考研英语二精练精讲写作讲义.doc

主要从三部分进行讲解：1. 作文的知识点2 作文模板3 作文练习作文知识点：写作三要素：名词短语（左2右6：）动词的五种句型连词（连词的介词，连词，关系词）一名词短语名词是最重要的，模板中90%用名词。因为模板中连词已给出。a man 用一些修饰成分来修饰，eg: 一个受过良好教育的人a man had a good education 简单的主谓宾句型写作中需要把句子变成短语，有动词就是句子，没句子就是短语。第一种变化形式（定语从句）：a man who has a good education 定语从句，对a man 进行修饰，翻译成“受过良好教育的一位男士”第二种变化形式（非谓语动词）：a man having a good education having是非谓语动词，非谓语从句的作用就是替代定语从句，简化定语从句，省略定语从句中的关系代词，但是翻译时也应该翻译成“受过良好教育的人”第三种形式（介词短语）：a man with a good education 介词短语，用with来表达连接成分，没有动词。介词短语是最简化的名词短语手段。写作中最重要的是名词的应用，灵活运用这三种形式，可以使得句法更加丰富。这就是我们上面说的右6中的三种形式。就是man之后修饰词的三种变化形式。左2就是中心词man前面的修饰成分a good man who/having/ with a good education左2前面要么是形容词，要么是（不定冠词）数量词，这跟汉语的表达是一样的。跟汉语表达不同的地方是右面的修饰成分。英语的修饰成分在右边，汉语的在左边。右6实现的手段：介词短语在名词短语中作后置定语“的”出现时，要注意转换去伦敦的路 the road to London没有你的日子，就像生活中没有阳光a day without you its like a life without sunshine 对人类犯下的可耻罪行a shameful crime against humanity 汉语中“的”要先说，而英语中的“的”要后说穿黑衣服的人man in black（黑衣人）例子：他（这个男人）几年来身体一直不好/一个几年来身体一直不好的男孩用名词短语，不要用动词。A man in bad healthy for some years近年来经济一直不好的国家不好的国家要先说，许多的人带着绝望的而来，带着失望而去Many of us 我们中的许多人who came in表一种状态 despair and went away in hope他脑子不能用head里很乱mess, confussion表示一种状态，要用介词in处于问题 in trouble没有的话，就用 out of, 是in的一个反义词 摆脱几个介词的使用：表示一种状态，要用in 经济衰退 in decline反义词是out of ，摆脱out of trouble表支持和反对I raise a program for/against Zhangsans idea支持 for 反对“against”Eg：我赞成和平，反对战争for peach and against the war.， 介词短语表示来意思来。他的行为是违法的。His action is against the law。抑制通货膨胀的战斗The fight against the inflation for two years. “赞同”with in agreement with sb on sth 在某事上跟某人达成一致意见“处在的状态；遭受；经历”，用under, under后面是名词形式，可是表示的都是动词含义正在修建的公路 a road under construction一个考虑的问题 a problem under consideration接受讨论的计划 a plan under discussion受到恐怖威胁的国家 the country under the threat of terrorism正在发展中 under quick/ fast development in economy“有，具有，带有” with有金色头发的女孩 a girl having golden hair那个导演带着男女主角来到会场 the director came to the meeting with leading actor and actress玛丽嫁给一个有钱的人marry a man with a lot of money我经常梦想有个带着花园的大房子 dream a house with a garden came, marry, dream都是谓语动词，后面加with结构表示“有”中国是一个有很多人的国家中国是一个资源丰富的国家中国是一个经济发展速度快速的国家。China is a country with a doze of people.China is a country with abundant of resourcesChina is a country with rapid development in economy without 没有这个计划必须有他的支持才能通过The plan will fail without his support.要会使用with表达“有”。两种句型表达“有”：一种在there be 句型，另一种是with 结构社会存在严重的问题。There is a serious problem in the society.“所有”，状态、特征、性格的“有”，除用s表达，还可以用of看得见，摸得着的用with修饰，抽象的是of，像是有才华的，有品质有勇气的人不用people，people 表示人群，后面用复数 a man of great courage很有才华的钢琴家 a pianist of great talent of表示的是抽象的“有”（品质、才华），with是具体的“有”（看得见，摸的着）2010年的真题，手机使用，就可以用“with”， with a Mobil phone分词短语（三种形式doing; to do; done）：Doing 和 to do 都可以作后置定语，区别在于时态，doing表示正在，to do 表示将来。done 表示被动语态Doing and Done从商店穿过的那个矮胖子 the short fat man walking through the shop被用done表示反叛军扣押的六个先说古巴人the six Cubans nationals held in custody by rebel soldiers我们很容易把人们之间among us交流communication的减少归咎于用ing形式表达快节奏的现代生活 the modern life with quick pace和快速变化的外部世界 人们之间交流的减少decline of communication among us 快节奏的现代生活quick pace of the modern life 外部世界反生的快速变化this changes taking place in our world归结于resulting from (来自于)我们很容易把，It is easy for us 分成三个部分， “归结”跟“容易”模板中都会涉及到，需要填写的是“人们之间交流的减少decline of communication among us”，“现代生活的快节奏quick pace of the modern life ”，“外部世界发展的快速变化this changes taking place in our world”分词短语作后置定语动词不定式(表将来)不定式(短语)在名词短语中作后置定语能够帮你的人 the man to help you 就是约翰逊先生 能帮你的，用将来时The man to help you is Mr. Johnson如果用定语从句：The man who will help you is Mr. Johnson你有能够打开这个门的钥匙吗? Do you have the key to unlock/open the door.人们常说，一个人有了三样东西，他就会真正感到幸福：有人someone爱love，有事something做do，有希望hope。主动可以表示被动，不定式中someone to love, something to do, something to hopeful像中国古老的话说的， as an old Chinese saying goes形容词短语在名词短语中作后置定语这些在二十世纪七十年代流行的歌曲 these songs popularadi短语作名词的后置定语 in 1970s.popular 在名词后面，这是形容词短语作名词短语的后置定语一个害怕动物的男孩A boy afraid of animalsa boy who is afraid of animals一群忙着学英语的学生students busy learning English一个英语初学者所犯的典型错误a fault typical to the beginners of English 常用的形容词性短语good at 善于 a man good at communication(名词短语尽量用名词短语，不用动词，动词的用法特点繁多，名词相对简单。Eg：一想到研究生考试，我(变得)就很紧张。As thought of the text, I get nervous.我们要好好地、安安静静地、舒舒服服的休息一会。We may have a long and nice rest (for us).一定要弄会名词短语的用法，这样在使用模板时就简单了。作文模板：As can be seen from the graph / table / diagram, there have been drastic好的 / considerable / unfavorable不好的 changes in telephone subscriptions over the past period from _1998_ to _2008_. To be concrete, there were only 2000 in _2008_(year) while / whereas the ratio(s) went up toin _ (year).The rates of which were_. The increase reflects the steady注意steady和stable的不同 in _. (反映的事实，反映我们生活水平的稳定地提高)模板中要填的都是名词短语。归纳：左2右6名词的中心词，有形容词和数量词右1 介词短语右2 doing右3 to do右4 形容词短语右5 定语从句右6 同位语从句用三个就可以：介词短语，doing，形容词短语或是定语从句。首段定语从句第二段介词短语尾段最后非谓语动词名词短语的例子：一辆去往美国的火车 a train traveling to America全国研究生报名时间 the registration time to nation post-graduate test二 动词五种简单句1主语+系动词联系，没有具体意思+主语补足语(或者称作表语)维生素是一种有机化合物Vitamins are organic compounds.Vitamins are organic compounds necessary必须的，必不可少的 for the normal growth of life形容词短语作名词的后置定语.维生素是一种有机化合物，它是所有动物正常生长和生命延续所必不可少的。Vitamins are organic compounds necessary (which are necessary) for the normal growth of life.词汇量对英语学习必不可少vocabulary necessary to English test2主语+谓语不及物动词，vi（vi）+状语不及物动词又称完整动词，后面不加宾语，像某个人过世，die, go 后面不需要宾语。但要加状语，状语是修饰动词的，有时间单词：Today，yesterday，tomorrow介词短语；状语从句 when he came here、地点、条件、转折、让步、结果、目的、手段、方式、伴随等等。这些状语的表现常常是副词或副词短语，也称之为介词短语和从句。状语的三种表现形式：单词，介词短语或是状语从句3主语+谓语及物动词，vt+宾语（单宾）谓语是及物动词，后面要加宾语，90%动词都是及物动词，像是make a cake；后面也可以加状语。谓语后面加一个宾语是单宾，加两个是双宾make a cake(单宾) make a cake for the boy(双宾)还可以是make a boy happy(复杂及物动词)The wife made him宾语 a good husband.这里的made是复杂及物动词动词要区分不及物和及物，及物动词还要区分单宾、双宾或是复杂及物动词，动词的使用要难于名词4主语+谓语（vt）+间接宾语+直接宾语（双宾动词）5主语+谓语（vt）+宾语+宾语补足语（复杂及物动词）除了动词的及物不及物，还要注意动词的时态、情态、三单、搭配等。10个动词在写作中就够用，像是make，come，go, reach，bring 我们做出了杰出的贡献 make great contribution 动词不用记很多，知识层面上要知道动词的分类我们达成了一个协议： we reach an agreement当谈到中国经济时，我们达成了一个协议: we reach an agreement when comes to china economy.大作文作文模板 图表模板【图表-模版】第一段：如这张图表/表格/图形所示，在 时间区域内，即开始年 到结束 年, 主题关键词出现迅速的/可观的/不乐观的 增长/ 下降趋势从具体某年1,仅有具体数字1;而到具体某年2数字增长到具体数字2, 实现增长率为 具体百分数 这种增长/下降趋势反映出 议论文的中心。As can be seen from the chart /矩形图graph 柱形图/ table / diagram, there have been drastic显著的，剧烈的，好的方面 / considerable / unfavorable不利的 changes in 主题关键词 over the past period from _ to _. as 正如changes 改变、变化in 在某方面，后面填名词短语over the past / future period在过去几十年from _ to _. （根据图表写）模板能删不能加。To be concrete具体来说, there were only 具体的数字 in _(year) while / whereas然而 the ratio(s) went up to上升到，下降到fall, decreasein _ (year).The rates of which were_. The increase reflects _. 名词短语，that从句These changes are most disturbing心烦的兴奋的 exciting, so it is necessary必要 for us to go into the whys探索原因 and wherefores of them first. 练习1：2006Section V Writing (20 points)Directions:Describe the diagram and analyze the possible causes .You should write at least 150 words on the ANSWER SHEETAs can be seen from the graph, there have been drastic changes in the number of the applicants也可以用students(申请者) for GCT over the period from 1998 to 2004. To be concrete, there were only 5000 applicants不到5000，less than 5000 in 1998 where as the number went up to上升 over 35000 in 2004, the rates of which were more than 1000%, 可以要，可以不要The increase reflects our increasing也可以用growing attention to Pay attention to 对关注higher education .These changes are most disturbingexciting, so it is necessary for us go into the （whys）wherefores of them first.练习2：2008Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition according to the information below. You should write more than 150 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 . (20 points)以往许多人报考成人高校,是为了圆文凭梦。如今,手持本科、硕士文凭,回头重新考大学的大有人在.据报道,今年报名全国成人高考的上海考生中,有390名本科毕业生,15名硕士生.写一篇约150字左右的作文进行评论和表达自己的意见.注意数据变化作文复制就行，要学会灵活使用。As can be seen from the words above, there have been drastic changes in the number of the applicants with有 a bachelor本科s or even a master研究生的s degree文凭 for higher education recently（in recent year） .To be concrete, there were only 390 applicants with a bachelors degree and 15 with a masters who took part in the examinations this year in shanghai. The increase reflects our growing attention to continual education.These changes are most revealing, so it is necessary for us go into the wherefores of them first.【图表-模版】第二段：What accounts for the increase? In my opinion, at least three factors contribute to the changes. To begin with第一个原因, the changes are closely related to the rising income of the Chinese.外能模句 With their可以改成our，看剧情进行修改 living standards steadily going up, they have adequate extra money to afford 主题. More importantly第二个原因, the changes have a lot to do with the turning of the peoples attitudes towards and outlook on life中性的句子，态度的问题，不要具体说明态度. They have begun to try every means to _写教育的话，丰富自己的知识 improve knowledge,手机的话，享受生活 enjoy life .Finally第三个原因, the changes are enhanced and promoted by the governments bettering policy in the _ field. Now it is possible for people to _ .练习1：08年的第二段What accounts for the increase? In my opinion, at least three factors contribute to the changes. To begin with, the changes are closely related to the rising income of the Chinese. With their living standards steadily going up, they have adequate extra money to afford continual education. More importantly, the changes have a lot to do with the turning of the peoples attitudes towards and outlook on life. They have begun to try every means to acquire the special也可以换成new knowledge and skills required in their career后置定语，也可以用necessary for their careers或是improve their abilities. Finally, the changes are enhanced and promoted by the governments better policy in the education field. Now it is possible for people to treasure every opportunity to improve their quality to be a competent citizen.模板减少填词量【图表-模版】第三段：With the development of society, the increasing减少 decrease trend is bound to 必然continue. As far as I am concerned, its a good (positive/negative) sign and should be promoted (reversed逆转、纠正) since it brings benefits (threats) not only to people 太宽泛，可以自己填词but to the development of country同上.练习08年第三段最后一句话 可以换成to the all of us , to the development of chinas higher education08年整篇文章As can be seen from the words above, there have been drastic changes in the number of the applicants with a bachelors or even a masters degree for higher education .To be concrete, there were only 390 applicants with a bachelors degree and 15 with a masters who took part in the examinations this year. The increase reflects our increasing attention to continual education.These changes are most revealing, so it is necessary for us go into the wherefores of them first.What accounts for the increase? In my opinion, at least three factors contribute to the changes. To begin with, the changes are closely related to the rising income of the Chinese. With their living standards steadily going up, they have adequate extra money to afford continual education. More importantly, the changes have a lot to do with the turning of the peoples attitudes towards and outlook on life. They have begun to try every means to acquire the special knowledge and skills required in their career. Finally, the changes are enhanced and promoted by the governments better policy in the education field. Now it is possible for people to treasure every opportunity to improve their quality to be a competent citizen.With the development of society, the increasing trend is bound to continue. As far as I am concerned, its a good positive sign and should be promoted since it brings benefits not only to the all of us and to the development of chinas higher education08、07、06、10年都是这样的题，我们来看一下10年的，As can be seen from the chart, there have been drastic changes in the number of the mobile phone subscribers over the period from 2000 to 2008. To be concrete, there were less 1 billion mobile phone subscribers in developing countries in 2000 where as the number went up to over 4 billion in 2008, the rates of which were more than 400%, The increase reflects our increasing attention to communication .These changes are most shocking, so it is necessary for us go into the wherefores of them first.What accounts for the increase? In my opinion, at least three factors contribute to the changes. To begin with, the changes are closely related to the rising income of the Chinese. With their living standards steadily going up, they have adequate extra money to afford mobile phone. More importantly, the changes have a lot to do with the turning of the peoples attitudes towards and outlook on life. They have begun to try every means to communicate in an easy way. Finally, the changes are enhanced and promoted by the governments better policy in the communication field. Now it is possible for people to treasure every opportunity to improve their quality to be a competent citizen.With the development of society, the increasing trend is bound to continue. As far as I am concerned, its a good positive sign and should be promoted since it brings benefits not only to our life and to the development of chinas communication field.考试题目不会是社会焦点或是社会问题，只要是正面的一定会用上。如果是负面的，则是必定无疑的，也是不跟政策挂钩的。 My view on(现象对比型模板)第一段模板：These days, there is an increasing hot topic among the general public which concerns the phenomenon that XX代表要表示的主题. Whenever it形式主语 comes to this issue, there will spring up出现，涌现 a wide variety of voices很多的声音. Some people view X主题，名词短语 as beneficial, while still some others consider that too much过多 emphasis on X is not suitable or acceptable for us.或是accepted by all of us They often say this trend at present will result in some serious negative消极的 effects, such as A and B/ A,B and C.第一段对现象进行描述。练习：extra studyThese days, there is an increasing hot topic among the general public which concerns the phenomenon of extra study for kids. Whenever it comes to this issue, there will spring up a wide variety of voices. Some people view itit 代指extra study for kid study as beneficial, while still some others consider that too much emphasis on the定冠词，有所指，代指上面的额外补习 study is not suitable or acceptable for kids. They often say this trend at present will result in some serious negative effects, such as less healthy健康下降, tired of study厌学.如果不能很好的把握好such as 后面的句子写作，那就不要写了。第二段模板：支持还是反对，但是支持比较好写，况且模板也都大多是正向的，因此建议大家用正向的。So far as I am concerned, I am inclined to倾向于 support the former之前的观点用former，之后的是latter view. It is of no difficulty for me It is easy for meto put forward some arguments to illustrate my standpoint.万能句子 At the top of the list首先, with the rapid development of Chinese economy and steady improvement of living standards, XX不是一个单词，而是一个句子. Based upon a recent Internet survey, about 56% 数可以自己编of XX表示支持的例子，写句子。. X是来写一个句子的，也可以写名词短语Extra study 的第二段话：Extra education 额外教育的好处黑板上老师写了句子，根据老师写的句子听课。支持观点的模句：模句的三个方面：(1)更美好的生活(2)个人发展的帮助（教育、出国留学study overseas）(3)子女未来的教育帮助模板加模句模句1.子女未来的教育With the substantial 巨大的help of X, kids可以改成 we can not only learn art newskills that may helpful for them someday, they can also get a chance to expand拓展 their interests to a great extent在很大程度上, and their minds can also be broadened.思想也能不断地丰富X可以是课外教育、额外补习、GPD考试、联考,留学等等三个原因进行说明：learn new skillsexpand their intereststheir minds can also be broadened.上述就可以用到extra study中：, kids can not only learn new skills that may be helpful for them someday, they can also get a chance to expand their interests to a great extent, and their minds can also be broadened.对子女教育，对课外补习，对留学（study overseas）都是适用的第一个例子填模板的时候注意转换So far as I am concerned, I am inclined to support the former view. It is of no difficulty for me to put forward some arguments to illustrate my standpoint. 根据字数和写作的需要，这些都是可以删除的At the top of the list, with the rapid development of Chinese economy and steady improvement of living standards, we can afford extra to fee for our kids and they can learn new skills that mey be helpful for them someday.家庭可以负担额外的费用 (这句话不会说就全删了，写成” With the substantial help of extra study, kid can learn new skills that may be helpful for them someday ”)第二个例子Based upon a recent Internet survey, about 56% of families believe/ think that with help, they can also get a chance to expand their interests to a great extent, and their minds can also be broadened. 还可以换成海外学习的模句。2.个人未来的发展l We believe the most common reason people give for focus on X is change.Change is accomplished 伴随by preparing for the future给未来充分的准备, opening up new options.l In a dramatically changing environment all around the world在不断改变的外部环境, we are very confident that it gives me a unique独一无二的 opportunity to become capable to compete internationally国际上 in X and in other areas.X健康、税收、保健品、海外学习、旅游等等，可以适应很多话题。3.更美好的生活People with X will be able to buy more healthful有益健康的 foods, enjoy better facilities好好利用 to improve their health, live in a bigger housea bigger apartment, drive an expensive car or go to many other places and so on.教育是常考的，所以有补充材料：政治、文化、经济、科技、体育、卫生、教育、生活积极现在越来越多的人开始相信新的技术和知识能直接帮助他们获得工作机会或提升的机会。Now people in