高中定语从句精讲11.doc

(4) 定定语语从从句句：在复合句中作定语用修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。 定语从句的位置：放在名词或代词的后面。如：The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle. (手上抓了一把雨伞的手上抓了一把雨伞的人是我的叔叔。) 语法术语的改变：被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词先行词；引导定语从句的连接词称 为关系词关系词,其中 that、which、who 称为关系代词关系代词,where、when、how 称为关系关系 副词副词。 关系代词或关系副词的作用： 关系代词关系代词 who、whom 和 whose 指人,分别在从句中作主语、宾语和定语。 which 指物 that 多指物, 有时也指人,它们在从句中可以作主语或宾语。定语 从句中关系代词作从句宾语时可以省略。This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days. (这个就是我们近日一直在找的小偷。) / Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in. (请找一间足够大 能住下我们全体的房间。) 关系副词关系副词 when 或 where 引导定语从句时,它们在从句中分别作时间状语和地点 状语。如：This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. (这是一个星 期前他们吵架的房间。) / I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永 远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子。) 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句在句中不能省略,否则 主句意思就不完整。非限制性定语从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开,这种从句 是一种附加说明,如果从句子中省去,也不致于影响主句的意思。如：She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which none of us had heard of. (她一个晚上都在谈论她最近的书,我们一个人都没有听说过那本书。) 注解注解 1、关系代词只能用 that 的情况：当先行词是指事物的不定代词(all, anything 等), 或先行词部分含有最高级,或含有序数词时,不能用其他的关系代词,只能用 that. 如：All that Lily told me seems untrue. (Lily 告诉我的话似乎不真实。) / Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside? (能不能给我点里面没有糖的东 西？) / This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city. (这是第一辆运行于我 市的双层公交车。) 2、关系代词在从句中作主语时一般用 who(指人)、that(指物),而不用 that 指人或用 which 指物。 如：Do you know the woman who is weeping in the corner? (你认 识那个在角落里哭泣的女人吗？) / Do not tell me any words that have nothing to do with me. (跟我无关的话,请一个字也不要说。) 3、关系代词作从句的宾语时,常用 which 或 whom,较少使用 that 或 who,而且,关系 代词常常省略。如：Toms father was the first parent whom our teacher talked to. (Tom 的父亲是我们老师第一个谈话的人。) 4、当关系代词紧跟在介词后面时,必须用 which 或 whom,而当介词移到句尾时,则 又可以使用 that 或 who. 如：This is the room in which Miss Li once lived. (= This is the room Miss Li once lived in.) (这是李小姐曾经居住过的房间。) 定语从句定语从句 1 什么是定语从句？ 由一个完整的句子充当定语的从句为定语从句。 2 特点：和其它类从句比较，除了有引导词（关系词）定语从 句有“先行词” 。 3 什么是先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词/代词为先行词。 4 定语从句的种类：限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。 5 定语从句引导词（关系词）的种类：关系代词和关系副词。 例：I work in a school which was built 50 years ago. 在此句中”school”为先行词，which 来引导定语从句， “which was built 50 years ago.”整句话来修饰先行词做定语，所以这是 个定语从句。 注注：定语从句的引导词通常置于先行词之后引导定语从句。 （一）代词性引导词和副词性引导词，即关系代词和关系副词。 代词性引导词有：that,which,who,whom,whose,as 等，副词性引 导词有：when,where,why 等，代词性引导词在定语从句中充当 主语/宾语，副词性引导词在定语从句中充当状语。 注：注：what 不能引导定语从句，因为 what 从句属于名词性从句。 （二）基本用法。 1先行词性质不同要使用不同的引导词，先行词指人时，可用 that,who,whom 代指，who 与 whom 的区别在于 who 是主格，在 从句中作主语，whom 是宾格，在从句中作宾语，而 that 作主 语/宾语均可。先行词指物时，用 that/which 代指，可见，that 既可代指人的先行词，也可代指物的先行词。 例：Do you know the man that is standing by the door? 此句 that 引导定语从句，代指先行词 the man. 例：This is the book that I have been looking for . 此句 that 引导定语从句，代指先行词 the book. 例：This is the book which I have been looking for. 此句 which 引导定语从句，代指先行词 the book. 例：Do you know the man who is standing by the door? 此句 who 引导定语从句，代指行行词 the man,作从句的主语。 也可用 that 引导从句，如” Do you know the man that is standing by the door?” 例：The lady whom we saw this morning is Mrs.Brown. 此句 whom 引导定语从句，代指先行词 the lady，在从 句中作 宾语。也可用 that 引导即“The lady that we saw this morning is Mrs.Brown.” 例：As is known to all,China is a large country. As is know to all 是个很常用的表达方式，这也是的定语从句， 只不过它的位置不像别的定语从句在先行词的后面，本句 as 代 指主句的含义“中国是个大国“。 As 是一个特殊的引导词，引导定语从句时为代词。不像其他的 代词性引导词用来代指一个具体的先行词，as 代指整个主句的 含义，which 引导非限定性定语从句时，也有类似的用法。 例：He is often late,which makes his teacher angry. 此句 which 引导定语从句，代指主句的含义“他经常迟到“， 作从句的主语，这时 which 引导的就是非限定性定语从句。 Which 和 as 的用法相似，但也有区别。 （1）which 引导的定语从句只能位于主句后，但 as 引导的从 句在主句前，中，后均可，在主句前居多。 （2）as 常理解为“正如，正像“而 which 常理解为”这，这 事，这点“ （3）as 常用的固定搭配有，as is often the case,as was expected,as often happens,as is known to all,as has been said before,as is mentioned above 等 2副词性引导词。副词性引导词。 副词性引导词副词性引导词 when.where,why. 例：I often think of the happy days when I was in France. When 引导定语从句，修饰先行词 days 意为“in the happy days”作从句的时间状语。 例：This is the building where my father works. Where 引导定语从句，修饰先行词 building，意为“in the building” ，作从句的地点状语。 例：例：Do you know the reason why he was late. Why 引导定语从句，修饰先行词 reason 意为“for the reason” ， 作从句的原因状语。 说明：从以上的例子可以看出，代词性引导词在从句中作主语/ 宾语，副词性引导词在从句中作状语。 注注：如果引导词在从句中作宾语，则引导词可以省略。 (一)限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的比较。 限定性定语从句与先行词的关系密不可分，不可用逗号分开。 而非限定性定语从句只是到先行词起补充说明作用，与先行词 关系松散，通常用逗号将其分开，非限定性定语从句不能用 that 代指先行词。 例：This is the photo that/which I took. The famous basketball player,who tried to make a comeback,attracted a lot of attention. （二）that 与 which 的区别。 当先行词指物时才需要讨论这个问题。 1当先行词为不定代词，如 anything,everything,nothing,none,one,all,little,few,much 等，或先行词被 all,little,few,much,any,only,the every,every,no 等修饰时，要用 that 代指先行词。 例：All that is needed is a supply of oil. Finally,the thief handed everyting that he had stolen to the police. This is the only problem that remains to be settled. 2.先行词是序数词/最高级形容词时，或先行词被序数词，最高 级形容词，具有最高级意义的形容词（如 last）修饰时，要用 that 作引导词。 例：This is the first/best film that I have seen since I came here. 3.先行词同时包括人和物时，要用 that 作引导词。 例：They often talk about the people and the things that they like most. (三)不能用 that 引导的定语从句。 1.在非限定性定语从句中不能用 that，而用 who,whom,which 等 代指先行词。 例：I saw Mary just now,who seemed very excited. 2.介词后不能用 that。 例：This is the person to whom your father spoke just now. 3.当先行词是 all,any,few,one(s),anyone,everyone,those,people 等 且指人时，只能用 who,不用 that. 例：Those who are present will have the chance to see the film star. (四)as 与 which 代指主句的含义。 有的定语从句并不修饰一个具体的先行词，而是修饰整个主句， 由 which/as 引导，这时 which 和 as 都代词性的，代指主句的含 义，但是用法不同，上文有讲。 例 1：_is often the case,we have worked out the production plan. A. Which B.When C.What D.As 例 2：_is mentioned above,the number of the students in senior school is increasing. AWhich B.As C.That D.It 例 3：Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,_,of course,made the others envy him. A.who B.that C.what D.which. 例 4：He made another wonderful discovery,_of great importance to science. A.which I think is B.which I think it is C.which I think it D.I think is 例 5：The weather turned out to be very good,_was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C.that D.it. (五)先行词前有 such,so,the same 修饰时。 这种情况下，定语从句用 as 引导，as 代指先行词，在从句在作 主语/宾语。 例： 1. She is such a kind teacher as we all like. 2. She is so kind a teacher as we all like 3. She is such a kind teacher that we all like her. 1 和 2 句均为定语从句，先行词均为 teacher,分别用了 such a kind teacher 和 so kind a teacher 结构，含义是一样的。先行词有 such/so 修饰，要用 as.在这两个句子中，as 代指先行词，逻辑语 序为 we all like as,as 作宾语。句 3 用了 suchthat结构 that 本身没有含义，也不是从句的成分，只是起到引导的作用， 从句的主谓宾分别为，we,like,her。 这个问题的解题技巧是看从句是否主谓宾完整，如缺少宾 语，必然要用引导词作宾语，选择 as,如从句成分完整，选 that, 组成 suchthat结构。例 1This is such a difficult problem_none of us can work it out 2This is such a difficult problem_none of us can work out 3This is a difficult problem_none of us can work out. 句 1 是个完整的句子，用 that. 句 2 从句中缺少宾语，且 problem 有 such 修饰，故是定语从句， 用引导词 as，句 3 从句缺少宾语，为定语从句，但没有 such,so,the same 修饰，故用 that/which 代指先行词。 （六） “介词+收导词”引导定语从句。 例 1：This is the faith with which I went back to the south. 先行词为 faith，with which I went back to the south 为定语从句。 Which 代指先行词 faith,从句逻辑语序为 I went back to the south with which.因为 that 不能用在介词后面，只能用 which 代指先 行词 faith. 例 2:He is the right person with whom we can finish the taks in time. 先行词 person,with whom we can finish the task n time 为定语从句。 Whom 代指先行词 person,定语从句的逻辑语序为 we can finish the task with whom in time.同样 that 不能用在介词后，故只能用 whom 代指先行词作介词的宾语。 注：注：(1)上面的两个定语从句中，如果介词在从句的句中/句末， 则可使用 that 作引导词，即 This is the faith that/which I went back to the south with 和 He is the right person whom/that we can finish the task with in time. (2)因为引导词作介词的宾语，如果介词在从句的句中/句末，引 导词可以省略。即 This is the faith I went back to the south with 和 He is the right person we can finish the task with in time. (七)whose 和 of whom/which 引导的定语从句。 1.whose 的用法 Whose 引导定语从句时，意为“.的”先行词是人/物时可用 whose. 例 1：George Orwell,_was Eric Arthur,wrote many political novels and essays. A.the real name B.what his real name C.his real name D.whose real name 例 2：Look out! Dont get too close to the house_roof is under repair. A.whose B.which C.of wich D.that 2.of which/whom 的用法。 除了用 whose 之外，还可用 of 短语引导定语从句，因为 whom 指人 which 指物，先行词为人时用 the.of whom，先行词为物 时用,theof which 结构。 例 3：George Orwell,_the real name was Eric Arthur,wrote many political novels and essays. A. his B. whose C. of which D.of whom 解析：答案为 D 项。些题容易错选 B 项，但是如选 B 项，由逻 辑语序 whose the real name was Eric Arthur 可知冠词 the 的用法 不正确，正确表达方式应为 whose real name,故 B 项错误。选 择 D 项从句的逻辑语序为 the real name of whom was Eric Arthur,whom 代指先行词 George Orwell。C 项错误，因 which 不能代指“人”的先行词。 例 4：Look out!Dont get too close to the house_the roof is under repair. A. whose B. of which C. of whom D.which （八）the way 后面的定语从句 例： 1.I dont like the way in which you speak to her. 2.I dontt like the way that you speak to her. 3.I dont like the way you speak to her. 解析：在句 1.中，which 代指先行词 the way,定语从句的逻辑语 序为 you speak to her in which,意为“你用那种方式和她说话” 。 因 which 代指 the way,故用 in 和 which 搭配，in which 在从句 中为方式状语。 根据定语从句的句法规则，in which 引导定语从句作方式状语 时，in which 也可使用 that 代替，或者省略引导词，也就是句 2 和句 3 的表达方式都是正确的。需要注意的是，句 2 中的 that 并非前文所说的代词性的 that 代指先行词的常规用法，而副词 作方式状语，相当于 in which. 注意：句 2 与句 3 正确的前提是引导词在从中作状语，并非 the way 后的定语从句都是如此。 例：You speak to her in the way_I dont like. 解析：先行词为 the way,_I dont like 为定语从句，其逻辑语 序应为 I dont like_，引导词应代指先行词 the way,在从句中 作宾语，故用 that 或 which 都可以。又因为引导词是从句的宾 语，因此也可省略，即下面的三种表达方式都是正确的： 1. You speak to her in the way which I dont like. 2.You speak to her in the way that I dont like. 3.You speak to her in the way I dont like. 注意：句 3 中的省略的是 that 或 which,因为引导词作从句的宾语，而“I dont like the way you speak to her.”中省略的是 in which 或 that,引导词是从句 的方式状语。区别这两种情况首先应判断引导词在从句中的成 分，是从句的宾语还是状语，然后再判断用什么引导词或是否 可以省略。 例：What surprised me was not what he said but_he said it.(湖 北卷) A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which 解析：答案为 A 项。句意为“令我吃惊的不是他说的话，而是 他说话的方式。 ”根据句意可知 the way 前不用 in,可排除 B 项和 C 项。the way 是先行词，he said it 为定语从句，逻辑语序为 he said it_,引导词为从句的方式状语，可用 in which、that 或省 略。D 项的错误在于把引导词误用为从句的宾语。 （九）the reason 后的定语从句 Reason 作先行词后面的定语从句常用 why 或 for which 引导。 例 1：That wasnt the reason why/for which he lied to you. 使用什么引导词还是由引导词在从句中充当的成分决定。 例 2：Is this the reason_at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?(上海卷) A. he explained B. what he explained C.how he explained D.why he explained 解析：答案 A 项。定语从句的逻辑语序为 he explained_at the meeting for his carelessness in his work,可见引导词作 explain 的宾语，应为代词，代指先行词 the reason，故用 which 或 that 均可，又因为引导词作从句的宾语，可以省略。若用 why 引导 从句，些句应改为 Is this the reason why he was careless in his work,此时 why 为从句的原因状语，当然也可使用 for which 代 替。 （十）分隔定语从句 分隔定语从句就是先行词和定语从句之间有其他成分插入的情 况也并不罕见，如 A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you English 一句中，先行词为 teacher,who 引导定语从句， 先行词与从句之间插入了 will come tomorrow. 例 1：The film brought the hours back to me_I was taken good care of in that far-away village. A. until B. that C. when D. where 例 2: It was an exciting moment for t