英语十大结构讲解.doc

2013基础班语法、基强班长难句总结一、定语从句- 1 -二、状语从句- 4 -三、名词性从句与结构- 6 -四、非谓语结构- 9 -五、分裂结构- 12 -六、并列结构- 14 -七、倒装结构- 17 -八、比较结构- 20 -九、强调结构- 22 -十、否定结构- 24 -一、定语从句1.In this way, we have learned all that we know of the laws of astronomy, or of the habits of the social insects, let us say. 2.Im usually fairly skeptical about any research that concludes that people are either happier or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves than they were 50 years ago.3.In the first place, any scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting of one or another of the items (the series) (省that) it selects for its consideration).4.What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.5.Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the companys private intranet.6.I have known very few writers, /but those (I have known, and whom I respect), confess at once that they have little idea (where they are going).7.Indeed, there is evidence /同that the rate (at which individuals forget) is directly related to 宾how much they have learned.8.Now since the assessment (of intelligence) is a comparative matter / we must be sure 宾that the scale (with which we are comparing our subjects) provides a valid or fair comparison.9.Silicon Valley is a magnet / to which (numerous talented) engineers, scientists and entrepreneurs (from overseas) flock (目状in search of fame, fast money) and (目状to participate in a technological revolution) / whose impact (on mankind) will surely surpass (the epoch-making) European Renaissance and Industrial Revolution (of the bygone age).10.原状As personal injury claims continue (as before比状), /some courts are beginning to side with defendants, /(especially in cases范围状语) (where a warning label probably wouldnt have changed anything).11.Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number (of every kind of professional) in a country (as large as ours) and (where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations).12.1 2. This trend began during the Second World War, (非限定从when several governments came to the conclusion) that the specific demands (that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment) cannot generally be foreseen in detail.13.Very few writers (on the subject) have explored this distinction / -indeed, (contradiction-which goes to the heart) (of what is wrong with the campaign) (to put computers in the classroom).14.If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply (offered by seller-producers), / (which in tum will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product).15.1 5. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, (when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers misfortunes).When = at that time二、状语从句16.He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. 17.The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. 18.Although perhaps only 1 percent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of plants, that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe. 19.While black conductors were often motivated by their own painful experiences, whites were commonly driven by religious convictions. 20.They had almost reached shore when a watchman spotted them and raced off to spread the news.21.6. Economy is one powerful motive (for camping), / since (after the initial outlay upon equipment), or (through hiring it), the total expense can be far less than the cost of hotels.22.Until we are intelligent as to关于 its laws and varieties, the main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible.= the main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible Until we are intelligent as to关于 its laws and varieties. 那些有关人类生命的基本复杂实事只有在我们了解了其规则与多样性之后方才可以被理解。23.Until these issues are resolved, / a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected and with it possibly the only way to solve our problem.= the only way to solve our problems will possibly continue to be rejected with it.其中it指代前面主句的内容。until 如果不，直到 a technology of behavior 研究行为的技术手段 be rejected 被抛弃；被拒绝；被反对 with it 随之；伴随着它24.The greater interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.exceptional children 残疾儿童；indicate vt.显示、表明（ = suggest）；注意whatever的用法，在名词性从句中whatever = anything (that) 在状语从句中whatever = no matter what；注意让步状语从句翻译时不用前置让步状语从句中如主语与主句主语一样时，可省略主语与谓语动词be，25.Very few people, 让步no matter how intelligent or experienced, can take inventory of the many branching possibilities, possible outcomes, side effects, and undesired consequences (of a policy or a course of action) 时间in a matter of seconds. policy n.（国家）政策、（个人）策略；course v.追赶、指引方向 n.过程课程航向、方向菜（main 主菜） 固定搭配a course of action 一项行动计划；in a matter of seconds几秒钟的时间里三、名词性从句与结构26.Levi Coffin, a teacher (raised in North Carolina), explained, The Bible, 时间in bidding us to feed the hungry and clothe the naked, said nothing about color. S，5种可能，V，主谓之间双逗号的五种可能：同位语（后定）非限制性定语从句非限定语从句的省略状语从句插入语，启示一阅读时跳过；启示二写作时熟练运用27.Henson is but one name (on a long list) (of courageous men and women) (who together forged the Underground Railroad), / a secret web (of escape routes and safe houses) (that they used 非搭目状to liberate slaves from the American South). but = only;merely;just仅仅；forge 锻造伪造；名词后如为短后定，翻译时放名词前合译；如为长后定，则另起一段进行分译；注意介词of的用法，of后面常接原材料和组成部分：be made of, be made up of, consist of；这里used to不是过去常常的意思，而是used (that) to do 用来做事, that引导词在从句中做use 的宾语28.Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, / a character (who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself). rather adv.相当的+adj./adv. = To be exact 确切地说 = On the contrary 恰恰相反；conceive v.构思、相像、理解 conception n.理解 concept n.概念；have a certain/no conception of 对有所特定的/毫不 理解；character n.u性格c具体某种性格的人；29.Alongside me was a slender woman (in a black dress), / my guide (back to a time) (when the surrounding settlement in Dresden, Ontario, was home to a hero (in American history). A slender woman in black dress was alongside me. guide n.向导v.引导（转译法：有动词含义的名词，在翻译时可译为动词，反之有名词含义的动词，翻译时可译为名词，如这里guide“向导”翻译为“带领”）；30.时In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones插, you might gather the impression / (同位that they find 宾the scientific method 宾补a substitute (for imaginative thought).substitute v.替代n.替代物（用转译法）；注意一些介词与名词的固有搭配，如interest in, impact on, substitute for, response to；thought 如前面有冠词a,the为可数名词“想法，念头”，如无为不可数表示“想象、思维”；that引导同位语从句，可以翻译为“即”或“：”31.Word spread / that fleeing slaves could always find refuge at the Coffin home. （名饰分裂2）注意spread vi.传开vt.传播，这里做vi指消息传开了；flee v.逃离；refuge 庇护32.If you see an article consistently advertised原理see sth done , it is the surest proof / (I know (省that) (that the article does what is claimed of it), and (that it represents good value). claim of （of = about, 如talk of, speak of, boast of, think of）；represent vt.代表；see sb. doing sth.正做/do sth.做/done.被做；what = all that proof prove （技巧：当名词有对应动词时翻译可以转译）；article n.冠词文章商品；33.(Whether the remarkable growth (of organized camping) means the eventual death (of the more independent kind) is hard (to say状). whether引导名词性从句做主语；eventual adj.最终的；kind n.种类 all kind of34.It is a strange thought, but (I believe) a correct one, / that twenty or thirty pages of ideas and information would be capable of turning the pre sent-day world upside down, or even destroying it. but I believe a correct one 中的I believe是插入语，省了双逗号，应为but, I believe, a correct one 可视为省略，即but a correct one；It is.that.句型翻译时先翻译that部分35.While=although its true that we all need a career, /it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge in fields (far removed from our own) and that we are better for our understanding of these other contributions(-be they scientific or artistic). 注意while的用法“当期间”引导时间状语从句 = Although(注意后面不用but)“虽然但是”引导让步状语从句“而”作为并列连词，接连两个平行句子；Its true that+从句，but+主句；incredible 不可思议的，an incredible( = large) amount of；field田野足球场领域；the field far removed from our own 远离我们的领域（即冷门领域），far为副词不重要，核心词是remove；be they scientific or artistic = whether they are scientific or artistic 虚拟语气（重点在于加强语气），注意这里they指代contributions to36.The irony (of the historians craft) is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions (to an unending process). irony n.讽刺adj.铁制的；craft n.手工艺行业太空船；practice 实践开业practice the law/the medicine 开业当律师当医生 practitioner从业者；contribution to对的贡献.四、非谓语结构37.The consumers would be able to select their view of the match on a gigantic, flat screen (occupying the whole of one wall), (with images of a clarity) (which cannot be foreseen at present).Be sufficient to do= be enough to do足以做某事，38.Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. / Others are reasonable consequences (of particular advances) (in science) (being to some extent self-accelerating).consequence （贬）后果（褒）意义、重要性 a man of consequence重要人物 （中）结果；advance = progress；some一些某个，some extent 由于extent是单数，为在某种程度上，to some extent=to some degree 注意介词to的搭配39.This temptation (to cover the distance) (between himself and the reader), (to study his image in the sight of those) (who do not know him), can be his undoing: he has begun to write to please. temptation 诱惑temporary 暂时；undoing 毁灭、取消；please v.请vt.使高兴、取悦 be pleased with In light of SB. 用某人的立场或观点来看。To cover the distance between A and B,消除A与B间的距离。40.(Twenty or thirty pages of) information (handed to any of the major world powers around the year 1925) would have been sufficient 结果状语to change the course of world history.41.The only meals (regularly taken together in Britain these days) are at the weekend, among rich families (struggling to retain something of the old symbol of togetherness). struggle 奋斗、努力挣扎；symbol symbolize 转译42.In the American economy, the concept (of private property) embraces not only the ownership (of productive resources) but also certain rights, (including=which includes the right) (to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual). embrace vt.拥抱包括；ownership 所有权；including 有2种理解include+ing作介词43.An education (that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job) is a technical education, (非定(which is) justified for reasons) (radically different from 宾why education is universally required by law). just adv.刚好、恰恰adj.公平的、合理的justice n.公平、正义、法律justify vt.使公正、使合理，证明合理/正当的；radically 根本地；universally 普遍地44.His colleague, Michael Beer, says 宾that far too many companies have applied re-engineering 方式in a mechanistic fashion, 结果chopping out costs 伴随without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. apply vt.应用vi.(for)申请；re-engineering工程重组；fashion （口语）时尚（文）=way方式，in this way/fashion/manner/mode =by this means 通过这样的方式；sufficient=enough 足够的；term n.期（学期、任期），long term 长期；profit n.利润profitable 有利可图的profitability 可盈利性45.“Im not afraid of dying 范围状语from a spiritual point of view, / but what I was afraid of was how Id go, 原因because Ive watched people die (地点in the hospital) (伴随fighting for oxygen) and (伴随clawing at their masks), he says. fight for = struggle for 为奋斗、为苦苦挣扎；see/watch + do/doing sth. 看见某人做/正在做某事 be afraid of 担心、害怕；46.To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, 目的状语it helps to think small. talk big 吹牛 think big 异想天开think small 缜密思考47.To criticize it 原因状语for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer (原因状语for not measuring wind velocity). be comparable to可和什么相提并论。48.(Where to turn for expert information and how to determine 宾which expert advice to accept) are questions (facing many people) today. 特殊疑问词+不定式相当于复合不定式turn to sb. for sth. 为某事求助于某人turn where for sth. 为某事到哪里；face vt.面对使对面 to face sb. with sth. 49.The target is wrong, / 原因状语for (时间状语in) attacking the tests, critics divert attention 地点状语from the fault (that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users).Lie with / in 致力于50.But, 范围状语for a small group of students, professional training might be the way (to go), /原因状语 since well-developed skills, (all other factors being equal独立主格做插入语), can be the difference (between having a job and not). well-developed skill 娴熟的技能；difference 不同的关键的， Whether he comes or not makes great/no difference.他来不来很关键（或没关系、不重要）51.The fact (that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the worlds rain forest) does not seem surprising, / 独立主格表原因considering the huge number (of insects) (that comprise the bulk of the species).considering 的主语为不言自明的人们或大家considering that，considering + n.考虑到（引导原因状语从句）；comprise=compose=make up 组成；be said that 据说，be believed 据信，be though据信 五、分裂结构52.It is no use offering the manual laborer, tired out with a hard weeks sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. 53.It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or business man, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend.54.The sense is growing that the Americans need to turn things round fast, militarily and politically, if they are to ensure that events do not spin out control. 55.I do not doubt that it would be possible to inject ideas into the modem world that would utterly destroy us.56.The Victorians, realizing that the greatest happiness accorded to man is that provided by a happy marriage, endeavored to pretend that all their marriages were happy.57.Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays, when they come, are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vocation.58.A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or to express the emotion it rouses in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond.59.Granted, a snobbery of camping itself, based upon equipment and techniques, already exists; but it is of a kind that, if he meets it, he can readily understand and deal with.60.I am sure that, without modem weapons, I would make a very poor show of disputing the ownership of a cave with a bear, and in this I do not think that I stand alone.61.And we are so accustomed to reading almost every week newspaper reports about new discoveries being made by man that we tend to take the progress and benefit of scientific research for granted.62.The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms.63.We must conclude from the work of those who have studied the origin of life, that given a planet only approximately like our own, life is almost certain to start.64.The present question is that many people consider impossible what is really possible if effort is made. 65.Make sure you include in the examination paper whatever questions they didnt know the answers to last time. 66.While warnings are often appropriate and necessary the dangers of drug interactions, for example - and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isnt clear (that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.六、并列结构67.But (People) judging from recent studies (of crying behavior, links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears), / both those responses (to tears) are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.68.It applies equally to traditional historians (who view history as only external and internal criticism of sources) and to social science historians (who equate their activity with specific techniques).69.Morocco and California are bits (of the Earth) (in very similar latitudes), / both (on the west coasts) of (continents) with similar climates, and probably with rather similar natural resources.70.How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness (of the information) (used) and on the skill and wisdom (with which it information is always interpreted).71.The fact (of first-rate importance) is the predominant role (that custom plays in experience and in belief), and the very great varieties (省that) it may manifest).72.The casual friendliness (of many Americans) should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result (of a historically developed cultural tradition).NeitherA norB,but C.实质是not but73.“The test (of any democratic society),” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in 宾从how well it can control expression but in 宾从whether it gives freedom of thought and expression间宾 the widest possible latitude直宾, / however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be.”74.Towns (like Bournemouth and Eastbourne) sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes /