中国历史TimelineofChinesehistory.doc

/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_historyTimeline of Chinese historyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaPre-Historic ChinaDateEmperorEventsOther people/events400,000 BCPeking Man of Zhoukoudian (est.)7600 BCZhenpiyan CultureArchaeological evidence on domestication of pig for the first time.17500 BCPengtoushan CultureAnalysis of Chinese rice residues show that rice had been domesticated by this time.7000 BCPeiligang Culture6600 BCJiahu Script: still under debate whether this can be considered as a form of writing6000 BCCishan CultureArchaeological evidence on domestication of dog and chicken for the first time.15000 BCBaijia CultureArchaeological evidence on domestication of ox and sheep for the first time.14500 BCApproximate end of Hemudu culture.4000 BCBanpo Script; scholars still debate if it is actual writing or not.3630 BCApproximate date of the oldest discovered silk in China, found by archaeologists in what is now Henan province in what was the late Yangshao period.3000 BCLongshan CultureDuring the Longshan Neolithic period, the buffalo are domesticated for the first time in China, and the plow may have been used.2570 BCApproximate date for the silk and other items found at the Liangzhu culture site at Qianshanyang in Wuxing District, Zhejiang; silk items found there included a braided silk belt, silk threads, and woven silk.Three Sovereigns and Five EmperorsDateRulerEventsOther people/events2852 BCFuxiThis period is part of the Chinese mythology2737 BCYan Emperor2697 BCYellow EmperorThe Battle of Banquan, the first battle in Chinese history and the Battle of Zhuolu, the second battle in Chinese history, fought by the Yellow Emperor.2650 BCLegend of Cangjie, inventor of the Chinese Character2597 BCShaohao2514 BCZhuanxu2436 BCEmperor Ku2366 BCEmperor Zhi2358 BCYaoYao ordered Gun, father of Xia Yu, to tame the flooding of the rivers.2255 BCShunGun failed in taming the flooding of the river, therefore Shun executed him and let his son Xia Yu continue his fathers work.2205 BCThe End of the Three Sovereigns and Five EmperorsXia DynastyDateRulerEventsOther people/events2194 BCYuBronze Age in China2146 BCQi2117 BCTai Kang2100 BCErlitou Culture1600 BCShang DynastyDateRulerEventsOther people/events1723 BC1400 BCErligang Culture1398 BCPan GengAround this time, the capital is moved from Zhengzhou to Yinxu.1250 BCWu Ding1200 BCOracle Bone Script, providing the first evidence for the Chinese calendar system.Around this time, the militant consort Fu Hao is buried in her tomb at Yinxu.1122 BCThe Zhou Dynasty is founded on the periphery of the Shang realm.1101Di Yi1075 BCKing Zhou of Shang1050 BCKing Wen of Zhou dies, making this the alleged latest date for the creation of the mathematical King Wen sequence.1047 BCKing Zhou of Shang takes Daji as his concubine.1046 BCBattle of Muye; last Shang ruler allegedly dies while his palace burns to the ground.Western Zhou DynastyDateRulerEventsOther people/events1034 BCWuBronzeware script in greater use.1042 BCCheng1027 BC1020 BCKang1000 BCEarliest possible date for the compilation of the Shi Jing (Book of Songs)995 BCZhao976 BCMuDuring the 12th year of King Mus reign, Zhou forces attacked and defeated some branches of the Rong people, allowing for territorial expansion of Zhou. King Mus critics, including the Duke of Zhai (as recorded in a later 4th century BC discourse of the Mu Tian zizhuan), stated that Mus expeditions to displace the Rong people were unjustified, as they kept to their own lands and hence abided by their station in the cosmological-political order with China at the center.922 BCGong899 BCYi (Ji Jian)891 BCXiao885 BCYi (Ji Xie)When the nomadic Rong people of Taiyuan staged an attack on the Zhou capital at Haojing, King Yi called upon the aid of his nobles, a significant event which demarcated the beginning of the Zhou monarchs dependence on their regional nobles to defend the kingdom. Under the command of Guo Gong, the Zhou were able to defeat the Rong people in a significant battle circa 854 BC, reportedly capturing about a thousand horses.877 BCLiDuring Lis reign, the Western Rong people launched an invasion deep into Chinese territory before being pushed out.841 BCGonghe RegencyFirst year of concise, consecutive court dating at the beginning of the regency of Gonghe.827 BCXuan781 BCYou771 BCAfter King You had replaced Queen Shen with a favored concubine Baosi, the queens father, the Marquis of Shen, allied with the Quanrong nomadic tribe to sack the capital. Queen Shens son Ji Yijiu was then put on the throne, initiating the Eastern Zhou era.Eastern Zhou DynastyDateRulerEventsOther people/events770 BCPing722 BCSpring and Autumn Period begins, the State of Lu begins the chronicle of the Spring and Autumn Annals.Capital moved from Xian to Luoyang.720 BCHuan707 BCKing Huan of Zhou led a campaign against Duke Zhuang of Zheng after the latter refused to appear in the capital, angered that Huan had dismissed him from his old post as Left Advisor at court. King Huan was allegedly shamed when he was injured in the shoulder by an arrow in an ensuing battle. Duke Zhuang continued to rule Zheng until his death in 701 BC.697 BCZhuang685 BCThe Duke Huan of Qi began rule over the State of Qi in this year, and was the first of the Five Hegemons who assumed great autonomy from the Zhou Dynasty monarch, the latter whom became more or less a figurehead during the Eastern Zhou.682 BCXi677 BCHui651 BCXiang645 BCDeath of Guan Zhong, the chancellor of Qi who was appointed by Duke Huan as recommended by Bao Shuya. Guan initiated centralizing administrative and economic reforms that, for a time, made Qi the most successful and developed state in ancient China.632 BCBattle of Chengpu618 BCQing612 BCKuang606 BCDingSunshu Ao, Chinas first known hydraulic engineer.595 BCBattle of Bi585 BCJian575 BCBattle of Yanling571 BCLing551 BCLao Zi, Confucius548 BCOldest known reference to the weiqi or go board game.544 BCJing (Jia Gui)Four occupation (est.)543 BCGuided by the aristocratic statesman Zi Chan, the State of Zheng creates a formal code of law.520 BCJing (Ji Gai)515 BCKing Liao of Wu is assassinated by Zhuan Zhu, allowing King Hel of Wu to ascend to the throne.506 BCBattle of Boju500 BCApproximate date for the invention of cast iron in China and the earliest possible date for the invention of the iron plough, which by the 3rd century BC, with better casting techniques, would become the heavy moldboard iron plough.Approximate date for the first use of bronze knife money.486 BCKing Fuchai of Wu has the Han Gou built, a proto-section of the Grand Canal of China484 BCDeath of Wu Zixu, an official of Wu and advisor to King Hel.482 BCKing Goujian of Yue captures the Wu state capital in a surprise assault while King Fuchai was away at Huangchi.481 BCEnd of Spring and Autumn Period475 BCYuan473 BCThe State of Wu is annexed by the State of Yue.470 BCBirth of Mozi468 BCZhending465 BCDeath of King Goujian of Yue; his sword was later found in an archaeological site in Hubei in the 1960s.441 BCAi & Si440 BCKao432 BCTomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng425 BCWeilie403 BCThe State of Jin is partitioned, marking the beginning of the Warring States. Meanwhile, the Marquis Wen of Wei ascends to power, sponsoring Confucianism in Wei, and employing able advisors such as the Legalist Li Kui, the militant officer Wu Qi, and the hydraulic engineer Ximen Bao.401 BCAn400 BCAstronomers Gan De and Shi ShenStar catalogue compilation (est.)Earliest date for the creation of the earliest known maps made in China, from the State of Qin.389Latest possible date for the Zuo Zhuan historical text.386The city of Handan is founded, serving as the capital for Zhao.381 BCWu Qi assassinated at the funeral of King Diao of Chu; his book, the Wuzi, is considered one of the Seven Military Classics.375 BCLieThe State of Zheng is annexed by Han.370 BCPhilosopher Zhuangzi is born around this time.368 BCXian354 BCBattle of Guiling350 BCEarliest proposed date for the Guodian Chu Slips, containing the oldest known version of the Tao Te Ching, parts of the Classic of History, and a chapter from the Classic of Rites342 BCBattle of MalingCrossbow used in China.320 BCShenjing319 BCPhilosopher Mencius becomes an official in the State of Qi316 BCDeath of Sun Bin314 BCNan310 BCBirth of Xunzi307 BCImitating the northern nomadic armies, King Wuling of Zhao reforms the Zhao states military by adopting formal cavalry ranks over charioteers and importing the trouser-pants style of the nomads for soldiers.305 BCBirth of Zou Yan, whose school of thought would for the first time systematically combine the two premodern theories of Yin and yang and the Five Elements.300 BCErya, Chinas oldest known dictionary293 BCBattle of Yique278 BCThe poem Lament for Ying is written by Qu Yuan after discovering that the capital of Chu had been captured by Qin.260 BCBattle of Changping256 BCLast king of Zhou dies, marking the end of the dynasty.Dujiangyan Irrigation System250 BCRepeating crossbow featured in drawings from the records of Chu.246 BCThe Zhengguo Canal is completed by Zheng Guo of Qin.Imperial ChinaQin DynastyDateEmperorEventsOther people/events361 BCXiao356 BCShang Yang initiates a reform movement in the Qin state, which is outlined in the Book of Lord Shang.338 BCHuiwenShang Yang is executed.316 BCShu and Ba are conquered by Qin311 BCKing Wu306 BCZhaoxiang293 BCBattle of Yique255 BCSeven Warring States250 BCXiaowen249 BCZhuangxiang246 BCYing ZhengYing Zheng becomes King of Qin230 BCHan is conquered by Qin227 BCJing Ke fails to assassinate the King of Qin.223 BCChu is conquered by Qin222 BCYan and Zhao are conquered by Qin.221 BCQin Shihuang(First Emperor)Qin state emerges victorious, as the warring states of China are unified under a single empire with a powerful central government.Imperial Seal of China220 BCGreat Wall construction beginsLi Si standardizes the writing system with Small Seal Script characters.214 BCThe Lingqu Canal is engineered by Shi Lu, and is the oldest contour canal (i.e. follows a contour line) in the world213 BCStart of the Book Burning policy210 BCBurial of the Terracotta Army, featuring over 8,000 terracotta statues and the earliest known umbrellas in China.209 BCQin Er ShiChieftain Modu Shanyu establishes the Xiongnu Empire on the northern steppe.Low-ranking officers Chen Sheng and Wu Guang rebel against Qin after fear of execution for delay of arriving at a post with newly-drafted conscripts; their small revolt initiates a gradual but massive and uncoordinated revolt on several fronts against Qin authority.208 BCChief eunuch Zhao Gao has the Chancellor Li Si executed, destabilizing Qin as the rebellions of Xiang Yu and others become widespread.Qin General Zhang Han defeats Chen Sheng and Wu Guang.207 BCZiyingXiang Yu forces the surrender of Qin general Zhang Han, but Liu Bang captures Hanzhong, the heart of Qin. Qin leader Ziying executes his chief eunuch Zhao Gao and formally submits to Liu BangNanyue is established in Vietnam by Qin general Zhao Tuo.206 BCIn the first month of 206 BC, after Liu Bang occupied the Qin capital of Xianyang, his rival Xiang Yu arrives at the city and allegedly plunders and burns it to the ground, killing Ziying and the remnants of the Qin royal family. Although Ziying had already submitted to Liu Bang in the last month of 207 BC, this event is viewed by historians as the final event of the Qin Dynasty.Western Han DynastyDateEmperorEventsOther people/events206 BCChu-Han contention begins, a civil war between the forces of Liu Bang and Xiang Yu after the fall of Qin that lasts until 202 BCFeast at Hong Gate205 BCBattle of Jingxing202 BCGaozuBattle of Gaixia200 BCBattle of BaidengSometime in the 2nd century BC, the multi-tube seed drill is invented and increases agricultural yields as seeds are carefully planted in rows instead of being cast out onto the crop field.193 BCDeath of Xiao He, the Prime Minister of Han195 BC190 BCHuiChangan becomes the eastern terminus of the Silk Road connecting to Europe189 BCDeath of Zhang Liang, a former marquis of the State of Han and key advisor to Liu Bang who helped found the Han Dynasty.180 BCWenRule of Wen and JingL Clan Disturbance168 BCMawangdui Silk Texts are interred at the tombs of Mawangdui, containing some of the oldest known textual versions of the Book of Changes.157 BCJing141 BCWu140 BCPersuaded by Dong Zhongshus essay in a literary competition, Emperor Wu, or his Prime Minister Wei Wan, adopts Confucianism at court.139 BCUnder the patronage of Prince Liu An, the scholars known as the Eight Immortals of Huainan publish the Huainanzi, a philosophical text that also covered subjects of military strategy as well as geography and cartography.133 BCSino-Xiongnu WarBattle of Mayi130 BCSino-Roman relations125 BCZhang Qian returns to China to report on his travels and the kingdoms of Dayuan (Fergana), Kangju (Sogdiana), Daxia (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom), Shendu (Indo-Greek Kingdom), Anxi (Parthia), and Taozhi (Mesopotamia).119 BCBattle of Mobei108 BCBattle of LoulanWiman Joseon in Korea falls to Han forces.102 BCEmperor Wus forces besiege Kokand in the Fergana Valley100 BCSteel in China.94 BCZhao91 BCSima Qian completes the Records of the Grand Historian, a groundbreaking work in Chinese historiography.86 BCDeath of Jin Midi, an official of Xiongnu ethnicity who became a regent of the Han Dynasty during the early reign of Zhao.74 BCXuan67 BCBattle of Jushi60 BCProtectorate of the Western Regions is established.48 BCYuanConsort Ban, a famous female poet, is born around this time.40 BCThe Ji Jiu Pian dictionary records Chinas first known use of the treadle-operated tilt hammer, while the later book Xinlun by Huan Tan (d. 28 AD) described the first hydrualic-powered trip hammer which would have been operated by a waterwheel.37 BCDeath of Jing Fang, who was the first in music theory to note that 53 just fifths approximates 31 octaves. Like the later Zhang Heng, he was also a proponent of the radiating influence theory, which stated that the light of the moon was merely the reflected light of the sun.36 BCBattle of Zhizhi30 BCFirst mention of the wheelbarrow in history.18 BCLien zhuan, a book about exemplary women in Chinese history, is compiled by the scholar Liu Xiang.32 BCCheng6 BCAi1 BCPing1 ADSometime from this year until the end of the century, the earliest representation of a stern-mounted rudder for steering ships is made in China, on a tomb model of a sailing junk.2Han government census counts 59 million people in the empire.3Emperor Ping establishes a nationwide school system on the central, prefectural, and county levels.6Ruzi8Liu Xin completes his star catalogue of 1080 stars, as well as fixing the year at 365.25016 days long (11 minutes longer than the modern year) by calculating the synodic month to be 29 43/81 days long, with a total of 235 synodic months adding up to 19 years. He is also the first Chinese to attempt a more accurate calculation of pi at 3.154, as the Chinese before him simply approximated it to 3. Zhang Heng and Liu Hui would later improve upon Lius calculation in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, respectively.Xin DynastyDateEmperorEventsOther people/events9Wang MangRuzi Ying is dethroned; Wang Mang initiates the short-lived Xin DynastyWang Mang introduces the well-field system of land distribution and agricultural production.10Wang Mang introduces an income tax of 10% for professionals and skilled laborers.Wang Mang outlaws the private use of crossbows. Despite this, Liu Xiu (the later Emperor Guangwu of Han) purchases them on the black market to aid the rebellion of his brother Liu Yan and rebel leader Li Tong in early winter of 22.12With pressure from aristocrats, Wang is forced to rescind the well-field system.17Wang Mang imposes government monopolies on liquor, salt, iron, coinage, forestry, and fishing.Mother L initiates rebellion against a county magistrate in Shandong province.18Death of Yang Xiong, a poet, Daoist, and author who wrote the first dialect dictionary of China, the Fangyan.23Battle of KunyangStorming of Weiyang Palace, Wang Mang is killed, Gengshi restores the Han Dynasty.Eastern Han DynastyDateEmperorEventsOther people/events23Gengshi25Guangwu27Chimei rebels surrender to Han authority after defeat31Prefect Du Shi invents waterwheel-p