2019年高考英语考纲解读与热点专题11定语从句教学案.docx

专题11 定语从句【2019年高考考纲解读】定语从句是高考的热点，主要考查关系代词和关系副词的正确运用，特别是它们在非限制性定语从句中的运用。主要考点有：关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句；关系副词where引导的定语从句(近三年来常考查先行词是表示抽象空间概念的名词的情况)；“介词关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句；as引导的非限制性定语从句。【重点、难点剖析】一、定语从句与并列句的区别请观察下面三个句子：1Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination, _ disappointed his mother.2Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination and _ disappointed his mother.3Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination; _ disappointed his mother.第一句话：句中有逗号，根据句意可知，空白处的内容应该指的是前面整个句子的内容，是对前文信息的补充说明，因此，此句是非限制性定语从句，用关系代词which；第二句话：句中有并列连词and，因此整个句子是一个并列句，所以可以用代词it指代前面句子的内容。第三句话：句中有分号，这表明整个句子是一个并列句，因此可以用代词it指代前面句子的内容。【解题技巧】判断是定语从句还是并列句，要注意句中的标点符号和句中的连接词。如果句与句之间有连词或者分号，则是并列句；如果是逗号，且逗号后的内容是对前面某一名词的补充说明，则是非限制性定语从句，应该使用关系词。二、“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择是一个常考点，也是一个难点。请看下面三个句子，填上合适的介词，并从中发现一些规律。1He was educated at a local grammar school, _ which he went on to Cambridge.2This is the farm _ which he worked two years ago.3In the dark street there was not a single person _ whom she could turn for help.第一句话：根据句意可知，他在一所当地的语法学校学习之后去了Cambridge，故介词用after。此句中介词的使用与句子的意义有关。第二句话：把从句补充完整为he worked two years ago on the farm (“在农场”为“on the farm”)，句中介词的选用取决于先行词的意义，即介词跟先行词的搭配。第三句话：在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。“向某人求助”这个短语是“turn to sb. for help”，因此此处用介词to。此句中介词的选用取决于从句中的动词固定搭配。因此，考生在确定其中的介词时，可从以下三方面入手：1句子的意思；2.先行词的意义；3.从句中的动词固定搭配。【特别提醒】注意way(方式)后接定语从句时的引导词。先行词是way，当引导词在从句中作状语时，关系词用in which, that或者省略；当引导词在从句中作主语或宾语时，用that/which引导(作宾语时，引导词也可以省略)。比较：The way(that/which) he explained to us was quite simple.(把从句补充完整：he explained the way to us，可以看出引导词在从句中作explained的宾语)The way(that/in which) he explained the sentence was simple.(把从句补充完整：he explained the sentence in the way，可以看出引导词在从句中作状语)三、引导词as, which的区别1引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容时的区别：(1)表达“正如”之意时，用as，如果仅指代整个主句内容而没有“正如”之意，则用which。He went abroad, which was unexpected.他出国了，这让大家感到很意外。She is a good doctor, as her mother used to be.她是一个很出色的医生，和她母亲当年一样。(2)当从句位于主句前面时，只用as。As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 2限制性定语从句中有such, the same时，其后常用as引导定语从句(the same后也可用that，但意义不一样)。He is such a good teacher as we all love and respect.他是一个我们都爱戴和尊敬的好老师。This is the same pen as I lost.这支钢笔和我丢的那支一样。3as引导非限制性定语从句时，只能指代整个主句内容，而which既可以指代整个主句内容，又可以指代先行词。The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames.这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as)4as常与从句中的know, see, hear, expect等动词连用，也常用于as often happens, as is often the case(常有的事)等句子中。He was absent from school, as is often the case.他缺课了，这是常事。 【变式探究】【2016北京】22. I live next door to a couple _ children often make a lot of noise.A. whose B. why C. where D. which【答案】A 【举一反三】(2015四川，3)The books on the desk， covers are shiny，are prizes for us.解析考查定语从句。句意：桌上的书是给我们的奖励，那些书的封面闪闪发光。本题考查非限制性定语从句的连接词，先行词为the books，和covers之间是所有关系，故用whose。答案whose【变式探究】A company profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.解析考查定语从句。句意：利润来源于国内市场且在下降的公司可以到国外寻找机会。此处关系代词whose作定语。答案whose【变式探究】I wish to thank Professor Smith，without _ help I would never have got this far.Awho Bwhose Cwhom Dwhich【答案】B【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：我想感谢Smith教授，没有他的帮助我不会取得这样的成绩。从句中的help是名词，与Professor Smith是所属关系，故用whose。【变式探究】The old temple _ roof was damaged in a storm is now under repair.Awhere Bwhich Cits Dwhose【答案】D【方法技巧】1whose引导的定语从句whose在定语从句中作定语，后面要接名词，其含义是“(先行词)的”。whose既可以指人也可以指物。(1)表示物时相当于“the名词ofwhich”或“ofwhichthe名词”。(2)表示人时相当于“the名词ofwhom”或“ofwhomthe名词”。2whose引导的定语从句与并列句的区别whose引导的定语从句易与含有物主代词its，their的并列句混淆。如：China has the 3rd longest river in the world，whose name is the Yangze River.(定语从句)China has the 3rd longest river in the world，and its name is the Yangze River.(并列句)题型三、where引导的定语从句【例3】(2018江苏，23)Self-driving is an area _ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.Athat BwhereCwhich Dwhen答案B解析句意为：自动驾驶是中国和世界上其他国家处在同一起跑线的一个领域。分析句子结构可知，area作定语从句的先行词，从句中缺少地点状语，要用where引导。that和which为关系代词，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语；when是关系副词，在定语从句中作时间状语。【变式探究】 (2015北京，24改编)Opposite is St.Pauls Church，_you can hear some lovely music. 立意与点拨：从句中缺少地点状语。 答案：where本句为定语从句，先行词是表示地点的专有名词St.Pauls Church，从句中缺少地点状语，所以填where。句意：对面是圣保罗大教堂，在教堂里你能听到一些优美的音乐。【变式探究】Many countries are now setting up national parks _ animals and plants can be protected.【答案】where【举一反三】He wrote a letter _ he explained what had happened in the accident.【答案】where【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他写了一封信，在信中，他解释了这起事故中发生的事情。定语从句中有主语和宾语，先行词在从句中作地点状语，关系副词where相当于in which。【变式探究】Sales director is a position _ communication ability is just as important as sales skills.Awhich Bthat Cwhen Dwhere【答案】D【解析】where引导定语从句并在从句中作状语，相当于in which，即in the position。【变式探究】Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator，_ it will keep for two or three weeks.Awhen Bwhich Cwhere Dwhile【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句。句意：无论剩下什么东西，都可以放入冰箱中，在那儿可以保存两三个星期。“where it will keep for two or three weeks”是定语从句，关系副词where在从句中作地点状语。【方法技巧】不是地点胜似“地点”“模糊化的地点”要用关系副词where高考试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂，从先行词为明显的“地点”转为“模糊化的地点”。事实上，对于where这个词不能只理解为表地点。当先行词是表示某物的situation/case，到了何种地步(point)，或某事物所发展的阶段stage，或表达某事的某个方面(scene)时，都可用where。They have reached the_point_where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers where consumer complains have resulted in changes in the law.(wherein the cases)消费者的抱怨导致法律的改变的案例将在本章稍后向读者介绍。这些不是地点胜似“地点”的名词的归属问题即当不当“地点”看是解答这类定语从句的关键。题型四、as引导的定语从句【例4】(2017北京卷改编)I have never performed such a task that youve asked me to do. _【解析】句意：我从来没有做过你要我做的这种工作。关系词引导定语从句，并在从句中作宾语指物，题干中有such，故此处用关系代词as引导这个定语从句，且as在从句中作do的宾语。【答案】thatas【变式探究】 (2015江苏，21)The number of smokers, is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. 解析句意：据报道，吸烟者的数量在一年内下降了17%。as引导的定语从句，在这里作主语，意为“正如，这一点”，代替整个主句的内容。答案as【变式探究】The air quality in the city，_ is shown in the report，has improved over the past two months.Athat Bit Cas Dwhat【答案】C【变式探究】A lot of language learning，_ has been discovered，is happening in the first year of life，so parents should talk much to their children during that period.Aas Bit Cwhich Dthis【答案】A【解析】句意：正如人们所发现的那样，许多语言学习是在生命的第一年进行的，所以在那个时期父母应该多跟孩子说话。考查非限制性定语从句中关系代词的选用。根据句子结构可知，空格处为非限制性定语从句的引导词，先行词为一个句子(即A lot of language learning is happening.)，先行词在定语从句中作主语。当定语从句为被动语态时，常用as作主语来引导定语从句；如果从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语。故答案为A项，as意为：正如。【方法技巧】as引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式(1)其中关系代词as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。如：We have found such materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。(as作主语)These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.这些房子以人们预料的那样的低价出售。(as作宾语)He is not the same man as he was.他和过去不同了。(as作表语)注意：such.as.引导的定语从句与such.that.引导的状语从句的区别：第一个句子中as引导的是定语从句，因为从句中缺成分；而第二个句子中that引导的是状语从句，从句中不缺任何成分。 (2).such as.such为代词，意为“这样的人或物”，as在从句中作成分，修饰先行词such。如：This book is not such as I expect.这不是我想要的书。(as作宾语)题型五、介词+关系代词【例5】The children, all of _ had played the whole day long, were worn out.【答案】whom【举一反三】He may win the competition, _ case he is likely to get into the national team.【答案】in which【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他也许会赢得比赛，那样的话，他就可能会进入国家队。此处引导定语从句，in which case指代“他可能会赢得比赛”这件事情。【变式探究】Care of the soul is a gradual process _ even the small details of life should be considered.Awhat Bin what Cwhich Din which【答案】D 【变式探究】Julie was good at German，French and Russian，all of _ she spoke fluently.Awho Bwhom Cwhich Dthat【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句。先行词为物，且关系代词用在介词后面，故应用which。句意：Julie擅长德语、法语和俄语，这三种语言她说得都很流利。【变式探究】She showed the visitors around the museum，the construction _ had taken more than three years.Afor which Bwith which Cof which Dto which【答案】C【解析】句意：她带着游客参观了这个博物馆花了三年多才建成的建筑。the construction of(的建筑)，which指代the museum。【归纳总结】如何选择“介词关系代词”中的介词在“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句中，介词的选择是关键，也是考生深感头痛之处。介词的选择可依据以下原则：(1)根据该介词和先行词的固定搭配来确定。I admire my English teacher very much from whom I learn a lot.(learn from sb为固定搭配)(2)根据定语从句中的动词习惯搭配来确定。There are some people to whom you can turn.(turn to sb为固定搭配)(3)根据从句中的形容词搭配来确定。He introduced me some reference b