宾语从句和状语从句.doc

宾语从句 宾语从句是英语中用来充当宾语的句子。带有宾语从句的那个句子叫主句。宾语从句一般由“引导词+主语+谓语+其它”构成，其语序是陈述句语序。一、 that引导的宾语从句主句的谓语动词是say, think, tell, know, hear, see, feel, mean, hope, wish, remember, forget等时，或主句的谓语动词是由形容词afraid, glad, sure, sorry等作表语的系表结构时，后面常接that引导的宾语从句。e.g. He says that he wants to speak to the headmaster.Im sorry (that) he isnt here right now.注意:1. that 的省略：that 引导的宾语从句用来陈述事实，that本身无词义，在从句中不作任何成分，在口语中或非正式文体中常常可被省略。e.g. I guess (that) somebody else has borrowed it. Im afraid (that) youll have to wait.2. 宾语从句的否定转移：主句是I/We think/suppose/guess/believe等时，从句中的否定习惯上要转移到主句中。如：我认为鸡不会游泳。误：I think chickens can not swim.正：I dont think chickens can swim.此外，上述情况在变成反意疑问句时，如果主句的主语是第一人称时，附加疑问句要看从句；如果主句的主语不是第一人称，则附加疑问句要看主句。试比较：I think he is wrong, isnt he?He thinks he is right, doesnt he?二、if/ whether 引导的宾语从句if/whether都可作宾语从句的引导词，意为“是否”，在一般情况下可以互换。if多用于口语和非正式文体中，whether则多用于比较正式的文体中。如：e.g. She asked me if/whether I could help her with her English. I dont know if/whether it is going to rain.注意: 只能用whether的几种情况：1. 在带to的动词不定式前He doesnt know whether to go to the cinema or to watch TV at home.2. 在介词后Im thinking of whether we should go fishing.3.与or not连用时I dont know whether I should go or not. 4. 在动词discuss后面的宾语从句中We discussed whether would have a sports meeting next week.5. 宾语从句提前时只能用whetherWhether this is true or not, I cant say.6. 引导位于句首的主语从句或表语从句用whetherWhether he is right or wrong is a question.三、连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句1.、构成： (1) 宾语从句可由连接代词what, who, whom, which等引导，它们在宾语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语等，不能省略，从句用陈述句语序。 Do you know who will come this afternoon? (作主语) Did you hear what he said? （作宾语） I dont know whose that is. （作表语） Could you tell me which gate we have to go to? （作gate的定语） (2) 宾语从句可由连接副词when, where, how, why等引导，它们在宾语从句中作状语，不可省略，句用陈述句语序。We didnt know when she would come back.Could you tell me how I can get to the post office?No one knows why she is late again.2、难点：(1) 避免重复出现连接代词或连接副词；e.g. *I cant see that what is over there. （应去掉that）(2) 从句中的语序为陈述语序；e.g. *Do you know how old is she? (应改为：how old she is)(3) 从句中的时态与主句时态前后呼应。e.g. *She didnt tell me when she will come. (应改为：when she would come)3、宾语从句与简单句的转换： 由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句可用“疑问代词和疑问副词to do”替代，转换成简单句。e.g. Ive no idea what were going to do next. = Ive no idea what to do next.Could you tell me how I can get to the post office? = Could you tell me how to get to the post office?难点： 宾语从句的时态主句中谓语动词是一般现在时，从句中谓语动词的时态不受限制，可根据具体情况选用适当的时态；主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句中也必须要用某种过去时态，以保持时态的前后呼应。特别要注意的是当宾语从句表示的是客观真理、科学原理、自然现象、名言时，则用一般现在时，不受主句时态的限制。试比较：He says that he wants to see him as soon as possible.Tom says that he is mending his car.Tom said that he was mending his car.The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun.The teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound.四、直接引语与间接引语(1)人称的变化一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新She said, “I am tired.” 她说：“我累了。”She said that _ tired.她说她累了。The headmaster said to us, “You must study hard now.” 校长对我们说：“你们现在一定要努力学习。”The headmaster told us that _ had to study hard then.校长告诉我们，我们那时必须努力学习。(2)引导词和语序直接引语间接引语引导词语序陈述句that(可省略)不变一般疑问句if/whether疑问语序改为陈述语序特殊疑问句wh类词疑问语序改为陈述语序 直接引语改为动词不定式时，需同时将主句中的say to sb 改为tell/ask sb, 构成tell/ask sb(not)to do sth 句型。(3)时态的变化直接引语变为间接引语时，间接引语的时态要与主句的时态一致。其规律一般是：一般现在时一般过去时 一般过去时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时 现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时 过去完成时不变(4)指示代词、时间和地点状语等的变化thisthat thesethose nowthen todaythat daytonightthat night this week(year, term)last week (year, tern) yesterdaythe day before last week(year, term)the week(year, term)before two years agotwo years before tomorrowthe next(following)daynext week(year, term)the next week(year, term) herethere中考真题回顾：1、Could you tell me _ a meeting in Guangzhou next week? Aif there was going to be Bif there is going to be Cwhether is there going to be Dwhether there is going to have2、.I wonder _ at 8:00 last night? I was watching NBA.A. What were you doing B. What did you do C .what you were doing D. What are you doing3、.-Dad, please tell me when Mum _. I miss her very much.-She will return when she _her task. And she will bring a nice present for you.A. returns; finishes B returns; will finish C. will return; finishes D. will return; will finish4、I didnt understand _. So I raised my hand to askA. what my teacher says B. what my teacher say C. what my teacher said D. what did my teacher say5、-Could you tell me _?-At the end of July.A. how often he heard from his pen pal B. how soon he will be hereC. that he went on vacation D. when you will start your vacation6、Im hungry now. Could you please tell me _? Sure. Follow me, please. A. where theres a good place to have fun B. the way to the post office C. where I can get a dictionary D. where theres a good place to eat7、I dont think he will come here on time, ? A. wont he B. will he C. does he D. is he8、Do you know _I saw yesterday? It was my favorite star, Jackie! A. whom B. when C. where D. how9、Excuse me. Could you please tell me _?Sure. Theres a bookstore on Bridge Road. A. where I can get a dictionary B. where can I get a dictionaryC. where did I can get a dictionary D. where I got a dictionary10、Our geography teacher told us that Japan the east of China. A. is in B. was in C. is to D. was to11、Nobody knows hell come or not. A. that B. if C. / D. whether12、Can you tell me _? A. how much is the red sweater B. how much the red sweater is C .whats the price of the red sweater D. how many the red sweater is 状语从句状语从句是副词性从句，其句法功能是修饰谓语或整个句子等，在句中作状语，通常由从属连词引导。一、时间状语从句（一）引导词1) when,表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时(这种情况也可用while)或先后发生，意为“当时”。e.g. When you get off the bus, you mustnt push others. Father was cleaning the car _ I was playing computer games. 2) before, 表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之前，意为“在之前”。 e.g. Dont say anything before you look at the picture.3) after, 表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之后，意为“在之后”。 e.g. They talked about the party after the people left.4) until, 表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之前，意为“直到为止”。主句用肯定式，谓语是延续性的动词，表示动作一直延续到until所表示的时间为止) e.g. I will wait until he comes.注意：until 用于否定句时，主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前，并且谓语动词是非延续性动词，表示某一动作到until所表示的时间才发生。notuntill意为“直到才”。） e.g. She wont go to bed until she finishes her homework.5) as soon as, 表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之后，意为“一就”。) e.g. My brother went out as soon as I got home.（二）主句和从句之间的时态1) 主句一般将来时，从句用一般现在时：e.g. The boy will be a writer when he grows up.2) 主句含有情态动词，从句用一般现在时：e.g. When the lights are red, the traffic must stop.3) 主句为祈使句时，从句用一般现在时：e.g. Please dont go to bed before you finish your homework.4) 主句为一般过去时，从句也用过去时态：e.g. I liked reading when I was young.二、条件状语从句条件状语从句通常由if或unless(=if not)引导，从句中常用一般时代替将来时，即if或unless后的句子谓语用一般现在时或一般过去时。但是，主句则通常用将来时，情态动词或祈使句。 e.g. If he doesnt come on time, we wont know what to know. He must come if he is told. Please let me know if he comes back. Ill go there unless it rains.三、其他状语从句从句名称引导词地点状语从句where, wherever(无论哪里)原因状语从句because, since(既然), as，for目的状语从句so that(以便), in order that(为了，目的是)让步状语从句though(虽然), although(虽然), even ifeven though(即使)比较状语从句than, asas， not so/asas结果状语从句that, so that, sothat, suchthat(如此以至于)e.g. 1. Ill go wherever you go. 2. Since a lot of people make mistakes in life, Mr. Smith wanted to give John a chance. 3. He got up much earlier than usual so that he could catch the first bus. 4. Though he tried many times, he failed to work it out. 5. This question is not so difficult as I thought. The more he heard the song, the less he liked it. 6. He made such a good report that everybody was pleased.中考真题回顾： 1. It will be hard for us to get up in the morning if we _to bed too late Ago B. went C. will go D. have gone2. If farmers trees and forests, giant pandas nowhere to live. A. cut down; have B. will cut down; will have C. will cut don; have D. cut down; will have3. If Nancy_ the exam, she will go to Australia for English study.A. pass B. passed C. passes D. will pass4. Henry will give us a report as soon as he_ . A. arrives B. arrived C. is arriving D. will arrive5. Ill go to visit my aunt in England _ the summer holidays start. A. while B. since. C. until D. as soon as6. If the weather_ fine, we _ have a sports meeting this weekend. A. will be, will B. is, will C. was, would D. is, would7. If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we _ swimming. A. go B. will goC. went D. would go8. _ he was exercising at the park yesterday morning, he found a purse under the tree. A. While B. Before C. Though D. After9. Were talking about “China Dream” these days. Its _attractive_ all of the Chinese people are interested in it.A. such; that B. so; that C. too; to D. as; as10. He is _ a cute baby _ we all like him.A. so ,that B. such , that C. very, that D. so , because11. Li Na is famous all the tennis fans in China know her.A. too; to B. enough; to C. as; as D. so; that12. When you _ at a restaurant , please order just enough food . A. ate B. will eat C. eat D. haven eaten 巩固：1. The dining hall is _ to hold 300 people Aenough big Benough small Csmall enough Dbig enough2. I have _ to tell you. Maybe you will be _ in it. A. interesting something; interested B. something interesting; interesting C. something interesting; interested D. something interested; interesting3. There is a smile on Miss Gaos face. She must be _ with Sams work. I think so. No one did as_ as him in our class.A. angry: well B. pleasing; good C. strict, good D. pleased; well来源:学,科,网4. David was so excited at the good news that he could say a word. A. nearly B. hard C. everD. hardly5. They have just cleaned the windows, so the room looks _