英语中的定语从句.docx

英语中的定语从句（一）一、 基本概念：定语从句是定语的一种形式，在句中对名词、代词或者句子起定位、定性、修饰、描述、解释以及补充说明的作用。其本身具备句子的基本结构，但是要有引导词来引导并和主句联系起来，其中引导词在从句中还充当一定的句子成分，这由引导词本身的特性决定，分别可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。二、 引导词的分类1、 关系代词：包括that、who、whom、whose、which、as等。This is an event that shocks the world. The terrible disease that killed many people in 2003 was SARS.Do you know anything about the astronaut who/that has traveled in space in Shenzhou IV spacecraft?The professor whom you just spoke to teaches us chemistry.This is the boy whose father is an astronaut.The pen which you are looking for is just on the ground near your desk.As we all know (As is known to all), the environment on the earth is getting worse and worse. 2、 关系副词：包括when、where、why等。That was a year when China caught the eyes of the whole world.We know little about the spot where the special event took place.Can you tell us the reason why you did that? 三、 引导词的特性和作用1、 引导从句并把从句和主句连接起来。2、 在从句中代替定语从句所修饰的先行词或句子。3、 在从句中代替先行词充当一定句子成分主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。四、 关系代词用法：1、 that的用法：其引导的定语从句修饰的先行词可以是人或物，that 在从句中代替先行词充当一个句子成分主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可以省略。只能引导限制性定语从句。Last night I read a piece of news that made me excited.You may ask for anything (that) you need to achieve the operation.2、 who、whom、whose的用法：who和 whom代替的先行词必须是人，在从句中分别作主语和宾语，可以用that代替，作宾语时可以省略。whose代替的所有者可以是人也可以是物，在从句中作定语。三者可以引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。The man who/that is making the speech is a professor from Tsinghua University.I happen to know the doctor whom/who/that you want to see.The boy whose father is an astronaut is my classmate.Can you show me the book whose cover is bright green?3、 which 的用法：其引导的定语从句修饰的先行词只能是物或一个句子，在从句中分别作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略。可以引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。在非限制性定语从句中不可以省略。Please hand me the book which is thicker.The computer which I use was attacked yesterday.He lost the game last time, which made him upset.Last week I attended a discussion about whether students should be forbidden to go to net bars, which may do harm to them.4、 as的用法：其引导的定语从句修饰的先行词可以是人或物，或者是一个句子表达的事实，可以引导限制性和非限制性定语从句。另外as 引导的定语从句还与such, the same连用。as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。不可以省略。As anyone knows, computer is playing an important part in different fields.As is known to all, net bars are having bad effects on our students.Students like to read such books as the professor suggested.I have the same opinion as you do.5、 that 与 which 的不同用法：有些特殊情况下只能用that 或只能用which ，这往往是由先行词决定的，下列情况下只用that ，不用which 。（1） 当先行词是不定代词时，包括all, much, little, none, the one, one, something, anything, everything, nothing。This is all that we can offer.Is there anything that I can do to help you?Do everything that you can to achieve your goal.This is really a good book, but it is not the one that I need.（2） 当先行词由only, very, any, little, few, no, all, none等词修饰时。This is the very information that I am looking for.The only thing that can interest him is play computer games.There is little important information that we need in this newspaper.He had no money left that he could spend on even a piece of bread.（3） 当先行词是形容词最高级或由形容词最高级修饰时。Guilin is the most beautiful place that I have ever visited.This movie is the most interesting that I have ever seen. This is the best of its kind that we can offer.（4） 当先行词是序数词或前面有序数词限定时。The first English story that I read was The Adventure of Tom Sawyer.This book is the last that I would like to read.（5） 当先行词包含人和物时。They talked a lot about the persons and things that they remembered during their childhood.These are the book and the writer that have great effect on him.（6） 当主句是由who或which 等引起的疑问句时。Which is the car that hit the poor old lady?Who is the boy that won the first prize in the competition?（7） 当一个定语从句嵌套另一个定语从句时，一般应避免that 或 which 的重复使用，而分别使用that 或 which。A bookstore was just opened which sells books that feed students needs.（8） 当先行词在主句中作表语而关系代词又在从句中作表语时。On the net, I could feel that he was not the person that he seemed. 下列情况下，只用which ，不用that 。（9） 非限制性定语从句中，关系代词用作主语、宾语、表语。如：The little boy won the game in the end, which astonished everyone.I carelessly lost the pen, which is special to me.（10） 关系代词作介词宾语，介词提到关系代词的前面。如：This is the laboratory in which the scientist did the important experiment 70 years ago.I love the computer with which I can do a lot of work.He has a great goal for which he is training hard.（11） 嵌套式定语从句中，如果关系代词都指物，那么要分别用that 和 which.He built a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.五、 关系副词用法：1、 when的用法：其引导的定语从句修饰表示时间的先行词，when在从句中代替先行词作时间状语。That was a period when life was very hard for our parents.I still remember the day when I first stepped into school.There are occasions when one must yield.We are in a time when science and technology are developing never faster.I really miss the years when we were together in school.2、 where 的用法：其引导的定语从句修饰表示地点的先行词，where在从句中代替先行词作地点状语。I visited the school where I studied when I was young.Do you know about the company where this computer was made? He is now working in the hospital where he was born.This is a field where computers are effectively used.Can you tell a situation where this expression is properly used?It can work in any situation where man can not.3、 why的用法：其引导的定语从句修饰reason一词，在从句中作原因状语。Tell us the reason why you dont want to go to the party.4、