自考英语Englishjy19031.doc

高等教育自学考试网上辅导英语（一）语法倒装句在英语句子里，通常主语在谓语动词的前面，这样的语序称为自然语序（natural word-order）。反之，如果谓语动词的一部分或全部放在主语的前面，这样的语序称为倒装语序（inverted word-order）。倒装语序的句子称为倒装句。Inverted 倒转的，倒置的Example:自然语序 The boy rushed out. 那男孩冲了出去。倒装语序 Out rushed the boy. 那男孩冲了出去。自然语序 We can lose weight only in this way. 我们只能用这种方法减肥。倒装语序 Only in this way can we lose weight. 我们只能用这种方法减肥。there be 句型（倒装结构）For example: There are many students in the classroom. 教室里有很多的学生。 In the classroom many students are there. （正常语序）there be 句型和大多数的疑问句都是倒装句。For example: Do you speak in English? 你讲英语吗？Who引导的疑问句不是倒装句For example: Who are you?除此之外，倒装语序常在下列情况下出现：一、表示否定或基本否定的词与词组放在句首作状语时这些词与词组主要有：never（永不，从不）, scarcely（几乎不）, hardly（几乎不）, rarely（很少、难得）, little（几乎不，毫不）, nowhere（没有任何地方）, no sooner than （刚一便）hardly when 一就not only（不仅）, in no case（任何情况下都不）, in no way（决不）, on no account（决不）, at no time（任何时候都不）, under（in） no circumstances（任何情况下都不）。not until 直到才在这些词与词组引出的倒装句中，倒装到主语前的那部分谓语动词通常是助动词、情态动词或动词be。例如：Hardly had he said anything before he left. 他几乎什么也没说就离开了。（原句）He had hardly said anything before he left. Scarcely had she fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened her. 她刚要睡着，忽然敲门的声音把她惊醒了。scarcelywhen 一就hardly whenno soonerthan.上述三种句式在句子中使用的特点：1. 在句子中一定要倒装，且为部分性倒装。将助动词提到主语前面。2. 这些短语在构成句子时，主句部分用过去完成时。No sooner had Anne arrived there than she fell ill. 安妮一到那里就生起病来。Little did I think a year ago that I could work for your company. 一年前我几乎没有想到能为你们的公司工作。二、only 引出的状语放在句首时only 放在句首修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句时通常需用倒装句序。Only then did the doctor realize that his patient needed surgery. 只有到了那时，医生才认识到他的病人需要做外科手术。Only after class was he allowed to raise the question. 只有下课以后才允许他提出这个问题。Only when you adjust down your price to some extent can we conclude the business. 只有你方将价格降到一定程度我们才有可能做成这笔生意。如果only引出的不是状语则不倒装。比如：Only he is my good friend. 只有他才是我的好朋友。三、here, there, then, thus 等副词放在句首，并且谓语动词为come, go, be, exist, follow 等不及物动词时这种情况下的倒装一般为全部倒装。here/ there/ then/ thus/ now + （vi）+ SHere is a book for you. 这儿有本书给你。（正常句式）A book is here for you.Here is your change. 这是你的零钱。There goes the bell. 铃响了（正常句式）The bell goes there.Then follows the fashion show. 然后是时装表演。（正常句式）The fashion show follows then.Thus arose the division between the developed and developing countries. 由此产生了发达国家和发展中国家的区分。thus 由此，因此，这样也适用于：以 out/ in/ up/ down/ away 开头的句子，表示一种强调。For example: Out went the children. 孩子们走出来了。（正常句式）The children went out.四、句首为so, nor, neither 等副词，表明前句说明的情况也适用于本句时Richard can speak Japanese. So can his sister. 理查德会说日语，他妹妹也会。需注意：1.肯定句中使用so；否定句中使用nor/ neither。2.后面句子的谓语应当与前面句子的谓语的时态和形式相一致。Copper is a good conductor. So are many other metals. 铜是一种好的导体，许多其他金属也是。He didnt say anything. Nor（neither） did his assistant. 他没有说话，他的助手也没说。五、在虚拟语气中，非真实条件从句中的连词省略时这种情况下，倒装到主语前的是助动词had, should和动词were。Had I left a little earlier, I would have caught the train. 我要是早点动身就赶上火车了。（if引导的正常句序）If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train.Should it rain tomorrow, what could we do? 万一明天下雨，我们能干些什么呢？（正常句序）If it should rain tomorrow, what could we do?Were there no air, there would be no sound. 没有空气就没有声音。（正常句序）If there were no air, there would be no sound.as 引导让步状语从句两种情况需倒装：1. as 引导的从句是一种主系表结构的句子：表语（/）+ asFor example: 原句：As she is pretty, she is not clever.虽然她很漂亮，但是她不聪明。 倒装：Pretty as she is, she is not clever. 原句：As he was a child, he had to make a living. 他虽然是个孩子，但是却不得不自己谋生。 倒装：Child as he was, he had to make a living. 在名词做表语时还需注意名词如果是可数名词单数，放在句首时不要加任何冠词。2.将句中的谓语动词提到as从句前面：谓语（v.）+ asFor example: Tried as he would, he would fail again. 虽然他会再次尝试，但是他仍然会失败。六、句子主语部分过长或上下文之间需要紧凑衔接时有的句子因主语部分较长而谓语部分较短，为使句子保持平衡需要倒装。有的倒装是为了上下文之间衔接得更紧凑。这类倒装并非语法上的要求，而是一种修辞性倒装。Sitting in front of the counter is the young father who wishes to purchase a life insurance policy and agrees to pay a sum of $200 per year for 40 years. 坐在柜台前的是那位年轻的父亲，他希望购买人寿保险单并同意保险40年，每年支付200美元的保险费。（此句主语部分因有一个定语从句而变得很长，故倒装到谓语之后）。Grammar Exercises. Translate the following sentences into Chinese and explain why they are inverted.1. Seldom have I seen her so unhappy.本句翻译：我很少看到她如此地不开心。2. Only recently did he have a chance to visit his hometown.本句翻译：直到最近他才有机会回趟老家。5. Thus broke out a war between Japan and Russia in 1895.本句翻译：这样在日本和俄国之间于1895年爆发了一场战争。8. Not only is there a wide range of prices for goods in America, there is also a wide range in the quality of goods offered for sale.本句翻译：在美国不仅物品的价位多种多样，而且所提供物品的质量也是多种多样的。10. No sooner had he put down the receiver than the telephone ran again.本句翻译：他刚刚放下电话的话筒，电话铃又响了。13. We dont depend entirely on salespeople when we buy a car or a house. Neither should we depend entirely on the agent when we buy insurance.本句翻译：当我们买一辆汽车或者房屋时我们不是完全依赖销售人员。同样地当我们购买保险时我们也不应当完全依赖保险代理人。16. Here is the explanation that connects these seemingly unrelated facts.本句翻译：这个解释似乎和一些根本不相关的事实相关联。17. Gases have no definite shape. Nor do they have a definite volume.本句翻译：气体没有一种比较确切的形状。它们也没有一个比较确切的体积。18. Were there no steel, there would be no modern industry.（正常句序）If there were no steel, there would be no modern industry.本句翻译：如果没有钢的话，也不会有现代化的工业。19. Had they not been working so hard, they couldnt have achieved so much.（正常句序）If they had not been working so hard, they couldnt have achieved so much.本句翻译：如果他们当初不如此卖命地工作，他们就不