汉译英理论与实践教程.ppt

汉译英理论与实践教程,程永生 著,练习参考答案,说 明,此次更新，为全部汉译英理论与实践练习及参考答案制作了课件，但考虑到网络空间，此处仅提供样品。,目录,第一章 汉语词语英译 第二章 现代汉语句子英译 第三章 现代汉语段落英译 第四章 汉语四大古典小说名著选段英译,第一章 汉语词语英译,第一节 汉语词语与词语翻译机制 第二节 汉语成语与熟语英译 第三节 汉语人名地名英译 第四节 汉语职官体系名称与职官名称英译 第五节 汉语中带数字的词语英译 第六节 汉语天文、历法与节气方面的词语英译 第七节 现代汉语时新词语英译,第一章 汉语词语英译,第一节 汉语词语与词语翻译机制 第二节 汉语成语与熟语英译 第三节 汉语人名地名英译 第四节 汉语职官体系名称与职官名称英译 第五节 汉语中带数字的词语英译 第六节 汉语天文、历法与节气方面的词语英译 第七节 现代汉语时新词语英译,第一节 汉语词语与词语 翻译机制,Answers to Questions 15,Answer to Question 1,The Chinese lexical items mainly consist of words and phrases, including idioms, set phrases, proverbs, allegorical sayings and so on. Chinese lexical items can be divided in terms of parts of speech, function and so on. In terms of parts of speech, Chinese lexical items, especially words, can be divided into nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections, etc. In terms of function, Chinese lexical items can fall into ordinary words, proper words, technical terms, and so on, as well as sayings, including idioms, set phrases, proverbs, allegorical sayings, etc.,Answer to Question 2,Actually any unit of a Chinese text can serve as the bearer of Chinese culture and constitutes part of the Chinese culture, but Chinese lexical items, in a sense, embody the Chinese culture more typically than others, at least seemingly more typically. For example, for years, we have introduced English sentence patterns into the Chinese language so that when we say “如果你不来，我们就不给你留位子了”，we cannot say for sure that it is a typical Chinese sentence free from any English influence,Answer to Question 2 (continued),for the English translation would be, to some extent, structurally a Chinese equivalent: If you do not come, we will not keep the seat for you. Such sentential similarities can be easily located in both languages. However, when it comes to a Chinese personal name, a Chinese place name, a name for a Chinese utensil, a name for a Chinese architecture, a Chinese idiom, a Chinese set phrase, a Chinese proverb,Answer to Question 2 (continued),a Chinese allegorical saying and so on, such similarities can hardly readily be found, and all these items cannot be fully understood without referring to the Chinese culture. For example, when we say 四合院，it will conjures up a picture different from an English flat. In terms of value, in de Saussre”s sense, the Chinese 叔叔is not worth as much as the English uncle.,Answer to Question 3,For translation of lexical items from Chinese into English, there are such mechanisms as sound translation, meaning translation, sound-meaning translation and so on. Occasionally, people add notes to the translation of Chinese lexical items or stretch the translation to a prolonged length to include the cultural or social meaning of a particular Chinese lexical item. However, no matter by what mechanism, we cannot always, if we can on some occasions, revive the meaning of the original completely.,Answer to Question 3 (continued),The reason perhaps is that behind the lexical items of a language, there stand the textual grid of that language and cultural grid or the social grid relevant to the language, in Bassenetts terms. In de Saussures term, the value of a word is determined by the value of relevant words in the same semantic field. In translation of Chinese lexical items into English, we cannot translate the textual, cultural or social grid or even the semantic field relevant to the lexical items,Answer to Question 3 (continued),though we can by other means introduce some ideas of the grid or the semantic field. As for which of the mechanisms to choose, it much depends on the inclination of the translator, though on the translation situation as well. Take the translation of the personal names of A Dream of Red Mansions for example. Some use pinyin while others turn to meaning translation and still others turn to a combination of pinyin and meaning translation. And the pinyin users can be divided into those who use the pinyin that can be witnessed in putonghua and those who use the code system of Webster.,Answer to Question 3 (continued),Note that in the above discussion, we used sound translation instead of transliteration, as often used by some Chinese translation theoreticians, because we believe that transliteration literally means letter for letter translation and it is often, if not always, employed by Western theoretician accordingly.,Answer to Question 4,For university students, translation mainly means rendering the original into the target by choosing proper lexical items and proper sentence patterns. Generally speaking, they are not expected to transplant the seed as we do in translation of a Chinese poem into English or the other way round, nor are they expected to do anything more sophisticated than to translate a passage of prose, real or fictional. It is in this sense that we say that translation of lexical items from Chinese into English is a demanding task for university students. For others, however, the statement may not apply.,Answer to Question 4 (continued),Another account for the statement may lie in the fact that lexical items are extremely closely related to the differences of the two cultures that take the two languages as their code systems, as was discussed in the above answer.,Answer to Question 5,We firmly believe that it is the inherent defect of translation. Take translation of the three names of 贾宝玉、林黛玉、薛宝钗for example. Due to the fact that Chinese and English are totally different languages that transliteration cannot apply in this case, the normal practice for translation of the three names is by pinyin. However, in the form of Chinese character, Jia Baoyu may be considered as a cross cousin of Lin Daiyu on the one hand and a cross cousin of Xue Baochai on the other.,Answer to Question 5 (continued),Also, the Chinese character 黛 tells the Chinese reader that Lin Daiyu may probably be a female and the Chinese character 钗also tells the Chinese reader that Xue Baochai may probably be another female. And Baoyu is honorific reference of a stone, usually used to name males.,Answer to Question 5 (continued),In the Chinese culture of the time, cross cousins of defferent sexes can fall in love with one another and get married. Hence the three names so expressed in Chinese characters may probably suggest that the three persons so named may involve in a triangular love, which usually ends in tragedy. However, when spelt out by pinyin, such implied meanings will completely be lost, especially to readers of another language, for they are generally speaking strangers to the Chinese culture.,Answer to Question 5 (continued),Nowadays translation is often discussed in relation to creative treason, we would like to push the idea a little further by saying that translation by nature is a business of creative treason, for more often than not, we as translators have to betray both the author and the original text, at least as far as the formal structure is concerned.,第二节 汉语熟语英译,1 成语 2 典故 3 俗语 4 谚语 5 歇后语,1 汉语成语英译,安居乐业 live in peace and work in contentment; live and work satisfactorily 奔走相告 rush about to tell the news to each other; running around to spread the news 不务正业 not engaged in the right business; not engaged in ones own business 叱咤风云 command wind and cloud; extremely powerful or influential 大相径庭 so different as a footpath is different from a courtyard; so world apart as to defy reason; totally different,2 汉语典故英译,杯弓蛇影 so suspicious as to take a reflected bow in the drinking cup as a snake; extremely suspicious Note: Legend has it that once a person was invited to dine in anothers home. A bow was hung on the wall and the guest took the reflection of the bow in his drinking cup as a snake. Back home, he thought that he had imbibed the venom and fell ill. The allusion now applies to groundless suspicion.,汉语典故英译（续）,沧海横流 homeless or vagrant Note: Tradition has it that to avoid wars, Wang Ni went to Jiangxia. He then felt that wandering about with his son in a cart, he was a homeless vagrant.,汉语典故英译（续）,长风破浪 to break a ten thousand li wave by riding on a long wind; ambitious Note: Tradition has it that when Zong Que was young, his uncle asked him about his ambitions. He replied that he would like to ride on a long wind to break a wave of ten thousand li. The allusion now applies to the description of great ambitions.,汉语典故英译（续）,沉鱼落雁 (of a lady) so beautiful that on seeing her, the fish feels inferior in beauty as to dive into deep water and the crane feels inferior in beauty as to fly high into the sky; stunningly beautiful Note: Once Zhuangzi said in a book that Mao Qiang and Li Ji were so beautiful as to make fish and birds feel ashamed of their own inferiority in beauty by either diving into deep water or alighting high into the sky. The allusion now applies to the description of the stunning beauty.,汉语典故英译（续）,董宣强项 the neck-unbending Dong Xuan; stubborn as Dong Xuan; unyielding; unbending Note: As recorded in history, Dong Xuan was appointed Magistrate of Luoyang. On his post, once a servant of a princess killed an innocent. Dong Xuan, an official of justice who was handling the case, could not go into the princesss mansion to arrest the criminal but had to wait for the man to come out. Once the man went out with the princess, Dong Xuan caught him and killed him on the street. In this way, he offended the princess, who reported the incident to the emperor. Then the emperor asked Dong Xuan to make apology to the princess. Believing that he did nothong wrong, Dong Xuan refused to yield to the imperial power. Then the emperor ordered the guards to press him onto the ground but Dong Xuan managed not to bend his neck. Now the allusion is used to describe an upright person or official.,3 汉语俗语英译,按倒葫芦起来瓢 while the gourd is pressed down, the gourd ladle floats up; while one problem is resolved, another comes up 把吃奶的劲都使出来了 use up all the strength including the strength he used to suck milk from his mothers breasts; exhaust all the strength 百闻不如一见 one hundred hearing is not as good as a single seeing; better to see than to hear; seeing is believing 搬起石头砸自己的脚 lift a rock only to drop it on ones own toes; make trouble for others but it turns out that only the maker is troubled,汉语俗语英译（续）,病急乱投医 pressed by illness, one might go to any doctor blindly; in difficulty, one might turn to anyone whose ability to help he isnt sure 病来如山倒，病去如抽丝 when ill, the sick person would break down like a mountain collapsing; in the recovering, he may have to be patient in expecting the restoration to his former health; illness comes suddenly but recovery progresses very slowly,4 汉语谚语英译,年怕中秋，月怕十五 a year is afraid of the Mid-Autumn Festival, a month is afraid of the fifteenth day; a year will end soon when it reaches the Mid-Autumn Festival, a month will end soon when it reaches the fifteenth day; a year in autumn will soon come to an end and a month in the middle will end soon,汉语谚语英译（续）,一年之计在于春，一日之计在于寅 the whole year depends on a good start in spring and the day depends on a good start in the hour of yin; a good beginning is half the success Note: Yin, the Chinese hour from 3 to 5 a.m. in the international system, the earliest hour on the ancient Chinese clock.,汉语谚语英译（续）,春前有雨花开早，秋后无雨叶落迟 with rains before the Beginning of Spring, flowers will be in blossom earlier; without rains after the Beginning of Autumn, leaves will fall later; its better to have rains before the Beginning of Spring but not after the Beginning of Autumn 春天不忙，秋天无粮 without being busy laboring in spring, dont expect to harvest in autumn; toiling in spring means a bumper harvest in autumn,汉语谚语英译（续）,麦要好种，稻要好秧 wheat depends on good seeds, rice depends on good seedlings; good seeds, good harvest in wheat; good seedlings, good harvest in rice; success necessitates a good beginning 十年树木，百年树人 it takes ten years for a tree to grow up but it takes a hundred years for a man to mature; it takes a longer time to cultivate a man than to grow a tree; cultivation of a man takes a lot of time; it is very difficult to cultivate a man,5 汉语歇后语英译,5 猴子爬竹竿上窜下跳 a monkey climbing up a bamboo postby jumping up and down；like a monkey climbing up a bamboo post, they run around to stir up troubles,汉语歇后语英译（续）,董卓进京不怀好意 Dong Zhuo moving his armed forces into the capitalan ill-intentioned act; like Dong Zhuo moving his armed forces into the capital, it is an ill-intentioned act Note: By end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Dong Zhuo was called by He Jin to lead his armed forces to the capital and help him to eliminate all the eunuchs. However, Dong Zhuos intention was to take over the imperial power.,汉语歇后语英译（续）,刘备摔阿斗收买人心 Liu Bei throwing Adou onto the groundto buy peoples hearts or to buy popular support; like Liu Bei throwing Adou onto the ground, it is an act to win popular support Note: Liu Bei, king of Shu, was once utterly defeated by Cao Cao, duke of Wei, and had his wife killed. However, his general Zhao Yun went to his son Adous rescue and carried the baby back. Zhao Yun did this at the risk of his own life. When Adou was delivered to Liu Bei, he threw the baby onto the ground, saying that the rescue of the baby endangered Zhao Yuns life, a life with more worth than Adous. This act of his is usually regarded as an act of deceiving the populace into supporting,汉语歇后语英译（续）,王八照相龟（鬼）头龟（鬼）脑 a wangba, another name for tortoise, has its picture takena picture of the tortoise from head to foot, that is, the picture of a thief; like a tortoise having its picture taken, it looks a thief from head to foot Note: The Chinese characters gui, meaning devil, and gui, meaning a tortoise, are homophones.,汉语歇后语英译（续）,皇甫讷扮伍子婿蒙混过关 Huangfu Ne was dressed up as Wu Zixuto get by under false pretences; like Huangfu Ne dressed up as Wu Zixu, the purpose is to get by under pretences Note: Xu Yun, styled Zixu, was wanted by the king of Chu. For this reason, the general was running away to another state but could not manage to get by the Zhaoguan Pass. Then his friends Donggao Gong thought out a way for him by asking Huangfu Ne to be dressed as Wu Zixu and to be caught by the soldiers at the pass so that Wu Zixu could get through the pass by taking the advantage of the chaotic situation Huangfu Nes protection gave rise to.,第三节 汉语人名地名英译,练习15,练习 1.1,The story can be traced back to the two brothers, Duke Ning and Duke Rong, with Duke Ning being the elder and Duke Rong being the younger. Duke Ning had four sons born. Upon Duke Nings death, his son Jia Daihua succeeded him on the official position. Jia Daihua had two sons, Jia Fu, the elder, and Jia Jing, the younger. Jia Fu died at the age of around 8 or 9 and Jia Jing succeeded his father on the official post. It was lucky for Jia Jing to have a son early, named Jia Zhen, and Jia Zhen has got a son called Jia Rong, just 16 years old now.,练习 1.2,Upon the death of Duke Rong, Jia Daishan, the elder son, succeeded him on the official post and married Miss Shi, a daughter of Marsquis Shi in Jinling. They had two sons, with Jia She being the elder and Jia Zheng being the younger. Jia Daishan died years ago while Lady Jia, the Granny, is still enjoying her health. Lady Wang, Jia Zhengs wife first gave birth to a son, named Jia Zhu. She then gave birth to a daughter, unexpectedly on the Chinese New Years Day. She then gave birth to another son, who more surprisingly had brought in the mouth to the world upin his birth a colorful glittering jade with some inscriptions on. And so, they named the son Baoyu, meaning the precious jade.,练习 1.3,In the process of earth making, the Southeast China was setting in, with this a place called Gusu was made. The City of Gusu had a gate called Gate Chang, a place famous for talents and beauties, most romantic though. Outside Gate Chang, there was a place called the Ten Mile Street, with Renqing Passageway located in. In that passageway, there was an ancient temple called the Gourd Temple.,练习 2,Song Jiang, the Fidelity Lu Junyi, the Kylin Wu Yong, the Wise Gongsun Sheng, the Dragon in Clouds Guan Sheng, the Broad Knife Lin Chong, the Leopard Head Qin Ming, the Thunderbolt Fire Huyan Zhuo, the Two Whips Hua Rong, the Present Day Li Guang,练习 2 (continued),Chai Jin, the Whirlwind Li Ying, the Sky-Shooting Vulture Zhu Tong, the Beautiful Beard Lu Zhishen, the Monk Wu Song, the Buddhist Monk Dong Ping, the Two-Spear General Zhang Qing, the Excellent Arrow-Shooter Yang Zhi, the Green-Faced Beast Xu Ning, the Gold Spear,练习 2 (continued),Suo Chao, the Pioneer Zai Zong, the Flying Traveler Liu Tang, the Red-Haired Devil Li Kui, the Black Whirlwind Shi Jin, the Nine Dragon Mu Hong, the Unobstructable Lei Heng, the Winged Tiger Li Jun, the River Dragon Ruan Xiaoer, the Master Scoundrel Zhang Heng, the Boatman,练习 2 (continued),Ruan Xiaowu, the Short-Lived Second Brother Zhang Shun, the White Body in Waves Ruan Xiaoqi, the Living King of Hell Yang Xiong, the Sick Guan Suo Shi Xiu, the Exerting Third Brother Xie Zhen, the Double-Headed Snake Xie Bao, the Double-Tailed Gesco Yan Qing, the Vagrant,练习 3,Shen Gang, the Heaven Lifting God from Fuzhou Pan Wende, the Chess Playing God from Shezhou Ying Ming, the Escaping God from Muzhou Xu Tong, the Six-Ding God from Mingzhou Zhang Jinren, the Thunderbolt God from Yuezhou Shen Ze, the Giant Deity from Hangzhou Zhao Yi, the Morning Star from Huzhou,练习 3 (continued),Gao Keli, the Master God from Xuanzhou Fan Chou, the Guest Suspending God from Changzhou Zhuo Wanli, the Yellow Streamer God from Runzhou He Tong, the Leopard-Tailed God from Jiangzhou Shen Bian, the Bad-Luck Bringing God from Suzhou,练习 4.1,The story goes to Zhang Jiao, who led a rebellious army to invade Youzhou. The governor and concurrently the commander of the local forces was Liu Yan, a native of Jingling of Jiangxia and a descendent of King Gong of the Kingdom Lu of the Ha