[英语学习]新风尚大学实用英语第四册课后练习答案forUnit.doc

Unit 7 Environmental ProtectionPassage A The Next Big Climate ChallengeBackground Knowledge 1. Global warmingGlobal warming is the increase in the average temperature of Earths near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation. According to the 2007 Fourth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), global surface temperature increased 0.740.18C (1.330.32F) during the 20th century. Most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of the 20th century was caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, which results from human activity such as fossil fuel burning and deforestation. Climate model projections summarized in the latest IPCC report indicate that the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 1.1 to 6.4C (2.0 to 11.5F) during the 21st century. The uncertainty in this estimate arises from the use of models with differing sensitivity to greenhouse gas concentrations and the use of differing estimates of future greenhouse gas emissions. An increase in global temperature will cause sea levels to rise and will change the amount and pattern of precipitation, probably including expansion of subtropical deserts.4 Warming is expected to be strongest in the Arctic and would be associated with continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely effects include changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, species extinctions, and changes in agricultural yields. Warming and related changes will vary from region to region around the globe, though the nature of these regional variations is uncertain.The scientific consensus is that anthropogenic global warming is occurring. Nevertheless, political and public debate continues. The Kyoto Protocol is aimed at stabilizing greenhouse gas concentration to prevent a dangerous anthropogenic interference”. As of November 2009, 187 states have signed and ratified the protocol. 2. Related websites or WebPages /wiki/Global_warming/top/news/science/topics/globalwarming/index.html/Teaching Design1. The Structure of the TextPartsParagraphsMain Idea of Each PartPart OneParas 1-4What is climate model and its functionPart TwoParas 5-7A clear resolutionPart ThreeParas 8-9The climate modeling facility in the future2. The writing style of the passage: narrative writingThis is an expository prose; and the language of it is plain and persuasive. The text is well-arranged into three parts. In the beginning the text introduces the climate model and its function; then it shows a clear resolution to the reader and finally it predicates a climate modeling facility in the future.Instead of giving tedious arguments and lengthy sermons, the write uses simple data and fact to demonstrate to the readers the threat of the global warming and the importance to protect the environment; meanwhile it shows the readers a series of plausible strategies and methods of the climate-modeling in the future as to help draw the attention of global warming and climate problem. The use of the subtitles helps to make a clear division of the text, and the readers can be more acceptant to its scientific data and statements.3. Suggestions to Teaching Activities Warming-up activity: Step 1: Students are required to make a survey of the environmental situation in their city.Step 2: students are required to make a diagram about the temperature of recent years by using computer. Step 3: Divide the students into 8 small groups, each consisting of 4 to 5 members, to discuss the results of their survey，and find the problem with one student from each group as the reporter.Step 4:ask the students to make suggestions on how to stop the earth from being warmer and warmer and how to protect the environment.The purpose of this task-based team-work activity is to arouse students interest on the related topic of the text and have their spoken English practiced.Detailed Discussion of the Text1. These models, which unanimously show a rising tide of red as temperatures climb worldwide, have been key over the past decade in forging the scientific and political consensus that global warming is a grave danger. (Para. 1)1) unanimously adv. Iin ,or showing , complete agreement .全体一致地e.g. The ceasefire proposal to the committee was unanimously approved. 提交给联合国大会的停火协议获得一致通过。The governments policy is unanimously supported by the whole country.政府的政策得到举国一致支持。 Word Formation: unanimous adj. unanimity n.e.g.He was elected by a unanimous vote.他获得全部选票而当选。The plan to expand the market abroad was accepted with unanimity by all the directors.拓展海外市场的计划得到董事们的一致通过。2) consensus n. general agreement(of opinion, etc); collective opion.一致的意见; 共识(意见等的)共同一致；舆论。e.g. consensus politics 舆论政治Lets take a vote to see whether we can reach a consensus on this matter. 。在这件事让我们来表决看是否能达成共识。2. Now that that consensus is all but universal, climate modellers are looking to take the next step, and to convert their creations from indications of danger to tools of practical policy. (Para. 2)1) convert vt. to 1）change(from one form, use, etc into another) (使)转变, (使)转化使（自一种形式、用途等）转变（为另一种）2）cause him to change his beliefs, etc 使人改变信仰e.g.Before traveling to the United States, youd better convert some money into US dollars. 去美国旅行前，你最好把钱兑换成美元。Its very hard to convert a man from atheism to Christianity. 很难把一个无神论者改信基督教。2) indication n. being indicated or indicating 指示；指出；表示e.g. The indications from the trade figures in March is to reduce stock by at least 15%. 三月份的贸易数字说明至少应减少百分之十五的存货。3. That means making their simulations good enough to guide hard decisions, from targets for carbon dioxide emissions on a global scale to the adaptations required to meet changing rainfall and extreme weather events on regional and local scales. (Para. 2)1) simulation n. pretence; imitation 假装；模仿；拟态；e.g. The sales manager prepared a computer simulation of likely sales performance for the rest the year. 销售经理准备对该年度剩余时间内可能的销售业绩进行计算模拟分析。2) adaptation n. state of being adapted; adapting e.g.Last year he played a supporting part in the adaptation of a classic movie to a drama. 去年，他在一部经典电影改变的话剧中演了一个配角。Word Formation: adapt v. to change something to suit different conditions or uses 使适应不同情况或用途；改动；改造；改编；adapt to: make suitable for a new use, need, situation, etc使适用；改编；改写；adjust oneself/something to: set right; put in order; regulate使调整；调节；e.g.A good many software companies have adapted popular programs to the new operating system.许多软件公司已经改编了常用的程序以适用新的操作系统。Our body adjusts itself to changes in temperature.身体能自行调节以适应气温变化。4. Moreover, each model differs from reality in different ways. (Para.3)mMoreover adv. fFurther; besides; in addition (to this) 再者；此外；而且；e.g. Jimmy learned nothing on campus; moreover, he behaved badly. 吉米大学时什么都没有学会，而且，举止糟糕透了。5. It was in recognition of this that a cross section of climate modellers gathered for a summit at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts in Reading, UK, last week. (Para. 4)1）recognition n. recognizing or being recongnized认出; 识别; 承认 e.g.The attendant was given a check for $ 100 in recognition of his services. 这个服务生得到一张长一百元的支票作为他服务的报酬。It seems recognition of the new State is unlikely. 那个新国家似乎不可能获得承认。2）summit n. 最高点；顶点；绝顶It is pretty challenging to reach the summit at one dash.一口气达到山顶是很具挑战性。He is always dreaming to keep the whole company under his thumb, which shows the summit of his ambition. 他一直梦想控制整个公司，这点表现了他野心的极致。6. The meeting called for an ongoing project aimed at understanding and modelling the climate system well enough to provide the sorts of prediction that policy-makers and other stakeholders need or, at the very least, to show why such prediction might not, in fact, be achievable. (Para. 4)1)） prediction n. 预测e.g.Please dont ask me to make any predictions about tomorrows weather. 请不要让我对明天的天气进行预测。Some people believed the prediction that the world would end on November 12. 有人相信世界将在2010 会毁灭的预言。Word Formation: predict v to say that an event or action will happen in the future, especially as a result of knowledge or experience 预言；预料；预计；e.g.Its still impossible to accurately predict the occurrence of the outer space.Who could have predicted that within ten years hed be in charge of the whole country. The typhoon is predicted to reach the southeastern coast tomorrow evening predictably adj. something which can be predicted 预料中地e.g.The ending to the story is just so predictable.2)） stakeholder n. a person or group of people who own a share in a business股东, 持股人e.g. A rapid fall in stock market drove all the stakeholders almost crazy. 股票的迅速下跌使得股东们差点疯了。7. A clear resolution (Para. 5)resolution n. 1) quality of being resolute; fixity or boldness of determination坚定; 坚毅 2) someth.ing that is resolved；formal expression of opinion by a legislative body or a public meeting正式决定, 决议;e.g.He showed great resolution in facing the difficulties in his life. 面对人生困难，他表现得英勇无畏。The congress passed the resolution in favor of sanction against Iran. 国会通过决议制裁伊朗。8. Those resources are notably lacking at the moment. (Para. 5)notably adv. pParticularly or most importantly 尤其；特别；e.g. The emerging countries begun attracting investors, most notably big financial groups. 新兴国家开始吸引投资者，特别是大型金融集团。1）important and deserving attention, because very good or interesting 显要的；显著的；值得注意的；2)an important or famous person 显要人物；名流；e.g.After two days negotiation, getting both sides to agree was a notable achievement. 经过两天的谈判，使双方达成共识是一项显著成就。Other notables among his students were the kings of Switzerland and Saudi Arabia.他的学生中，另外两位显要人物是泰国国王和沙特阿拉伯国王。9. Todays climate models rarely run on supercomputers. (Para. 5)rarely adv. not often; seldom; hardly; barely不常, 很少地, 难得地 e.g.She rarely went anywhere except to her office. 她除了去办公室以外, 很少去别的地方。;e.g.We rarely see each other these years. 这些年，我们难得见面。Word Formation: rare adj. not common; very unusual 稀少的；罕见的；不常发生的；e.g.The museum is full of rare and precious treasures. 这家博物馆里收藏的满是奇珍异宝。10. One plausible goal might be to assure that the most powerful supercomputer in the public realm should be devoted to climate work by 2012, and that the fields lead should be regularly renewed for several computer generations after that. (Para. 6)1)） plausible adj. a.1) seeming to be right or reasonable (借口或解释)有道理的; 可信的似真实的；似合理的；b2). to describe someone who appears to be honest and truthful, even if they are not花言巧语的；巧舌如簧的e.g.Her story sounded perfectly plausible. 她的说辞听起来言之有理。She was a plausible liar. 她是个巧言令色的说谎高手。The plausible excuse, actually, is poorly-grounded. 似乎合理的借口根本站不住脚。A plausible salesman is not so welcomed by the customers. 能说会道的推销员并不很受顾客的欢迎。2）assure vt. to say positively, with confidence 断然地说；有信心地说；使人相信；使确信；e.g.We can assure you that theres no danger. 我向你这里保证没有危险。We made effort to assure the nervous old lady that taking a flight was safe.我们尽力说服那个紧张的老妇人，使她相信乘飞机是安全的。Word Formation: assurance n. 1）confidence in oneself; belief and trust in ones own powers 2）promise；statement made to give confidencee.g.Tom answered all these questions with assurance. 汤姆很有把握地回答了所有的问题。 He gave me a definite assurance that the repair would be finished by next Friday.他给我确切保证星期五以前修理好。11. After all, the fastest computers are nearly always paid ,for out of the worlds public purses, often for use in areas of national security such as communications intelligence or nuclear weapons design. (Para. 6)1)） security n. pProtection of a person, building, organization or country against threats such as crime or attacks by foreign countries 保护措施； 安全保障e.g. The station was closed for two hours because of a security alert. 由于有安全警报，车站关闭了两个小时。Thousands of demonstrators in Thailand were killed in clashes with the security forces over the weekend. 数以千计的示威者在与保安部队的冲突中丧生。2)Word Formation: 1）secure 安全的2）secure vi, vt. to make certain something is protected from danger or risk 使安全；保护；保卫；e.g.Car manufacturers ought to produce vehicles which are more secure against theft。汽车制造商应该生产处更能防盗的汽车。The primary schools have only one main entrance and would be easy to secure against intruders.小学只有一个入口，所以防止外人闯入的保卫工作很容易。3） intelligence n,. 1)the power of perceiving, learning, understanding and knowing; mental ability 智力；才智 2)news; secret information, especially with reference to important events 消息；情报（尤其指与重要事件有关者）；e.g. Parents intend to give their children an intelligence test.父母亲会给自己的孩子做智力测试。They received intelligence that the factory was a target for bombing.他们接到情报说这个工厂是轰炸目标。12. If funding agencies were to embrace such a goal, the implications would go well beyond money. Profound changes would be required of the community itself. (Para. 7)1)） embrace v. i,vt 1)to take (a person, etc)into ones arms, as a sign of affection 拥抱2) accept; make use of接受，采纳（思想、建议等） 接受；利用；e.g.She embraced my offer to go to the hospital. 她接受了我的建议去看医生。Before departing, they embraced with tears dreaming down their faces. 他们分别时，互相拥抱，泪流满面。We should embrace as many opportunities as we can to meet users demands. 我们应该充分利用机会满足用户的需求。2)） implication n. 1)when you seem to suggest something without saying it directly 含意；暗指；暗示；2(pl)the effect that an action or decision will have on something else in the future可能影响；可能后果；e.g.From what Linda said, the implication was that they were splitting up. 琳达的谈话暗示他们将要分手。What are the implications of this statement? 这一声明的含义是什么? The company is cutting back its spending and I wonder what the implications will be for our department. 公司正在消减开支，真不知道这将会对我们部门产生什么影响。3)） profound adj. a. 1) felt or experienced very strongly or in an extreme way深度的; 深切的b. 2)showing a clear and deep understating of serious matters知识渊博的, 见解深刻的.e.g.I give you my profound thanks for saving my life. 我对您的救命之恩深表谢意。He has a profound knowledge of mathematics. 他数学知识渊博。e.g.His fathers death, when Anderson was only 8, had a very profound effect on him. 当安德生八岁时, 父亲的过世对他影响很大。This movie review said that it was profound and thoughtful. 这篇影评说这是一部有创意和深度的电影。13. A world facility where teams of researchers try out very high resolutions and new techniques, and where software engineers and programmers learn how to get the most out of risky but advanced hardware, will require a network of more modest centers around the world from which to draw its problem-list and into which to feed its insights. (Para. 8)feed vt. to put fuel on or inside someth.ing that burns, to keep it burning供以原料(或燃料) e.g. This moving belt feeds raw material into the machine. 这个传送带输送原料到机器里。14. A range of operational climate-prediction capabilities could help keep modelling close to stakeholders needs, and lessen the all-eggs-in-one-basket group-think risk of a global facility. (Para. 8)lessen vt. to 1)make or become less; cause sth. to appear smaller, less important减少; 变少 2) cause (something) to appear smaller, less importante.g. Eating a good diet significantly lessens the risk of heart disease. 良好的饮食习惯能大大减少患心脏病的机率。Listening to the speech through an interpreter lessened its impact somewhat. 演讲辞通过翻译的嘴说出来， 多少削弱了演讲的力量。Regular exercise can help to lessen the pain. 经常运动有助于减轻痛感。The best way to lessen the spending of money is to fall into good habit of being economical.减少开支的最好办法就是养成节俭的好习惯。A healthy diet can lessen the risk of heart disease.健康饮食能降低心脏病。15. An ambitious climate-modelling facility dedicated to solving problems beyond the capability of todays national programmers carries risks, but they are risks worth taking.ambitious adj. full of ambition有抱负的;志向远大的；雄心勃勃的；The Young man is so ambitious that he wants to get one promotion after another within three years. 这个年轻人如此有雄心，他想三年内的获得一个接一个的晋升。Word Formation: ambition n. strong desire (to be or do something or for something) 野心；雄心；志气（与不定式或for连用，后接某事物）A boy filled with ambition usually works hard.一个充满雄心的男孩通常很用功。Passage B No Easy Way Out Detailed Discussion of the Text1.Concerned by escalating greenhouse gas emissions, scientists are now looking in earnest at the possibility of global temperatures rising by 4 C or more. （Para.1）escalate v. to make or become greater or more serious 使加剧；使恶化e.g. ；His financial problems escalated after he became unemployed in the economical recession.在经济萧条中继他失业后，经济问题更是雪上加霜。The decision to escalate UN involvement has been taken in the hopes of a swift end to the hostilities. 已经决定加大联合国介入的力度，以期尽快结束战争。2.Gathering this month at the University of Oxford, they sketched out a world affected by severe climate change, which they now see as increasingly probable.（Para.1）sketch 1) vt., n. to give a rough plan of; indicate without detail; quickly made drawing概述；简述;素描; 作的略图 草绘；草拟；2) n. rough, quickly made drawing 略图；素描；e.g.They got busy to sketch out proposals for a new road. 他们忙碌起来了，草拟了开辟新路的计划。The passer-by made a sketch of a face of the suspect, and gave it to the police.这个路人作了一个嫌疑犯的速写，交给了警察。3.The conference, which took place 2830 September, marks a shift in experts hopes of keeping average global temperatures to 2 C above pre-industrial levels widely considered the threshold for dangerous climate change.（Ppara.2graph1）1) iShift n. 移动，变化In (ones) hopes of: , “in hopes of”怀着的希望e.g. People flock to London in hopes of obtaining work as craftsmen, clerks, or in any other capacity. 人们拥往伦敦，希望找到像工匠、职员和用上其他本领的工作。Some students make up to their teachers in hopes of getting a good grade. 有些学生谄媚他们的老师希望得到好分数。2) threshold n. a