国际音标发音规则.docVIP

标准美国英语语音教程Standard Course of General American Phonetics 本教材说明：本教程所编内容为作者二十年潜心钻研之成果，许多诀窍为国内外首次披露，简明扼要。“真传一句话，假传万卷书。”攻克语音关是学习英语成败的关键。语音如能纯正, 自己讲英语时有信心，容易得到别人的夸奖，今后发展词汇记忆、听力练习奠定良好的基础。“好的开头是成功的一半。” 第一课. 世界英语种类及美国英语的特点 英语是国际性语言，以英语为母语、官方语言、第二语言的人数超过讲汉语的人数,曾经学习过和正在学习、打算学习英语的人更是不尽其数。不同地方的人在讲英语时当然会有各自的特点，因此就有英式英语、澳大利亚英语、南非英语、印度英语、美国英语、加拿大英语等等。当然，这样划分是极为粗泛的，其实仅在英国就有很多种英语方言。在此我仅指各个国家具有代表性的标准英语口音。今天的美国英语，原来都是由英国人带到美国的。当英国的殖民者在十七世纪来到北美洲大西洋沿岸定居时，也带来了英国的语言。美国的语言学家们一致认为：这些殖民者的英语，就是当时英国的标准英语，也是英国大文学家莎士比亚、培根、米尔顿所讲的英语。有位语言学家曾推断：“如果莎翁在世，他说的英语一定带美国口音。” 美国英语依口音来划分大致可分为三种：东部美国话、南部美国话和普通美国话。“东部美国话”的使用地区在美国东北角大西洋沿岸的新英格兰，即现在的New Hampshire, Vermont, Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut六个州范围内。使用这种话的地区和人数，在美国占极小的比例。但因这一地区的居民与伦敦一直保持较密切的接触，跟着英国标准英语发音变化，所以今天这种美国话的主要发音特点与英式英语很相似，肯尼迪总统的口音就是标准的东部美国话。“南部美国话”的使用地区基本上在美国称为“南方”的十一个州：Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Caroline, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia。使用这种发音的地区和人数，在美国也只占较小的比例，但东部美国话所占的比例大。在这个范围内的居民，也因跟伦敦一直保持较密切的联系，所以他们的发音特点与英式英语也很相似，但与东部美国话又有一些区别。卡特总统说的就是“南部美国话”。除上述两个地区以外的美国广大地区所用的英语，就叫做“美国普通话(General American)”，也就是一般所谓的“美国音”，这种发音最有代表性，使用的人数最多、地区最广，约占美国人口、地域的75。今天美国普通话的发音基本上保持着英国十七世纪标准音的各个特点，与英国北部的发音很相似。目前，美国普通话无论在人数上、地区上和用途上都占着绝对优势。又由于美国交通发达，人民经常旅行、迁居、换工作地点，流动性大，所以美国普通话将日益影响其它较小的方言而改变其发音。今天美国的播音员、演员，以及主要用的是美国普通话，它对所有的听众都会发生影响，也是美国之音的标准发音模式。美国虽然幅员辽阔，也有一些方言上的区别，但总的说来，美国英语还是相当一致的。假如说美国普通话的人和说东部美国话、南部美国话的人交谈起来，尽管彼此都会感觉到对方的乡音，但主要的特征，如语调、重音、速度等，基本上是一个模式，因而相互理解毫无问题，都是“美国音”。英国本土虽小，但方言众多，而且各方言之间在发音上的差别相当大。但自十六世纪以来，英国南部，尤其是以伦敦方言为基本的发音，逐渐成为英国全国各地知识分子学习和摹仿的标准。直到今天，英国各地还是以这种发音为标准。这种发音的特点是很少带有各地方言的土音，因而各地的人都很容易听懂。所以，虽然使用这种发音人基本上只是英国南部受过相当教育，尤其是受过学费昂贵的私立公学教育的人，但仍不失为一种标准。不但英国电台、电视台用这种发音向国内外广播，英国英语语音学书里称其为“标准发音(Standard Pronunciation)”, 后改称为公认的发音(Received Pronunciation)。 第二课. 英语字母、音素、音标 n 英语是一种拼音文字，单词由字母拼写而成。n 英语字母共26个，分别有大、小写两种形式。英语字母按顺序排列如下：l A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Zl a b c d e f g h I j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 字母 名称 字母 名称 A aB bC cD dE eF fG gH hI iJ jK kL lM m eibi:si:di:i:efdVi:eitFaidVeikeielem N nO oP pQ qR rS sT tU uV vW wX xY yZ z enoupi:kju:aresti :ju:vi:dQblju:ekswaizi: n 英语字母分元音字母和辅音字母。a, e, i, o, u是元音字母，其余是辅音字母。辅音字母y有时也可用作元音字母。n 音素是具有区别词义作用的最小语音单位。标准英国英语中共有44个音素，其中20个为元音音素，24个为辅音音素和音标（美音略有不同）。n 为不使学员将本书语音知识与学校通用课本内容相混淆，故使用折衷的办法进行音标标记，与学校课本中的标音法大同小异 美国普通话(GA)元音辅音国际音标(本书折衷方案) 元 音音标 例词 发音 音标 例词 发音i: see si: u: too tu:i sit sit u good gudei date deit ago goue yet jet r first frst sad sd cut ktA lot lAt ai eye ai: law l: au out autou go gou i boy bi 辅 音音标 例词 发音 音标 例词 发音p pen pen S she Si:b buy bai Z pleasure pleZrt tea ti: h he hi:d do du: tS chair tSerk cat kt dZ job dZAbg game geim m man mnf five faiv n name neim v very veri: N sing siNT thick Tik l let letD this Dis w way weis say sei j yes jesz zoo zu: r read ri:d 第三课. 前元音 i: i e 1.中国学生在学习 i: 和 i 时，最普遍的错误是将这两个音发成与汉语“衣”近似的音，其实“衣（汉语拼音标记为y）”中含有一个半元音j，在发英语的 i: 和 i时，务必要将半元音去掉，感觉音似乎是直接振动声带、从喉中发出。发 i: 的诀窍是一定要将嘴角用力向两边后收紧，嘴唇正面扁窄，开口小，音值长；发i嘴角不向后咧，唇上下张开，上齿与下齿间能容纳一指宽度，音短促有力，在弱读音节中i与区别极小，以致可以由取代。练习：i: be, me, he, she, we, see, meet, week, feel, steel, free, tree, clean, field, street meter, teacher, season, reason, people, easily, completely, immediately the Chinese people, a real secret, the East Sea Fleet She is Peters niece. Are these seats free? The leaves of these trees are green. A friend in need is a friend indeed. We sleep peacefully, dream sweetly and speak freely. i fish, pig, big, Philips, pill, kill, kick, quick, tip, zip, ship, this, think, rich, fill, willa big city / pretty busy / bit by bit / little by little / finish it quicklyTim is as thin as a pin.This ship hit the bridge.Ill sit as still as a hill.This is a kitchen sink with dishes in it.He will bring his little sister with him this evening. i:-i sheep ship heat hit leave live heal hill peach pitch sleep slipfeel fill seek sick bee bill 2. e其实标记为更为准确，但为了不使学员将其与国内现行音标相混淆，故保留通用注法。e音与上海话“梅”字中的元音极为近似，但发音更加响亮、饱满、短促一些。的音值较长，近乎半长音，舌位低平，开口较大。在英式发音中e与的开口度区分明显，但在美式发音中区别较小。在一系列词中，当字母a出现在-ss, -st, -th, -ff, -lf, -nce, -nt前时美国普通话把这个字母念为，而在英式发音中念为:。练习：e bed, get, let, men, yet, then, desk, next, text, kept, tell, fetch, stretch, friend, dead, head, bread, spread, health, many, peasant, pleasure, yellow, forget, attend, eleven,December, readilyten guests / men of sense / fresh eggs / television sets / terrible weather Ted is wet with sweat.Tell Emily to get everything ready.East or west, home is best.All is well that ends well.Better to do well than to say well. Q cap, map, gap, back, mad, hand, land, flat, plan, glad, stamp, laugh, half, last, class, bath, cant, aunt, ask, pass, chance, past, fast, task, staff, plant, rather, command that fat man / hand in hand / bad habits / a black handbag / a cat with a hat Thats that. Thank you for the stamp. Dont let the cat out of the bag. A black cat is catching a fat rat. Sally ran back to get her hat.e-Q met mat set sat Ed add said sad dead dad bed badend and bend band head hadbeg bag kept cat led lad 第四课. 后元音 A : u: u 英音中发A 的字母“ar”组合，在美音中要加卷舌音；少数含A的单词仍然保持了与英音基本一致的发音。练习：A: father palm calmAr far，car，jar，march， lark，dark，park，yard，retard，hard，guard，bark shark，lark The farmers are working hard. A large army marched past the farm. The farmer started home from market in his cart. 英音重读闭音节中含发音的“o”字母时，大部分单词改发A音；“o”位于“s”、“l”和“r”这些软音前，发也较为常见；一些词发音例外。练习：A hot, lot, not, rod, pot, dot, com, fox, cotton, got, pop, sock, job, doctor, object, mock got a job / a model doctor / hot dog / popular novel The clock has stopped. The day is long without a song. A little pot is soon hot. Honesty is the best policy. 例外：美国人通常把god, fog 和dog读成长音，使用短元音的人较少，而在英式发音中为短音。 :在美音中与在英音中的发音大不相同。发英音时要用力圆唇噘嘴，开口度小，音值长，与汉语“我（w）中的元音近似；而在美音开口度较大，发音略显松弛，音值长短依词而定。 练习：: always, caught, fought, bought, slaughter, talk, all, ball, fall, tall, wall, law, drawr pork, fork, horn, morning, torture, sort, force, horse, short, storm, door, floor before dawn / walk and talk / a tall order / fall to the floor / a calm before the storm any port in storm George saw a saw on the wall. Pride comes before a fall. New Lords, new laws. To put the cart before the horse. You can take a horse to the water, but you cant make it drink.发长音u:时用力圆唇噘嘴，开口度小，音值长；发短音u时唇上下张开，唇略噘，肌肉略松驰。 练习：u: tool, fool, cool, who, school, suit, rule, poor, prove, school, spoon, soup, group, fruit, true, blue, through, movie, remove, movement, foolish, noodles, afternoon too soon / a huge spoon / a blue moon Soon it will be June. The news is too good to be true. Beauty is truth, truth beauty. Who said that the soup was too cool? The proof of the pudding is in the eating. 在英语的一些词，凡出现在重读音节中字母t, d, n, l, s后面的字母u 或ew或eu，在英式发音中为ju，但在美国普通话中一般念为u:。练习： nuclear duke new student tube during Tuesday attitude dew suit lure produce u good, book, took, could, look, put, full, push, bush, childhood, room, broom, could, should, would, woman, bullet, fulfill, football, bookcase, notebook, wonderful, good-looking good food / full of books / push and pull / put the broom in the room It was a good book that I took. She took a broom and left the room. We wish we could go to the wood. The cook stood looking at the pudding. I shook it, I pushed it and pulled it, but it was no good. 第五课. 中元音 r 发时感觉舌位要比发汉语的“额()”时低，音从喉中发出；发r当然要卷舌； 在美音中与区别很小，很多美版教科书中索性只标。 练习： ago idea awake fidelity difficult elephant open China banana about arrive across r bird worm doctor skirt driver worker verb river murmur fur water return first were church hurry courage squirrel cut lust love one nut hut Give me some butter and sugar. My younger brother is a doctor. Lets go for a walk along the river. An apple a day keeps the doctor away. The picture of the writer was a failure. Its the early bird that catches the worm. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. Well begun is half done. He has done nothing since Monday. Shut up and hurry up. When your work is done, come out in the sun and have some fun. There isnt much sunshine this month. 第六课. 双元音 ei ou ai au i 英音中双元音滑动明显，而美音中的ei和 ou却几乎是单元音，故美音中没有u音；单词以ei音收尾时，美音里略有滑动，在单词开头或中间时只是单元音。练习：ei lay, eh, tray, train, main, ancient, angel, table, late, same, gate, page, Jane, weight May Day parade / a dangerous race / a strange place / wait for Jane / eighty days No pains, no gains. Call a spade a spade. Haste makes waste. Better late, than never. They were sailing across the straits. A clever student never makes the same mistake again. ou open, ok, over, no, bone, load, oat, go, nose, rose, those, whole, joke, coat, coal, road, soap, old, gold, most, know, slow, snow, throw, open, only, photo, notebook, overcoat, almost, although, shoulder, follow, tomorrow Oh, no! / an old soldier / a hole in the coat / no hope / so cold / load the boat with coal Go and open the window. Dont go home alone. All roads lead to Rome. As you sow, you shall mow. Show me where those roses grow. ai、 au和 i在英音和美音中都发音一致，中国人注意ai不能读成“爱”，au不能读成“奥”。练习：ai I, kite, might, like, smile, high, pipe, life, time, fine, white, shine, quite, right, night, light, fight, height, find, blind, eye, sky, fly, try, cry, final, title, Friday, likely, arrive, alive, decide, beside Eyes Right! / by and by / quite right / arrive at five / fly high in the sky How time flies! Five times five is twenty-five. Great minds think alike. Let by-gones be by-gones. Strike while the iron is hot. I see a white bike on the right side. I like a five-mile bicycle ride. au out, sound, house, shout, count, proud, cloud, ground, loud, now, how, wow, mountain, downtown, thousand, however loud shouts / down south / a thousand flowers / outside the house / without a sound Mr. Brown has gone downtown.