语法重点复习(非谓语动词)(状语从句)(定语从句)(倒装句)讲义.doc

语法重点复习-非谓语动词一基本概念：1 什么是谓语动词(动词的谓语形式)? 什么是非谓语动词(动词的非谓语形式)?在英语中可以充当句子谓语的词必须是动词,而这个动词形式又必须与句子的主语间保持着正确的人称,数,及语态,时态的变化关系,即:主语的人称,数,时间,及主语与动词之间的主动发出或被动反射关系,这一正确的变化关系就是动词的谓语形式,也是我们判断句中的谓语形式正确与否的依据. (*注意:以please构成的祈使句通常是省去主语的,但句中的动词仍是谓语形式! (Please) stand up! Look! Dont move!) 需特别注意的是:尽管句中的谓语必须用动词充当,但并非句中的每一个动词都是动词的谓语形式. 如:1.) He went Nanjing to see his brother last week.(to see)2.) What he said made us think about the problem.(think)3.) Tom enjoys swimming in summer.(swimming)4.) My watch doesnt work, which I will have repaired.(repaired)从以上例句中可看出动词形式: to see, think, swimming,和repaired有以下特点:1.) 与句子的主语之间并无正确的人称,数,等关系,即:不随主语的变化而变化2.) 仍有动词的明显特征,如:动作意义,主被动含义(注意:不是主被动语态)*结论:这种与句子的主语之间无人称,数的变化关系,但又有着动词固有的特征的动词形式-一个不能充当谓语的动词形式,就是动词的非谓语形式(非谓语动词).因此,解与动词有关的题目时,首先考虑的就是:此处该用谓语还是非谓语?! 2. 非谓语动词的表现形式-哪些动词形式是非谓语形式? 基 本 形 式主动变形形式被动变形形式to doto be doingto have doneto be doneto have been done doing having done having been done done 注意: 1.)动词的单三人称,如:goes和过去式,如:went一类的动词形式,永远是谓语形式.难点是:很多动词的过去式的拼写与过去分词(done)完全一样,所以很容易混淆.3.) 动词原形既可充当谓语(但仅限于一般现在时,非单三人称做主语时,以及一些情态动词之后),又可充当非谓语,要注意辨别二非谓语动词的语法功能-在句中所充当的成分：A.作主语:非谓语动词形式中的to do sth, to be done, doing sth, having done sth, being done, having been done在句中可充当主语，使用要点如下：1.) Do sth不可作主语. X:Get up early is a good habit.-Getting up early is a good habit.2.) Doing sth作主语与To do sth作主语的区别是:Doing sth常表示一个习惯上的,经常发生的动作;而To do sth 则表示一个具体的,某一时刻发生的动作.试比较:Going swimming on a hot summer day is a pleasure.(习惯性,经常性)To go swimming with you today is a pleasure.(具体性)3.) 被动态的doing,即:being done作主语时,being不可省略,done不可直接作主语.X:Blamed for breaking the unvaluable cup made him annoyed.-Being blamed for breaking the unvaluable cup made him annoyed.4.) 如要明确表示doing是谁发出的或being done反射到谁身上,必须在doing,being done前面+ sbs / sths(所有格)(1) That he came late for class made the teacher angry.S P =His coming late for class made the teacher angry.S P(2) That the environment is well protected is important.S P =The environments being well protected is important.S P5.) Doing sth, To do sth作主语时,句中谓语必须用单数,不要受紧贴谓语的的名词的干扰: Eating more fruit and vegetables is good for our health.B.作表语:(在系动词后面,主要是用:to do, doing, done )(1.) His jib is cleaning the school.(2.) His purpose is to win the first prize.(3.) Luckily, nobody got injured in the accident.(4.) Glass walls look so well designed but we may feel uninvited/refused. C.作宾语:所谓非谓语动词作宾语,就是将一个非谓语动词形式放在句中的谓语后面构成: 主 + 谓(P) + 动词(v) + 其他 的句式, 即:一个动+动的句式,其分类如下: 1.普通类: S + P + to do/to be done + 其他. 注意:英语中大多数的动词后只可用to do, to be done作宾语(例外:help to do/do sth),但某些动词,词组后则可用不定式的各种变形形式作宾语,所以必须牢记这些动词和词组: 表一.主 语谓语可用动词宾语:不定式主动变形形式宾语:不定式被动变形形式Sb/sth + seem appear happen pretendto do sthto be doingto have doneto be doneto have been done( 1 )He pretended to work hard after he failed in the exam.(to work发生在谓语pretended之后)( 2 )He pretended to be working hard when the employer came in.(to be working与谓语pretended同时发生)( 3 )He pretended to have known the news when I showed him the newspaper. (to have known发生在谓语pretended之前)( 4 )All the food may happen to be eaten when we get the party, Im afraid.(to be eaten发生在谓语happen之后)( 5 )All of them happened to be having dinner when we got to the party. (to be having与谓语happened同时发生)( 6 )All the food happened to have been eaten when we got to the party.(to have been eaten发生在谓语happened之前)表二.主 语谓语可用动词宾语:不定式主动变形形式宾语:不定式被动变形形式Sb/sth +be saidbe thoughtbe supposedbe consideredbe believedbe reportedbe knownto do sthto be doingto have doneto be doneto have been done( 1 )He is said to go to the U. S to study next year.(to go发生在谓语is said之后)( 2 )He is said to be writing a new novel at present.(to be writing与谓语is said同时发生)( 3 )He is said to have studied in the U. S.(to have studied发生在谓语is said之前)表三.具有虚拟含义的不定式:在下例动词,动词词组后用to have done, to have been done来表示:某人当时想做,但(后来)实际未能做到.主 语谓语动词形式宾语:不定式主/被动变形形式 Sb +wishedhopedwantedintendedmeantwould like/love(would)preferwas/wereto have doneto have been done( 1 )I would like very much to have joined you in the picnic.(我本非常愿意和你们一起去野炊)( 2 )I hoped/wanted/intended to have been invited to the party.(我真希望被邀请去参加了那个聚会)使用不定式的各种变形形式作宾语时的注意要点:( 1 )必须牢记哪些动词后面可用不定式的各种变形形式作宾语.( 2 )准确地判断句中该用不定式的主动类(to do, to be doing, to have done),还是被动类(to be done, to have been done),再判断时间(时态含义)上的区别. 因为语态含义是指不定式与句子主语之间的逻辑关系,是原则问题,而时态关系则是语境问题,是细微差别. 如: He happened _(call) on when he was away. The scientists seem _(interest) in this field for a long time.*特殊情况中的不定式作宾语:( 1 )介词but, except(除之外)后面既可跟to do sth,也可跟do sth用法为:a.)当but/except前没有实意动词do的任何形式时:用 to do sth; We had no choice at that time but to give in to him. He said nothing but/except to throw himself into the chair. b.) 当but/except前有实意动词do的任何形式时:用do sth: He did nothing in the morning but/except watch TV.All the day, he seems to have nothing to do but/except chat on line. ( 2 )wh-词:what, who, which, when, where, how, whether, (why除外)后面都可以跟一个不定式的主动式:wh- + to do 来替代一个完整的宾语从句,主语从句或表语从句:主 句从 句wh-词 + to doI dont knowwho will go to the meeting. (主动态)who we should send to the company. (主动态)who to go to the meeting.主,谓关系who to send to the company.动,宾关系I dont knowwhat we can do to stop pollution. (主动态)what to do to stop pollution.动,宾关系I dont knowwhich book I can choose. (主动态)which book to choose.动,宾关系*需要特别注意的是:在完整的从句中,当wh-词与从句的谓语为动宾关系时,仍用不定式的主动形式to do,来表示这一动宾关系,而不是用被动形式to be done来表示.即:主动形式表示被动含义.They have never told me what _.(选出所有错误). A. is to do B. to do C. is to be doneD. to be done.( 3 )why + do sth/ not do sth?构成的省略句与完整的问句含义完全不同:前者不是疑问而是祈使或建议. Come in. Why stand in the rain? You are free. Why not join us in the boating?2重点类： 1S + P(特定动词后必须) + doing sth / being done 2. S +P(特定词组后必须) + doing sth / being done 3S +P(特定词组含介词to后必须) + doing sth / being done表（一）后面必须跟doing sth / being done的动词（共28个） 特定动词 + 可用动词形式avoid, admit, appreciateadvise, allow+doing sth/being donebear, tolerate, stand+doing sth/being doneconsider, complete+doing sth/being donedislike, delay, deny+doing sth/being doneenjoy, escape, excuse+doing sth/being donefinish, favour(喜欢，爱好)+doing sth/being doneimagine+doing sth/being donekeep (on )+doing sth/being donemind, miss+doing sth/being doneoppose(反对)+doing sth/being donepractise, permit+doing sth/being donerisk,resist+doing sth/being donesuggest+doing sth/being doneunderstand+doing sth/being done表(二)后面必须跟doing / being done的词组:(共11个)be worth+ doing sth / being donebe busy+ doing sth / being donebe far from / (反义) be close to+ doing sth / being donecant / couldnt help / resist + doing sth / being donefeel like + doing sth / being doneput off + doing sth / being doneinsist on+ doing sth / being donesucceed in+ doing sth / being donespend / waste / time / money (in)+ doing sth / being donehave / find difficulty / trouble (in)+ doing sth / being doneThere be (no) point / sense (in)+ doing sth / being done注意：be worth 后面不能跟：being done表(三)词组含介词 to 后面必须跟doing sth / being done 的词组(共30个)pay / draw / call / (ones) attentionto doing sth / being doneattract sb / ones attentionto doing sth / being doneswitch (sth) / shift (sth)to doing sth / being doneadapt (sth) / adjust (sth)to doing sth / being doneleadto doing sth / being donedevote sth / oneself / be devoted to doing sth / being doneget downto doing sth / being donecontribute (sth)to doing sth / being donehave access / an approachto doing sth / being donelook forward to doing sth / being doneobject(反对)=be opposedto doing sth / being donebe / get used / accustomed to doing sth / being donebe / get addictedto doing sth / being donebe related / in relationto doing sth / being doneBe close / next / on the wayto doing sth / being donebe availableto doing sth / being donea / the key / answer / replyto doing sth / being donea / the solutionto doing sth / being donea / the response / reactionto doing sth / being donea / the linkto doing sth / being done表(四)S + P(同一个动词) + to do sth与+ doing sth含义不同(六组)remember to do sthremember doing sthforget to do sthforget doing sthregret to sthforget doing sthmean to sthmean doing sthcant / couldnt help to do sthcant / couldnt help doing sthtry to do sthtry doing sth掌握要点:1. remember / forget / regret 后面跟 to do sth时, to do表示的动作没有发生,而跟doing sth或有时跟having done则表示动作已发生2. mean的主语为sb时,后面常跟to do sth,而主语为sth时,必须跟doing sth,即:sb mean to do sth=sb want / intend to do sthsth mean doing He never means to come to school late.If you come to school late again, it will mean your being punished.Doing it this way means asking for trouble.3. sb cant help doing sth:禁不住/忍不住做某事sb cant help (to) do sth:无法/不能帮助做某事I know nothing about machines so I cant help (to) repair the car.4. sb try to do sth:某人尽力做某事sb try doing sth:某人试试看能否做某事Try solving the maths problem another way if you fail this way.D.作补足语:在主动态的句子中作宾语补足语;在被动态中作主语补足语,分类句式如下:1. 普通类:A. 主动态:S + P + sb/sth(宾语) + to do sth / to be doneB. 被动态:S + be done + to do sth / to be done说明:1.)英语中的绝大多数可以跟宾语再跟宾补的及物动词都可以用以上主,被动句型 2.)此时宾补和主补的形式一样They want me to email the company. They want the company to be emailed.I am wanted to email the company. The company is wanted to be emailed.2. 重点类:S + P + sb / sth + do sth 2）S + P + sb / sth + doing sth 3)S + P + sb / sth + done具体动词见表: 动词宾语可用宾补形式可用宾补形式可用宾补形式 备注(看动词)see,look at, watch,notice, observestare at, glance at,glare atcatch sight ofsb / sthdo sthdoing sthdone被动态中do必须变为to do sth(听动词)hear, listen tosb / sthdo sthdoing sthdone被动态中do必须变为to do sth(使役动词)make, let, havesb / sthdo sthdo sthdo sthXXdoing sthdoneXdone被动态中do必须变为to do sth(使役动词)keep, leavesb / sthsb / sthXto do sthdoing sthdoing sthdonedone被动态中补足语形式不变findsb / sthXdoing sthdone被动态中补足语形式不变feelsb / sthdodoing sthdone被动态中补足语形式不变掌握要点:1.)背熟以上表格 2.)特别要记住那些并非三种形式都可跟的动词 3.)搞清do和doing 的区别 4.)搞清do / doing和done的区别 5.)注意谓语变为被动态后补足语的变化E.作状语:A. 用to do sth / to be done作状语1.) 在句中作目的状语:(In order)to do sth / not to do sth / to be done /not to be done , S + P +=S + P +(in order /so as) to do sth / to be done / not to do / not to be doneHe climbed up the tree to see further.He spoke up to be heard in the huge hall.2.) 在句中作结果状语:S + P + , + only to do sth / to be done 某人做结果仅仅/ 仅仅被S + P + , + never to do sth / to be done 某人做从未/在也不/ 不被He hurried home , only to find his house broken into.He spent much on the bet, only to be cheated.The reporter made it to the airport, only to be told that the movie star had departed.He left his hometown 20 years ago , never to be seen again / never to return again.注意区别不定式作目的状语和结果状语的要点如下:1.) 含义上的区别2.) 位置上的区别,结果状语不可前置句首3.) 目的状语前面没有only, never4.) 不定式在以下句式中充当结果状语:S + P + too + adj / adv + to doS + P + too + adj + a / an + n + to doS + P + so + adj / adv + as to doS + P + such + n + as to doWill / Would you be so kind / good as to do sth?=Will you please do sth?3.) 在句中作方式/方面状语:The book is easy to buy/ to understand/ to borrow / to translate.*sb / sth + P( be 或其他系动词) + adj(easy, hard, difficult, comfortable, fit, dangerous等)+ to do此时不定式用以说明这些adj在方面掌握要点:1.) 在本句式中,adj后面的to do与主语之间是一个被动反射关系,但却不可用to be done,即主动形式表示被动含义2.) 因为句中的to do与主语之间是被动反射关系,所以这个to do必须是一个及物动词(vt),如果是一个不及物动词的to do就必须在其后面加上一个正确的介词.The girl is hard to get along _.The room is nice to live _.The stain(污迹)on my shirt is difficult to get rid _.The robbers found the bank easy to break _.Old ladies are considered easier to rob _ something.3.) 此句式有可能与It be + adj for sb / sth to do sth / to be done 转换:The book is easy (for us) to understand.=It is easy (for us) to understand the book.=It is easy for the book _.4.) 在句中作原因状语：1.) sb + be + daj + to do sth / to be done(动作将发生或与be同时发生)2.) sb + be + adj + to have done / to have been done(动作在be前已发生)I am glad to see you.(见面时讲，to see you与am同时发生)I am glad to have seen you.(分手时讲，to have seen you在am之前发生)I am glad to be given a chance to go to the U.S.A next year.(动作将发生，在am之后：将有一个机会)I am glad to have been given a chance to go to the U.S.A in1998.(动作已发生在am之前:曾有一个机会)B. doing和done在句中作状语:doing和done在句子中可以充当:时间,原因,条件,让步,伴随(补充说明)等状语.其本质是将一个对应的状语从句(时间,原因,)进行了简化,其要点之一是:状语从句中主语必须与主句中的主语为同一个人,物,事才可进行这种简化.换言之,简化后的doing短语,done短语必须与句子的主语之间有正确的逻辑关系:主动发出或被动反射. *doing和done作状语的两种基本句式:1.) 原始从句: 时间 / 条件 / 原因等连词 S1 + P (主动态)+ +(主句)S + P+简化后: Doing sth / Having done sth +(主句)S + P(不变)2.) 原始从句: 时间 / 条件 / 原因等连词 S1 + P(被动态)+ +(主句)S + P简化后: Done / Being done / Having been done +(主句)S + P(不变)(1) If you heat the ice, you will get water.=Heating the ice, you will get water.(2) If ice is heated, it will become water.=Heated, it(ice) will become water.*(3) If the ice is heated, you will get water. S1 S2(本句无法用doing或done来简化从句,只可用:With + sb / sth A + doing / done, + SB + PWith the ice heated, you will get water.) 掌握要点:1.) 判断该用从句还是简化式: doing sth / done2.) 判断句子的主语与非谓语动词的逻辑关系:主动发出用doing sth / having done sth,被动反射则必须用:done / being done / having been done之一3.) doing sth相当于主动含义的正在进行时,一般现在时,一般将来时,一般过去时的时间含义, having done sth则相当于主动含义的现在/过去完成时含义.4.) done相当于被动态的一般现在,一般将来,一般过去的时间含义, being done相当于被动进行含义, having been done相当于被动完成含义5.) when,while,until,once(一旦), unless, if, as, though等词可放在doing sth或done前面,以具体表明doing sth / done 的状语含义6.) 以下doing不受句子主语的控制:Generally / Frankly / Strictly speakingJudging from / by .Thinking aboutConsidering + S + P.Allowing forGivenTalking about / Speaking of .再次提醒: 用谓语(从句)还是非谓语(doing / done)是原则问题 用主动形式(doing / having done)还是被动形式(done / being done /having been done)是原则问题,用哪种时态形式是语境问题F.作定语:所谓用非谓语动词作定语,就是用一个非谓语动词/词组去修饰一个名词1.) 非谓语动词作定语的位置:单个的非谓语动词作定语要前置于被修饰的名词(left除外,the food left;比:the left food)而非谓语动词词组作定语则要后置2.) 非谓语动词作定语的原理:就是将一个定语从句简化为一个定语词汇或词组,其规则如下:(1) 名词 + that / which / who + P(主动语态) to do sth(主动将来含义)简化:名词 + doing sth(主动一般或主动进行含义) having done (主动完成含义)(2) 名词 + that / which / who + P(be done:被动态从句) to be done(被动将来含义) done(被动一般含义)简化:名词 + being done(被动进行含义) having been done(被动完成含义) 因此,当我们难以确定该用非谓语的何种形式来作定语时,我们可以用从句还原法来帮我们一把. 例:When we arrived at his house, we couldnt see any _?_(remaining, remained) gusests there. =When we arrived at his house, we couldnt see any guests who _?_(remained,were remained) there.由此可见一个及物动词的各种非谓语形式都有可能作定语,而一个不及物动词的非谓语形式中的: to be done, done, being done, having been done是无法作定语的(特例除外),因为它们本身就不存在! 如果存在就是一种人为的错误!特例:fallen, risen , set,可作定语:the fallen leaves, the risen sun, the set moon, 但不等于the falling leaves, the rising sun, the setting moon;前者无被动含义而是完成含义, 后者则是进行含义.3.) 只可用to do, to be done作定语的几种情况:1.) sb have(有) sth / sb to doI have something to say.(逻辑关系: I-say-something)She has a question to ask the teacher.(逻辑关系:She-ask-the teacher-a question)We have a new plan to talk about with you.(逻辑关系:We-talk about a new plan with you)2.) sb find sth to do3.) sbA give / offer sbB + sth to do*使用本句式时应特注意:1.) 判断have是“有”动词而不是“使”动词.2.) 被修饰的名词(sb / sth与后面的to do为被动反射关系,与句子的主语为主动发出关系,因此这个to do必须是一个vt,如果是一个vi,就必须在其后面+一个正确的介词,即:用to do的主动形式来表示与前面名词之间的被动关系!例:(1.)I have nobody to go to see the film_(需要介词吗?)(2.)He is said to have 3 children to bring_?_/ to raise_?_/ to care _?_.(3.)We failed to find even a single bed to sleep _?_ in the hotel.(4)Would you please give a chair to sit _?_?(5)On Christmas Day, his mother gave him a new coat to dress.(改错)4.)need, way, right(权利), chance, reason, 等词后面可用to do作定语.5.)被修饰的名词前有：the + 序数词 / the + last / the only + 名词 + to do sth / to be doneHe is always the first ( students) to ask questions.He is always the first (student) to be asked questions. 语法重点复习-状语从句 一.基本概念:状语从句是由一个表达特定含义的连词引导的从句,如:表达时间含义的连词引导时间从句;表达原因含义的连词引导原因从句;等等.因此,解状语从句的题目时,首先必须根据全句的语境,判断适用连词的类别,其次,还要注意某一状语从句中有无特殊要求或规定,如时态限制,同时也要注意连词的一词多义现象,即:同一连词具有二个或以上的含义,可以引导不同含义的状语从句.二.状语从句的分类应用:A.时间状语从句:I.普通类中的重点:表一 连 词 含 义 用 法 要 点 when 当.时候When SA + PA + , SB + PB+PA和PB可以同时发生,也可先后发生,不受点,线动词的限制 while在期间,与同时,用于表示:1.) 两个长动作并行发生并持续2.)一长一短两个动作的发生While SA + PA+,SB + PB+1.) While he was watching TV,I was reading a book.2.) While he was riding his bike,he fell down.While he was walking in the street,I came across him.*特别注意:while从句中不可用点动词! as1.) 正当时候:含义近似as soon as2.) 一边., 一边3.)随着A,B也. /A发展,变化,B也发展,变化1.) As the teacher turned around,the boy began to make face.2.