfusion cannot delineate amount of tissue damaged -PET impractical in acute stroke, but has led to quantification of CBF values,Qualitative,Quantitative,- The use of perfusion imaging has been studied to select patients beyond 3 hours for thrombolysis Two techniques utilized to assess mismatch MRI perfusion/diffusion imaging - difficult to obtain urgently in many centers CT perfusion imaging - can be done in the ER quickly,Semi Quantitative CBF Estimates,Thijs et al.1 looked at 12 patients with acute stroke 20% PWI/DWI mismatch MRI obtained at 4 to 7 days after stroke to compare final infarct volume to initial DWI lesion,1 Thijs VN et al. Neurology 2001,Example of PWI/DWI mismatch and final infarct,This study demonstrated that patients with an increased mean transit time the DWI lesion expanded into what was expected on PWI A second study by Tong et al.1 showed that the initial NIHSS at admission correlated more strongly with PWI and final infarct volume on day 7 as opposed to initial DWI lesion,1 Tong DC et al. Neurology 1998,Cerebral Blood Flow changes in Acute Ischemic Stroke,Tissue outcome following arterial occlusion is determined by cerebral blood flow thresholds below which neuronal integrity and function is differentially affected 1,1 Baron JC, Cerebrovasc Dis 2001,CBF thresholds in human cerebral ischemia,ISCHEMIC PENUMBRA,Tissue that is functionally impaired but structurally intact CBF range 12-20 mL/100g/min Salvaging this tissue by restoring its flow to non-ischemic levels is the aim of reperfusion therapy Penumbra converts to ischemic core with hyperglycemia, acidosis, reduced local perfusion pressure 1 Baron et. al, Cerebrovasc Dis 2001, 2 Heiss et al. 2001,Cerebral Blood Flow changes in Acute Ischemic Stroke,tissue irreversibly damaged beyond a certain time limit it corresponds to CBF values of less than 12 ml/100g/min 4, 5 thrombolytic therapy administered to patients with large amounts of core is associated with an increased risk of symptomatic hemorrhage and malignant cerebral edema 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 4 Baron et. al, Cerebrovasc Dis 2001 , 5 Heiss et al, Stroke 2000, 6 Goldstein et al., Stroke 2000, 7 Ueda et al., J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999 , 8 Larue et al., Stroke 2001, 9 Firlik et al., J Neurosurg 1998, Jovin et al., Neurology 2002,ISCHEMIC CORE,Cerebral Blood Flow Changes in Acute Ischemic Stroke,23 patient with MCA occlusion 6 hour symptom onset and imaged with Xenon CT prior to IA lysis1 5 patients developed parenchymal hematoma post IA-lysis with t-PA Univariate modeling found patients with hyperglycemia, higher % core infarct (33%) and low CBF at higher risk of ICH Patients with a mean hemispheric CBF 13 cc/100 g/min were at significantly higher risk of ICH,1 Gupta R, et al Stroke 2006,Xenon CT (Quantitative CBF),% Ipsilateral MCA Territory Core,Mean Ipsilateral MCA CBF (cc/100g/min),Scatterplot of patients in relation to percent of core infarct and mean ipsilateral MCA CBF,CT Perfusion,Retrospective review of 57 patients treated with Intra-arterial t-PA for MCA occlusion Mean NIHSS = 16 CT Perfusion performed prior to infusion of IA t-PA Patients with lower pre-treatment Cerebral blood volume found to be at increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage - 16 of 19 patient with hemorrhage initial CBV 2.0 mL/100 g,CBF,CBF mL/100g/min,Scatterplot of patients comparing CBF to CBV In patients treated with IA Thrombolysis,These studies did not look at outcomes, but may give thresholds for future studies ? If CBF parameters can replace time of onset for acute stroke therapies Recanalization has been consistently linked with improved outcome, but requires more testing,LIMITATIONS OF INTRAVENOUS TPA,Recanalization rate poor for larger arteries such as ICA or proximal MCA Outcomes for MCA occlusions poor No information regarding site or presence of arterial occlusion Effectiveness beyond 3 hours not established,i.v t-PA recanalization at one hour (angiographic data),Del Zoppo et al., Ann Neurol 1993,Intra-arterial Options,Chemical thrombolysis Balloon Angioplasty Clot Retrieval Clot Maceration Stents - Multi-modal (combination chemical +mechanical),Intra-arterial (Contd),Advantages Maximum delivery of lytic agent Endpoint of clot lysis Not given if spontaneous clot lysis Disadvantages Time necessary to place catheter Requires interventionalist Emergent availability of angiography,PROACT II,Randomized multicenter controlled trial 9 mg IA r-proUK + IV heparin v. IV heparin alone Randomized 2:1 to treatment v. control 180 pts with M1 or M2 occlusion by angio Treatment started within 6 hours of stroke onset IA r-proUK infused over 2 hours then repeat angio Primary endpoint - mRS 2 at 90 days,PROACT II: 90 DAY OUTCOMES Intent to Treat,PROACT II: MCA RECANALIZATION,4%,19%,2%,63%,66%,18%,TIMI 2+3,TIMI 3,( P= .001 ),( P=.003),ANGIOGRAM,IMS TRIAL Design,Eligible patients,Start IV t-PA entry into study,(0.6 mg/kg, 15% bolus, 30 min inf., 60 mg max.),Angiography,Thrombus,No clot stop,Clot IA Therapy: 2 mg-distal, 2 mg-intraclot, 9 mg/hr x 2 hrs, 22 mg max.),Favorable Outcome at 3 months (%)*,*Adjusted for baseline NIHSS and time-to-treatment,IMS Safety,Issues with IA Chemical Lysis,Time consuming to dissolve clot May be ineffective with long segments of clot Platelet rich/Plasminogen poor clots resistant to IA thrombolysis,Mechanical thrombolysis,Merci Retrieval Device,MERCI trial,Study to determine the safety and potential efficacy of the MERCI clot retriever device in patients with cerebral artery occlusion 8 hours (MCA, ICA or basilar) Clinical signs consistent with the diagnosis of ischemic stroke Must meet either population 0-3 hours, contraindicated for IV tPA 3-8 hours NIHSSS 8 Angiogram shows a thrombotic occlusion in the internal carotid artery, M1 and/or M2 segment of the middle cerebral artery, basilar or vertebral artery,A total of 151 patients enrolled and 141 treated with MERCI device The overall recanalization rate with the device was 48% this was significantly higher then control arm of PROACT II Clinically significant procedural complications were 7.1% Symptomatic ICH occurred in 7.8% of patients Recanalization rate was lower then PROACT II (66% vs. 48%), authors argue because PROACT was MCA only lesions, while MERCI any arterial occlusion The interventionalists graded rates of recanalization in MERCI trial, in PROACT a core lab graded recanalization,Nakano et al., Stroke 2003,MCA angioplasty,Multimodal Endovascular Therapy,Retrospective review of 168 patients over 6 years treated for acute cerebral arterial occlusions1 Purpose was to determine which modality lead to the highest recanalization rates,1 Gupta R et al. Stroke 2005,* p0.045, * p0.012,Independent predictors of TIMI 2 or 3 flow after endovascular intervention in Acute stroke.,Summary of Tx Modality and Recanalization Rate,Case Example,- 45 year old man arrived at our ER 12 hours from symptom onset with left hemiparesis + right gaze preference (NIHSS 11) A CT head with large perfusion deficit + CTA with RICA occlusion - MRI brain at 15 hours with infarct in the right insula