中考汇总形容词副词连词介词.doc

英语句子成分精讲Tom visited an old friend yesterday. 主 谓 定 宾 状 发出者 动作 修饰 承受者 时间（位置）Tom is an English teacher. 主 系（连系） 表 说明主语：句子所述说的主体，是动作的发出者；一般位于句首；通常为名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词或从句担任。 谓语：说明主语的动作或状态；一般在主语之后；谓语由动词来承担，有时态和语态的变化。 宾语：是动作的承受者或介词的联系对象；常位于及物动词或介词后面；通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词、或从句担任。 They enjoyed the journey very much. 表语：说明主语的状态、性质、特征、身份、结果等，表达“是什么”或者“怎么样”；在系动词之后；可以是名词、代词、形容、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、分词或从句等。一be:is am are 四变:get become turn go 五感官:feel taste smell sound look 系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语） She will be 19 years old next week. The boy is interesting. 定语：限定、修饰名词或代词（汉语中常用”的”表示）；可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、分词或从句等担任。She is a kind girl. Do you know the woman living next door?状语：是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分；说明时间、地点、原因、结果、条件、目的、让步、方面、方式、比较、程度和伴随状况等，可以是副词、介词短语、非谓语动词、名词或从句。 He has lived in the city for ten years. He is in the room making a model plane. Wait a minute. 补语complementkmplimnt：位于宾语或主语后，补充说明宾语或主语的特征、状态或身份。通常由形容词、名词、动词、动词不定式、分词、副词、介词短语等担任。We found him a very clever boy. Last Sunday I saw you out with your sister. 同位语：表示其前面人或事物所指，并和它起相同的语法作用；可以是名词、代词或从句。 This is my friend Harry. We students should study hard. 2)省to不定式作宾补即：(l, m, n, 3h, 2看, 1f) sb dollet; mmake; nnotice; 3hhear, have, help; 2看see, watch; 1ffeel 但注意：1)help sb (to) do (to可省、可不省) 2)在改作被动语态时省去的to应还原eg. Someone heard him sing in the room. He was heard to sing in the room.第五讲 形容词、副词一.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的变化方法如下(1) 符合规则的：情 况加 法例 词一 般 情 况直接加 -er ; -esttall-taller-tallest以e结尾的词加 r ; -stnice-nicer-nicestable abler ablest以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词变y为i再加-er ; -estdry-drier-driestheavy-heavier-heaviest以一个辅音字母结尾的词辅音字母双写，再加-er ; -estthin-thinner-thinnest少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er，-estclever-cleverer-cleverestnarrow-narrower-narrowest多音节和部分双音节单词在词前加 more ; mostmore delicious most delicious(2)几个不规则的形容词和副词的比较级和最高级如下表：原 级比较级最高级good , wellbetterbestbad , ill, badlyworseworstmany , muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther / furtherfarthest / furthestoldolder/elderoldest/eldest二形容词和副词比较级的用法级别比较程度表达方式和意义例 句备 注原级同等程度肯定形式As+原级+as(像一样)Art is as interesting as music.Play as well as you can.否定形式not + so (as) +原级+as(不如那样)English is not so difficult as science.She does not study so well as I do. 比较级不同程度（用于两者比较）比较级+than(比)Jim is older than Luky.I like pork better than beef.比较级前面可以加much, far, even, still,a lot, a little, a bit等最高级最高程度（用于三者或三者以上）the +最高级+of (in)(最)Spring is the best season of the year.Lin Tao jumped (the) farthest of all.当最高级前有物主代词修饰时，其前不加定冠词the. Its our largest machine in our factory. 副词最高级前面的the 往往省略注意：有些形容词，如 dead, empty, round等受本身含义的限制，没有比较级。eg. 1) a little bigger 大一点儿2)much more 多得多 3)even heavier更重但注意：不能在比较级前加so; too; very; quite等。 三，形、副比较等级的其他用法 1) “比较级and 比较级” 表示 “越来越”eg. lazier and lazier 越来越懒(但注意：如果多音节词用此结构时应为 more and more + 形、副)eg. more and more beautiful 越来越漂亮 2) “the比较级，the比较级” “越，越”eg. the more, the better 多多益善 _ you are, _ you will get. 3) “the比较级of +二者” “二者中较的一个”eg. 1) Lucy is the younger of the twins. The bike is the older of the two.4)表示二者相差多少用 “具体数量 + 比较级”eg. Hes a head taller than me. My brother is two years older than me5)表示“是几倍”时用“twice; three times等 + asas”eg. 1)This book costs twice as much as that one. 这本书的价钱是那本书的两倍。6)区别older / elder与farther / further older（年龄较老的） elder（指兄弟姐妹中排行在前的）eg. My _ brother is _ than me. farther (指距离“较远的”) further(指抽象事物的“更进一步的”)eg.1)He went abroad for _ studies. 2)Fusun is _ from our school than Zhaohua. 7）比较级必须在同类中进行，即人与人比，物与物比，而且比较结构前后的词语要对称，特别注意在than或 as 之后不要漏掉可能出现的替代词 that ，those, one ,ones. 如果主语是物主代词+名词，那么后面要用名词性物主代词。eg. 1)The apples (A) in this basket (B) are redder (C) than in that basket(D). _2)This knife (A) isnt (B) so (C) new as that (D). _3)Our classroom (A) is (B) bigger (C) than Lily(D). _ 8.个体与整体相比比较级than any other n. （单） （适用于范围一致时） 比较级than any n.(单) （适用于范围不一致时） China is bigger than any country in Africa.China is bigger than any other country in Asia. 9.使用最高级时应把主语包括在范围内。eg. Mary is the tallest of all her sisters.( )(all her sisters已排除了Mary)改：Mary is the tallest of all the sisters.10，one of+ the+最高级+复数名词The city is one of the most beautiful cities in the world.练习：1 The Huang River is the second _ river in our country.A. long B. longer C. longest D. the longest2.The population of the world in 20th century became very much _ than that in 19th.A. bigger B. larger C. greater D. more3.Miss Li is one of _ in our school.A. a popular teacherB. more popular teacherC. most popular teacherD. the most popular teachers4. The earth is about_ as the moon. A. as fifty time big B. fifty times as big C. as big fifty times D. fifty as times big5 His father is_ than his mother. ; A. older four years B. as four years older C. four years older D. bigger four years6 Maths is more popular than_. A. any other subject B. all the subjects C. any subject D. other subject7. He is taller than _ girl in his class.A. any B. otherC. any other D. another8 By and by, _ students in our class came to like English. A. more and more B. much and much C. many and many D. less and least9. When spring comes the days get _ and nights _. A. short; long B. long; short C. longer; shorter D. shorter; longer10 _ I look at the picture, _ I like it. A. The best; the more B. The more; the less C. The more; less D. More; the more C. The more; the more interested D. More; more interested 11. Which is_ country, China or Japan? A. the large B. the larger C. larger D. largest 12. The book is _ of the two. A. thinner B. the thinner C. more thinner D. the thinnest 二. 具有特殊意义的比较结构（1）more+形容词/名词+than (与其说。不如说。 ) He is more brave than wise.no more than (只, 仅仅，只不过)=only、justWhat he is saying is no more than a joke. 他所讲的只不过是个玩笑而已。not more than (最多) =at mostHe is not more than twenty years old. 她最多有二十岁。I have not more than five dollars with me. 我身上最多有五美元。No more .than 和。同样不。（than前后都是否定的含义）He is no more a teacher than a worker. 他不是工人也不是教员。My brother is no more a singer than I am. 哥哥和我都不是歌唱家（4）not less than (多于，至少)He gave her not less than 1000 dollars。 他至少给了她1000美元。（5）no lessthan (和。一样)He is no less diligent than you. 他和你 一样勤奋。Mary is no less active than she used to be. Mary 和从前一样活跃。（6）not less than (也许比。更。)She is not less rich than her brother. 她或许比他哥哥富有。She is not less busy than you. 他或许比你忙。（7）not so much as(与其说。不如说。)She is not so much an actress as a singer.与其说他是个演员，不如说他是个歌手。三. 一些形容词副词辨析1）某些形容词与定冠词连用表示一类人作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如：The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city.2） already, yet, stillalready表示某事物已经发生，主要用于肯定句；yet表示期待某事发生，主要用于否定句和疑问句；still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句和疑问句，有时也可用于否定句。如：Weve already watched that film.I havent finished my homework yet.He still works until late every night.3） too, as well, also, eithertoo, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑问句，too和as well，一般放在句末，而also一般放在句中与动词连用。either用于否定句和否定的疑问句，往往放在句末。如：He went there too. He didnt go there either. I like you as well.4）hard, hardlyI work hard every day. I can hardly remember that.5）late, latelyHe never comes late. Have you been to the museum lately?6） too much与much too：too much表示“太多的”,修饰名词；much too表示“太过,过分”,修饰形容词或副词。如：I am full because I have had too much rice. / That coat is much too dear.7）sick与ill区别：sick和ill都表示“生病的”,但是,sick可以做定语、表语,而ill只能做表语。如：He has been ill/sick for a long time / She found herself with two small children, a sick husband, and no money.8) a bit与a little的区别：这两个名词短语经常当作副词使用,修饰形容词或副词的原级或比较级,可以互换,语气比rather弱。如： / It is a little(a bit) colder than yesterday.(今天比昨天冷了点)另外,a little可以直接加不可数名词,a bit 则采用“a bit + of +名词(不可数或可数名词复数)”的形式。如：I have got a bit of a cold.(我有点感冒)/ Go and get a little water for me, please.(请你去给我搞点水来) 注意 not a bit(=not at all)意为“根本不”,而 not a little则意为“非常,不是一点”。9). no more、no longer、not.any more、not.any longer的用法表示时间,可以用no longer、notany more、no.any longer,而且no longer只能放在谓语动词之前；表示程度,可以用no more、not.any more.如：He no longer lived there.(他不再住在那里) / Tom wanted no more cakes.(他不想再要蛋糕) / He didn t smoke any more/longer.(他不再抽烟)10. too.to.与so.that.的问题：副词too/so后面跟形容词或副词,to后面跟动词,that后面跟从句。如： The child is too young to join the army. / He is so strong that he can lift the heavy box.(11. sometimes、 sometime、 some times 、some time的用法：sometimes(有时)用于一般现在时、 sometime(在将来某时)用于将来时、 some times(数次)表示次数、some time(一些时间)表示一段时间。如：Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains. I will stay here some time. I will meet your father sometime.12. lonely与alonelonely是表示情感上：“孤独的,寂寞的”,作定语或表语；alone 形体上 “独自的,单独的”,指无人陪伴,仅作表语,(还可以作为副词的alone)。如：He lives alone but he doesnt feel lonely.He is a lonely person. You can not easily get on well with him.1. We should keep _ in the reading-room.A. quite B. quietly C. quiet D.quickly【解析】此题容易误选A或B。选A是由于不细心，把quite当成是quiet，草率做题造成的；选B是由于把keep误认为是一般的实义动词，修饰实义动词当然得用副词。其实，这里的keep连系动词，后面要接形容词作表语。正确答案为C。2. The light in the room wasnt _for me to read. A. enough bright B. brightly enough C. enough brightly D. bright enough3. -How far is the factory from here?-Its about 4 kilometres _.A. far B. longC. away D. near【解析】此题容易误选A。这是由于受到汉语思维的影响，因为译成汉语正好是大约4公里远。其实，问距离时可以用How far is . ?，但是far不能与表示具体的距离连用，此时应该用away。因此，正确答案为C。4. Would you like _ more tea?- Thank you. Ive had _.A. any, muchB. some, enoughC. some, muchD. any, enough答案：C (选择B的同学要注意enough是形容词， 不能说had enough)5.I think basketball is _. I like to watch it.A. boringB. boredC. excitingD. excited答案：C (选择D的同学要注意basketball本身很令人激动，excited表示被什么所感染而激动。)6.This dinner looks _ to me, and I like it.A. terribleB. goodC. badlyD. nicely答案：B (选择D的同学要注意look在这里是系动词，后面要加形容词。)7.The math problem is so hard that _ students can work it out.A. a fewB. a littleC. manyD. few答案：D (选择A、C的同学要注意语境，这里指没有什么学生能做出来。)8. Whats the weather like tomorrow?- The radio says it is going to be even _.A. badB. worstC. badlyD. worse答案：D (选择A的同学要注意，even比较级)9.Though she talks _, she has made _ friends here.A. a little, a fewB. little, fewC. little, a fewD. few, a few答案：C (选择A的同学要注意语境，这里指虽然她不怎么说话，但她有一些朋友.)10.He never does his work _ Mary.A. as careful asB. so careful asC. as carefully asD. carefully as答案：C (选择A和B的同学要注意work 是行为动词，要用副词来修饰.)练习：1 Toms father thinks he is already _ A high enough B tall enough C enough high C enough tall2 _ the worse I seem to be.A When I take more medicine B The more medicine I takeC Taking more of the medicine D More medicine taken3 I havent been to London yet. I havent been there, _. A too B also C either D neither4 Mr Smith was _ moved at the news.A deep B deeply C very deep D quite deeply5. Tony is going camping with _ boys. A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two 6. Which is the _country, Japan or Australia? A. more developed B. more developing C. most developed D. most developing 7. How was your recent visit to Qingdao? It was great.We visited some friends，and spent the _days at the seaside. A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last 8. The books are not _ to be published. A. enough intersting B. interesting enough C. so interesting D. too interesting 9.Whats your _sports? A. the most favorite B. most favorite C. favorite D. the favorite 10.Theres _ with the recorder A. anything wrong B. wrong anything C. something wrong D.wrong something 11. His sister is _than he . A. younger five years B. five years younger C. five year younge D. five younger years 12.We should speak English in and after class. Yes, _, _. A. more , better B. the more, the bette C. much, better D. the often, the better 13. The old man lives alone, he feels _. A. alone B. lonely C. lone D. alonely 14. I think bananas are _of all the fruits. A. delicious B. much delicious C. more delicious D. the most delicious 15. After the new machine was introduced，the factory produced _ shoes in 1988 as the year before. A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as 16. Our English needs to be_improved. A. farther B. farthest C. further D. far 17. What a pity! Lucy ran _ more slowly than Lily. A. a few B. much C. a little D. little 18. He is running _now. A. more slowly and more slowly B. slowlier and slowlier C. more and more slowly D. slowly and slowly 19. Last night my father went back _later than before. A. quite B. very C. even D. much more 20.The sick man was too thin to go any _. A. far B. farther C. further 第六讲 连词（conjunction）一、并列连词与并列结构 并列连词引导连接平行的词、词组和分句。1.表并列关系的and, bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor等。2. 表选择关系的or, eitheror等。4.表因果关系的for, so等。for是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。Eg：Heisabsenttoday,forheisill.5. and: “和”在肯定句中表并列or: “和”在否定句中表并列另外：1)or “或者”用于选择疑问句 2)or 用于肯定句中，“否则”eg. .Which do you like better, tea or milk? .Hurry up, or youll be late for school.6.but “但是”表转折 ，while 表对比eg. I listened, but I heard nothing.Somepeoplelovecats,whileothershatethem.注意：1)though(虽然), althoughyet 但不能和but连用Althoughhewasweak,yethetriedhisbesttodothework. 2)not but 不是而是 not和but后面的用词要遵循一致原则。 eg：Theywerenotthebonesofananimal,but(thebones)ofahumanbeing. This book isnt mine but yours.both and : 既又（连接主语为复数）neithernor: 既不也不 连接两主 7. eitheror: 或者或者 语后者决 not only but also:不但而且 定单、复8比较so和such such是修饰名词或名词词组，so只能修饰形容词或副 词。so还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much，little连用，形成固定搭配。练习： 1. I have_little money that I cannot afford a car2. he is _a good student that we alll like him.3. he is _good a student that we alll like him.4. it was _bad weather that he had to stay at home.5. Ive had _many falls than im blick and blue all over例题：1. Im sorry, _ I wont be able to come tonight.A. for B. and C. but D. then分析】事实上，Im sorry 后习惯上不接表示原因的连词for后习惯上不接表示原因的连词，而接表示转折的连词but（也可省略 but），用以委婉地提出一个使对方不快的事实。又如：Oh, sorry, but shes out. 哦，不好意思，她出去了。注：Im sorry 后虽然不能接表原因的连词for，但却可接介词 for。如：Im sorry for shouting at you. 对不起冲你嚷嚷了。2. The point is not who said the words, _ they are true or not.A. but whether B. and whether C. but how D. and how【分析】最佳答案为A。此题涉及两个搭配：一是 not . but .（不是而是），二是 whether . or not (是否)。请看类例：3.He was not an actor, who often appeared on stage, _ a writer, writing stories.A. but B. and C. then D. so答案选A，主要考查 not . but . 结构。4. Just because they make more money than I do, _ they seem to look down on me.A. so B. and C. but D. 不填【陷阱】但容易误选A，将汉语的因为所以直译为 because . so .。【分析】此题正确答案为D，但是按英语语法，because 为从属连词，用以引导原因状语从句，它表明整个句子为复合句；而 so 在表示所以时，它是并列连词，用以连接两个简单句使之成为并列句。由于在同一句中既用了从属连词 because，又用了并列连词 so，使得该句一半像复合句，一半像并列句，从而导致错误。正确的做法是，任意去掉 because 和 so 中的一个，使之要么成为复合句，要么成为并列句。5. Although he had only entered the contest for fun, _ he won first prize.A. but B. and C. even D. 不填【陷阱】容易误选A，将汉语的虽然但是直译为 although . but .。6. When the last prize had been awarded _ everybody cleared off.A. and B. so C. or D. 不填【陷阱】容易想当然地误选A。【分析】句首 when 引导的是一个时间状语从句，它暗示整个句子为复合句；而so, and, or 为并列连词，无论选哪一个，都表明整个句子为并列句，从而导致前后矛盾，所以A、B、C均不能选择。此题正确答案选D，everybody cleared off 为整个复合句的主句。请看类似例子：(1) If wishes were horses, _ beggars would ride.A. and B. so C. or D. 不填(2) If Im mistaken, _ you are mistaken too.A. so B. and C. or D. 不填(3) Just before I left London, _ I sent him a telegram.A. and B. so C. or D. 不填(4) After they had each said a few words, _ Lloyd George took the floor.A. and B. so C. or D. 不填答案练习题1. Jenny, put on your coat you will catch a cold.A. butB. andC. orD. so【解析】选C2 -I dont think your uncle really like drama series. -No,_he still watches the programeA.andB.soC.orD.but【解析】选D3. _ they are twin brothers, they dont look like each other.A. Though B. Since C. However D. When 【解析】选A4.Wang Jinquan,a teacher from Qichun,has supported many poor students to college. -_he himself lives a plain（相素的）life.A.SoB.ButC.BecauseD.Though【解析】选B5.（What is our head teac