语法状语从句解析.doc

状语从句（Adverbial Clause）定义状语从句是指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语或者整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词（从属连词）引导，也可以由此组引起。从句位于句首或者句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句末时可以不用逗号隔开。种类：状语从句根据其句中表达的不同功能,可分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、 结果状语从句、条件状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句和比较状语从句。下面来详细解析这几种类型。1时间状语从句在复合句中，由时间连接词引导的状语从句叫做时间状语从句。（在复合句中，要注意主句和从句的事态大多要保持一致。）常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since, till, until:The minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day, the instant, immesiately, directly, as sooner than, hardly/scarcely when. By the time（主句用完成时）. etc.e.g. （1）I really did not realize how my mother loved me until I became an adult.(2)Every time I try to fly, I fall without my wings.(3)Once you first see that beautiful guy, you will never forget him.注：a） till&until 都可做conj.连接时间状语;也可作prep.与其他词构成prep.短语，在剧中做状语。二者没多大区别，没但强调时一般用until。另外，主句动词是瞬间v.时，必须为否定形式；若主句谓语是延续性v.时，则随意，但意义不同。b）when,while和as的区别。when引导的从句谓语动词可是延续性或者瞬间动词，并且when有时表示“就在那时”。但while引导的从句谓语动词必须是延续性，并强调主句和从句的动作同时或相对发生；另外，while还可表示对比。as引导的动作是延续性且一般为同时发生；as也可强调一先一后的动作关系（e.g. As we was going out, it began to snow.两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间。）c）before&after。before引导的从句不用否定式谓语；注意主从句的时间关系，从句现在时则主句将来时，从句过去时则主句过去完成时。after则表示主句动作在从句动作之后，正好与before相反。d）since从句谓语一般是过去时，主句则现在完成时。另，在“it is +时间段+since从句”句型中，since从句的谓语的延续性或短暂性决定整个句子意义趋向。It is +段时间+since+V(con.) 翻译为否定意；It is+段时间+since+V（ins.） 翻译为肯定意。e.g. It is 4 years since my sister was in Beijing.我妹妹不在北京有四年了。（现在不在北京。）但：It is 4 years since my sister arrived in Beijing.我妹妹来北京有四年了。（现在在北京。）e）hardly,scarcely和no sooner位于句首时，部分倒装。e.g. No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence workHardly had I sat down when he stepped in.f)by the time 后面的谓语时态决定主句谓语时态。具体情况根据句子意思和理解便能推断。2地点状语从句引导词:where, wherever, anywhere(本身是adv.,但常可以引导从句，相当于conj.，意思相似于wherever)e.g.(1)wherever you are, I will be with you.(2)where there is my lover,there is my home.(3)Generally ,air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.需要注意一点的是，where除了引导地点状语从句外，还可以引导定语从句。二者区别在于，定语从句前面应有引导词，但地点状语从句则没有。e.g. please leave it where it found it.这是地点状语从句。Go back to your place where your family is.这是定语从句，引导词是place。3原因状语从句原因状语从句是表示原因或者理由的。引导词：because, since, as, now(that), seeing that, considering that.e.g. (1)As it is raining, I wil not go out.(2)Now that you mention it, I do remember.(3)Now that you donnot like me, I will leave without disturbing you.注：a）because, since, as三者表示原因的语气逐渐减弱，because和so不能连用。b）不知道的原因用because，即说话人认为听话人不知道，因此because从句是全句最重要的部分，通常被置于主句之后。e.g. You want to know why Im leaving? Im leaving because Im full.此外，当回答why问句时、强调句型时和被not否定时，只能用because。c）for虽然也表示不知道原因，但它语气较because弱很多，是可有可无的话，只能置于主句之后；且，for是并列连词，不是说明直接原因。若不是因果关系，而是对前面主句内容加以解释或推断时，只能用for。d) 已经知道原因时用as或since，即某种原因在说话人看来已经很明显，或已为听话人所熟悉。Since较as正式。e.g. Seeing all of the children already seated, he said:“Since everyone is here, lets start.”4条件状语从句条件状语从句分真实性(有可能实现的事情)与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导词：if（此类句型下不能与whether替换）, unless, so/as long as, if only（=if）, provided/providing that, on condition that, so/as far as, supposing that, in case that, etc.e.g. (1)we will start our project if the president agrees.(2）you will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.(3)provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.注：注意时态，主句是将来时则从句一般现在时表将来。“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”在意思上喜爱那个当与一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。（你懂的，不举例。）5目的状语从句引导词：so that=in order that, so, in case, for fear that, lest, in the hope that, despite=in spite of, to the end that, etc. e.g.(1)the boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.(2)the teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.(3)he left early in case he should miss the train. (4) I shall write it down lest I should forget.(lest引导的从句中应用should+do 表虚拟)注：a）从句谓语常含may, might, can, could, will, would, etc. modal V.，否则可能是结果状语从句。b）不可置于句首。c）so that既可引导结果状语从句又可引导目的状语从句。区别在于：目的状语从句中往往带有can, could, might .etc.modal V.;此外，目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确。e.g. (1)Speaking clearly so that they may understand you.（目状）（2）Jack is badly ill so that he has to have a rest.（结状）6结果状语从句结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。引导词：so, so that, sothat, suchthat, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, etc.e.g. (1)to such a degree was he excited that he could not sleep last night.（2）she is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.(3)the train was so full that I could hardly turn around.注：such+adj.+n.+that clauseso+adj./adv.+that clauseso+many/few+n.(pl.)+that clausemuch/little+u.n.若名词前由many,much,llittle,few,etc.修饰时，只能用so，不用such。不解释，你懂的。7比较状语从句引导词：asas, not as/soas, than,the more,the more, just as, no more than, not A so much as B, A is to B what/as C is to D.e.g.(1)food iss to men what oil os to machine. (2)she smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford.(3)the more you read, the more knowledge you can get.注：不能用and链接两个unless从句，但if not and ifnot不受此限。e.g. You wont lose your weight unless you eat less and unless you exercise more.此句错误。正确的应是unless you eat less and exercise more.8方式状语从句引导词：as, just asso, as if/ though, the way, rather than, how,etc.e.g.(1)sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.(2)she behaves as if she were the god.(3)you must do as I show you.注：although 和though不能跟but连用，但though和yet可连用。9让步状语从句引导词：although，though, as, even if/though, in spite of the fact that, or, no matter wh-, wh-ever , while, etc.注：as用在此句型下必须倒装，while一般放在句首。e.g.(1)much as I respect him, I cannot agree to proposal.(2)the old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.(3)whatever(=no matter what) you say, Ill never change my mind.另，although不能像though那样用作adv.，放在句末表强调是要用even though。no matter wh-词不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。10状语从句的简化状语从句同时具备两个条件：a)主句和从句的主语一致，或者色从句主语为it；b）从句主要动词是be的某种形式。从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。例如：When (the museum is) completed. The museum will be open to the public next year.Hell go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is) possible.另外，比较级从句经常省略。例如：Im taller than he (is tall).The higher the temperature(is), the greater the pressure(is).就状语从句而言，有时为了使语言言简意赅，经常将状语从句进行“简化”。状语从句的“简化”现象在口语中较为普遍。状语从句的“简化”现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中：a）由if，unless等引导的条件状语从句；b）由although，though，even if/though等引导的让步状语从句；c)由when，while，as，before，after，until/till等引导的时间状语从句；d）由as，as if等引导的方式状语从句；e）由as，than等引导的比较状语从句。（1）当状语从句的主语是it，且谓语动词是be动词时，it和be要完全简化掉。例如：If(it is) possible, he will help you out of the diffculty.You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you.(2)当状语总局的主语和主句的主语一致时，从句可以将主语和be动词简化掉。常见于以下几种情况：a）conj.+adj.As (he was) young,he learned how to ride a bike.Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping.Work hard when (you are) young,or youll regret.b) conj.+n.while (he was) a young boy,he was always ready to help others.Wlthough (he was) a