被动语态及非谓语动词.doc

九年级英语第二轮专题复习学案 被动语态及非谓语动词 一、语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。考点1.被动语态的构成：助动词be+及物动词的过去分词（助动词有人称、数和时态的变化）1).一般现在时：is /am /are +过去分词English is spoken by many people.Tea is grown in Southeast China.Are they made in China ?Where is it made ?2).一般过去时：was / were +过去分词A lot of flowers were planted along the street last month.Another classroom building was built last year .Some new computers were inverted by scientists.3).现在进行时：is / am /are + being+过去分词A new bridge is being built over there .The flowers are being watered by Mr Li now .4).现在完成时：have / has +been+过去分词Man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries in the world.The work has been finished on time.5).一般将来时：will /shall/be going to+be+过去分词The class meeting will be held next Saturday afternoon.The wind will be stopped from blowing the earth away.6).含有情态动词的被动语态：can /may /must +过去分词The work can be finished in a month.A large hole must be dug .Books cant be taken out of the reading room .考点2、主动语态变被动语态1).主动结构的宾语变为被动结构的主语。（宾语是人称代词时，要将宾格变为主格）2).主动结构的谓语动词由主动语态变为被动语态。3).主动结构的主语变为介词by的宾语，组成介词短语，放在被动结构中谓语动词之后，在动作的执行者无须说明或不必强调时，by短语可以省略。4).主动语态变为被动语态，时态要保持一致。We repaired the motor.The motor was repaired by us.考点3、被动语态的用法1).当我们不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁时.Those books are written for children.This jacket is made of cotton.2).动作的承受者是谈话的中心，并用介词by引导动作的执行者。Food is needed by us all .The room is cleaned by me every day .The book was translated into English by me .This song was written by a friend of mine .The thief was caught by a policeman yesterday evening .The tree was blown down by the strong wind .3).一些相当于及物动词的短语动词也可用于被动结构中，因此短语动词是一个不可分割的词组，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。The child is taken good care of by his grandparents .Why cant the word be looked up in this dictionary?The lights must be turned off .A short play will be put on at the party .4).带双宾语（即直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动语态变为被动语态时，可将其中的一个宾语变为被动句的主语，另一个不变。一般把间接宾语变为被动语态的主语显得自然些，把直接宾语留作被动句的宾语。如果把直接宾语变为被动句的主语，则要在间接宾语前加介词（一般是for或to）He gave me a book. I was given a book (by him ) A book was given to me (by him).5).主动句中动词make , let ,have ,see ,hear , feel 等后接不定式作宾语补足语时，动词不定式都需去掉to，即后接不带的动词不定式。但变为被动语态时，后面的不定式须加上to .I often hear her sing .She is often heard to sing.His parents made him clean his teeth after every meal.He was made to clean his teeth after every meal by his parents.6).疑问词作主语的句子变为被动语态。Who spoke English in the next room a moment ago ?By whom was English spoken in the next room a moment ago ?Or: Who was English spoken by in the next room a moment ago?7)有些动词的主动语态表被动含义。Great changes have taken place in our country since 1979.This kind of car sells well .What happened yesterday ?The shop opens at seven .Young trees need watering well .The window wants repairing.8)need , require , want当“需要”讲时，后加动名词，用主动形式表示被动意义，也可用动词不定式表示被动意义。This desk needs repairing/ to be repaired .9)有些被动语态结构成了习惯用法。It is said that据说It is (was) reported that据报道It is well-known that众所周知二、非谓语动词非谓语动词也叫动词的非限定形式，包括现在分词、动名词、过去分词和不定式，它们不能独立充当谓语动词，而是与一定的助动词结合构成进行时、完成时、被动语态，或在句子中担任主语、表语、宾语、补语、状语等，在形式上不受主语的人称和数的制约。考点1、动名词：动名词是由动词+ -ing构成的，其作用相当于名词，可用来作主语、宾语。Taking a walk after supper is good for your health .Betty likes reading books very much .考点2、动词不定式：动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能做谓语。动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语，它还具有动词的特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语。它的形式是to+动词原形，否定式为not to+动词原形。(1)作主语：动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语（it无词义），而将动词不定式放在后面，其形式为：It+be+形容词+（for sb.）+ 动词不定式To learn a foreign language is important now.It is important to learn a foreign language.Its necessary for the students to do eye exercises twice a day.Its too heavy for the boy to carry the box. .It takes him a quarter to cut the hair .(2)作宾语和宾语补足语动词不定式一般不作介词宾语，常作及物动词的宾语，这些动词有want,begin ,start , like ,forget ,ask ,learn, decide , wish等The boy wants to go to school.He began to learn French three years ago .动词不定式在句中作宾语补足语用得很广泛，如：He asked me to help him.Tell him not to be late .My parents tell me to study English hard .I would like you to meet my English teacher .动词不定式在感官动词see,watch,hear,feel和使役动词let, make,have等词后作宾语补足语时，常省去不定式符号to 。另外在had better后也不带to ，help后可带可不带to .I hear him sing every night .Lets go to school together .Her mother makes her do her homework every evening .Youd better stay at home .I often help my mother (to) do some washing .疑问词+不定式作宾语，如：He didnt know where he should go .He didnt know where to go .I dont know what I should do .I dont know what to do .We havent decided when well leave here .We havent decided when to leave her