雅思阅读技巧及常考词汇.ppt

做题策略的制定,有序的题型可以只划出该题型的第一个 无序的题型需要全部划出 如果记不住太多的关键词可以借助笔记在文章的空白处。 无序的题型：headings, matching中以句子编题号的,解决阅读速度慢的问题,1. 阅读方法的问题，详略不当 解决方案 以题目为导向快速搜索（以特殊词，专有名词做为定位词的时候，通常第一次出现该词时，出题机率大） 读段首的句子，预测该段内容 需要注意的句型： 概括性强的句子 e.g. There were several reasons why original science continued to be written in Latin 承上启下的句子 e.g. Bats are not only creatures to face this difficulty. 问句 e.g. Given the questions of how to maneuver in the dark, what solutions might an engineer consider? e.g. What is the role of the shinbashira, the central pillar?,长句囫囵吞枣 e.g. The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programs in environmental studies in their schools.,2. 不能准确定位,解决方案- 二次定位法 City life is one factor that encourages the development of intelligence. (T / F / NG) -Whereas prehistoric man had no exposure to urban lifestyles the forcing house of intelligence the evidence suggests that ants have lived in urban settings for close on a hundred million years, developing and maintaining underground cities of specialized chambers and tunnels.,3. 对同义改写不熟悉，不敏感,解决方案-分析、总结剑4，剑6，剑7 坚持句子对句子，词对词的做题方法，保证每个题目的证据定位；精读对照并验证题目和原文的替换和转化。,4. 心理因素-舍是一种智慧， 也是一种能力,解决方案-严格按照一篇17-18分钟做题 把能做的题，尽量作对。 没把握的，meng.,Meng的技巧,判断题-答案YES , NO 基本相当，NG少 有only, all, every, must的题，答NO的可能性大 有probable, maybe的题,答YES的可能性大 举例,给5、6分同学的建议,先细节后主旨 先做题集中（部分式summary, flow chart, diagram ）的题型，后分散 先做擅长的题型,图形题充分借助图 取词题乱序 e.g. weather during the Little Ice Age Documentation of past weather condition is limited: our main source of knowledge of conditions in the distant past are _ and _. We can deduce that the little ice age was a time of _, rather than of consistent freezing.,We have only proxy records reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores, supplemented by a few incomplete written accounts. The little ice age was far from a deep freeze, rather an irregular seesaw of rapid climatic shifts,1. Problem-solving The afflicted problem (different opinions by experts) Strategy / scheme / program Results 2. History time sequence Time - product - feature history of currency history of timekeeper Making of atlas / cartography Changing concept of 3. Parallelism V 25 1 the effect of rhythm on animals (day and night, season- migration and hibernation, tide, gravity) V37 2 wrongdoings / fraud in science 4. comparison Two products - put emphasis on the second one match (product - feature) early childhood education, two exploration ships,5. instruction of a new product General idea - feature - process - influence Bakelite, John dictionary, spider silk 6. Comments on some social or economical phenomenon 解释现象 - 特定条件 （时间、地点、形成原因、表现形式）- 造成后果 - 不同学者的观点 - 结论 - 发展 7. Experiment - survey Purpose - subjects device - (procedure) - process - results - significance Rainforest, shock 8. myth / misconception / misunderstanding about sth Wrong idea reason - correct idea,Choice -细节题,以题干定位，如果题干无法定位，到选项信息集中的地方去找答案 阅读选项，划出核心词 一般来讲，一段一个 干扰项的特点：相反 相似 无中生有 数字 以偏盖全,Choice 多选题,一段一题 或 一句一题 注意识别正确选项和干扰项,数字陷阱,选择题的特点便是原文和正确选项进行同义转换。但是如果个别选项中出现了数字，往往意味着这个数字直接来源于文章，没有进行任何同义替换。这种干扰选项对于根本读不懂原文的考生有着致命的诱惑力，因为只有数字是熟悉的，其它的单词都读不懂。数字选项中，数字在文章中都有提及，但经常是通过移花接木的形式出现的，以干扰考生的注意力。,（原文）20% of the soil are losing its topsoil at a rate likely to diminish its productivity. A. The productivity is reduced by 20%,相似陷阱 E.g. (原文) the effect of emotion, imagination and unconscious on learning （题目）the effect of emotion on imagination and unconscious,Summary-定位,利用空前后的信息找准对应句中的对应部分 对应部分? 讲述信息一样-同义 怎样找对应部分？ 识别同义改写 Although most farmers would be unable to adapt to _. Pretty feels that organic farming would be too big a jump in thinking and practice for many farmers Summary不会在一个信息不同的分句中取一个你认为语义通顺的词,Summary-语义、结构、关系取词 题目: According to his biographer, James Boswell, Johnsons principal achievement was to bringto the English language. 原文：It is the cornerstone of Standard English, an achievement which, in James Boswells words, conferred stability on the language of his country.,Summary,剑桥4-3-3 剑桥4-2-1 剑桥5-4-2 剑桥6-1-3 剑桥6-2-2 剑桥6-4-2，3,T/F/NG,一个主题 主语+(是不是)考点定位 The evidence of drug promotion is clearly visible in healthcare environment. 两个主题 这两个主题定位,之间表二者之间关系的词为考点,True 明确的同义改写,题目:the fact that childrens ideas about science form part of a larger framework of ideas means that it is easier to change them. 原文:These misconceptions dont remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted but organized, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification.,TRUE模糊的同义改写,题目：Kant believed that a successful joke involves the controlled release of nervous energy. 原文：Kant and Freud felt that joke-telling relies on building up a psychic tension which is safely punctured by the ludicrousness of the punchline.,T / F / NG,题目: In the past, Australians had a higher opinion of doctors than they do today. 原文:The high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded as a consequence.,T / F / NG,（题目）Some types of bird can be encouraged to breed out of season. （原文）some species of birds breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially.,FALSE - 同一主题，叙事矛盾,（题目） The 1993 Sydney survey involved 289 patients who visited alternative therapists for acupuncture treatment. （原文）In 1993, Dr Laver and his colleagues published a survey of 289 Sydney people who attended eight alternative therapists practices in Sydney.,T / F / NG,题目:Aswan dams were built to increase the fertility of the Nile delta. 原文:but when the Aswan dams were constructed in the 20th century to provide electricity and irrigation, and to protect the huge population centre of Cairo and its surrounding areas from annual flooding and drought.,T / F / NG,题目: Problems in Nordic countries were excluded because they are outside the European Economic Community. 原文：Those confined to particular geographical areas, such as countries bordering Mediterranean or Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded,NG 张冠李戴,（题目） There was strong competition between scientist in Renaissance Europe. （原文） The emergent nation states of Europe developed competitive interests in world exploration and the development of trade. （题目）The word thousand has Anglo-Saxon origins. （原文）hund of the Anglo-Saxon language, and so 100 was denoted as hund teontig or ten times ten.,NG 只出现定位词，未出现与考点相关的信息,（题目）The staff appraisal process should be designed by employees. （原文）employees must regard the appraisal process as valid.,T / F / NG,题目:The children of the women who remained illiterate were found to be severely malnourished. 原文: The children of the newly-literate mothers were also better nourished than those of women who could not read.,NG原文信息模糊，题目是与他同向具体的概念,Forest problems of Mediterranean countries are to be discussed at the next meeting of expert. Those confined to particular geographical areas, such as countries bordering Mediterranean or Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded. However, this does not mean that in future they will be ignored.,T / F / NG,题目: Several of the subjects were psychology students at Yale University 原文:Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from all walks of life.,T / F / NG,题目:There was little improvement in athletic performance before the 20th century. 原文:Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in ,信息段落搭配题,how / the way / method the explanation / reason the effects a description of the fact that the location (where) others include: overview, suggestion, aim, insights, importance, speed, cost, etc.,例如：剑5 Q27/ how AI might have a military impact Q29/ the reason why AI has become a common topic of conversation again Q30/ how AI could help deal with difficulties related to the amount of information available electronically 这三个题干所表达的主体信息是how和the reason why的概括性信息，在解题时应避重就轻，避免与how，why进行“纠缠”，仅以military, a common topic of conversation, electronic information这些细节作为定位关键词搜索原文，分别对应battlefield (Para.E), public debate (Para.A), e-mail/web pages (Para.F)。,通过对比题干信息与段落首尾句关键词进行题干位置预测的能力。 具体地说，从题干本身来看，和关于概念解释，身份介绍，概述/概观，首次（使用）等有关的题干信息一般出现在原文的前一两段； 影响，后果，结果，改进，建议，未来目标等有关的题干信息一般出现在原文的结尾处。,剑5/P73/Q31 where the expression AI was first used（首次使用 原文第二段） 剑6/P20/Q6 an overview of the funded support of athletes (概述原文第一段) 剑6/P24/Q14 a suggestion for improving trade in the future（建议/未来 原文尾段）,注意转折句和引号句,段落信息搭配,剑桥61-1，2 剑桥6-3-1 剑桥5-1-2 剑桥5-3-1,3 剑七,人名理论搭配题 剑桥4-2-1,3 （以理论编题号） 剑桥5-4-2 （以人名编题号）,A.Michael Krauss B. Salikoko Mufwene C.Nicholas Ostler D.Mark Pagel E.Doug Whalen NB 5. Endangered languages cant be saved unless people learn to speak more than one language. 6. Saving languages from extinction is not in itself a satisfactory goal. 7. The way we think may be determined by our language. 8. Young people often reject the established way of life in their community. 9. A change of language may mean a loss of traditional culture.,人名/理论,A.Michael Krauss B. Salikoko Mufwene C.Nicholas Ostler D.Mark Pagel E.Doug Whalen NB 5. Endangered languages cant be saved unless people learn to speak more than one language. 6. Saving languages from extinction is not in itself a satisfactory goal. 7. The way we think may be determined by our language. 8. Young people often reject the established way of life in their community. 9. A change of language may mean a loss of traditional culture.,Why do people reject the language of their parents? It begins with a crisis of confidence when a small community finds itself alongside a larger, wealthier society, says Nicholas Ostler. “People lose faith in their culture” he says. “When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old tradition.”,language is also intimately bound up with culture, so it may be difficult to preserve one without the other. “If a person shifts from Navajo to English, they lose something.” Mufwene says.,“The key to fostering diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue, as well as the dominant language,” says Doug Whalen. “Most of these languages will not survive without a large degree of bilingualism,” he says.,But Mufwene says that preserving language dying out is not the same as giving it new life by using it every day. “Preserving a language is more like preserving fruits in a jar,” he says.,“Moreover, the loss of diversity may also deprive us of different ways of looking at the world,” says Pagel. “Your brain and mine are different from the brain of someone who speaks French, ” Pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and perceptions. “The patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our community.”,注意不要遗漏对“he”这样的代词的检索 注意该理论所在段的段首句,List of headings,注意以下句型： 段首承上启下的句子- A is not the whole story 结论句 (suggest, found, discover，thus) 引号句 转折句（尤其在第二句） 段首例子前面的句子 概括句 （有many, variety ）,主题句与正确选项的同义改写,Conclusion was that the availability of samples led them to dispense and prescribe drugs that differed from their preferred drug choice Research shows that promotion works,List of headings,剑桥6-1-3 剑桥6-2-1 剑桥6-3-2 剑桥6-4-1，3,T / F / NG,题目:Government handouts do more damage than tourism does to traditional patterns of food-gathering. 原文:Tourism is not always the culprit behind such changes. All kinds of wage labor, or government handouts, tend to undermine traditional survival systems.,考试注意事项,判断题写T/F/NG 还是YES/NO/ NOT GIVEN 信息段落搭配，选项式summary, 人名理论搭配注意有无NB You may use any letter more than once. 不要在一个题上耽误时间过多 利用题目的顺序性，灵活做题 有顺序的题，现在有乱序的可能 特殊词（数字、人名、地名），专有名词题目和原文不会变化，可迅速定位,v.阻碍，阻止 deter, hinder, inhibit, prohibit, prevent, stop, impede, block n.障碍物 barrier ,obstacle, impediment, hindrance, hurdle, obstruction, block v. 消除,摆脱掉 eliminate ,remove, get rid of ,strip of ,dispense with, dispose of v. 保存，保留 preserve ,hold ,keep, maintain, store, reserve, retain, conserve, sustain,v.减少 reduce (reduction )、minimize、decrease、diminish、decline、dwindle、lessen、drop n.激励，刺激 stimulation, incentive, stimulus, motive, motivation v. 提升，增加 enhance ,increase, raise, rise, grow, go up, ascend v.导致，引发 lead to, bring about, trigger, contribute to, result in, breed, induce,v.评估,测量 assess, evaluate, appraise, gauge, calibrate v.破坏 damage, wreck, demolish, devastate, ruin, spoil, destruct adj.充足的 enough, sufficient, abundant, adequate, ample adj.客观的,公正的 objective, unbiased, unprejudiced, impartial,v. 改变 change, alter, shift, convert, transform, modify (n. modification), revise (n. revision) adj.不同的 different ,distinct, varying, diverse, disparate, separate,progress、improvement 、development、promotion、evolution、advance （n.发展） recruit、employ、hire （v. 雇佣） offspring、children、descendant （n. 子孙） previously、in the past、beforetime、formerly （adv. 以前地） domestic、local （n. 国内的）,generate、produce、make、create （v. 产生、制造） copy、 reproduce、 replicate、 duplicate、 recreate （v. 复制） radiate、send out、emit （v. 发出） influence、effect、impact、implication （n. 影响） building、construction、architecture （n. 建筑）,contamination、pollution （n.污染） discard、reject、cast off 、dispose of、scrap、throw away、 abandon、give up （v. 扔掉） agree with、conform to、subscribe to、approve of、accord with （同意） boom、flourish、develop、prosper、thrive、expand、explode （v. 繁荣、发展）,improve、develop、increase、maximize、promote、raise、rise、enhance、ascend （v. 上升） demonstrate、 illustrate、 exemplify （例证） clarify、manifest、indicate、display （表明） hint、suggest 、imply （暗示） uncover、unravel、unmask、unveil 、 disclose、 reveal - revelation （揭示， 揭开）,claim、 assert 、maintain （声称、主张） factor 、element 、cause 、reason （原因） exclusively 、only 、merely （只有） local 、native 、 indigenous 、 aboriginal （本土的） resident 、 inhabitant 、 dweller （居民）,independent of 、separate from （与分离） harbour 、hold （持有） wrong 、 mistaken 、 erroneous 、 inaccurate 、 false 、mis- (前缀) （错误的） incorporate into 、 combine with 、 integrate into （结合）,dominant predominant major overwhelming prevalent widespread （主要的） unexpected surprising unforeseen accidental （出乎意料的） uncommon unusual rare （不寻常的、稀少的） track follow （追踪） trace back to go back to （回溯到）,amaze astound astonish startle surprise take aback （吃惊、 惊人） classify categorize group sort （分类） identify recognize （鉴别、 识别） distinguish from discriminate from tell from （区分） enormous immense tremendous vast massive gigantic huge giant great （巨大的）,due to, as a result of , owing to, thanks to, because, as, for, since lead to, result in, contribute to reflect,as a result, as a consequence, therefore, thus, consequently, result from,是A 不是B A Rather than B A Over B 不是A而是B Less A than B Not A but B,考试必备词汇 state n. 状态,国家,政府,州 vt.声明, 陈述 statement n.声明, 陈述 overstate v.夸张，夸大=exaggerate special adj. 特殊的, 专门的 specialist n.专家 specialise v.专业化,claim n. 主张 vt.主张 similar adj.相似的 similarity n.类似, 类似处 assimilation n.同化 evidence n.明显, 证据 evident adj.明显的, 显然的 =apparent, patent, clear,obvious protect v.保护 n. protection,species n.物种(rare, endangered,extinct) differ vi.不同 different adj.不同的 differentiate v.区别, 区分 =distinguish=discriminate oppose v.反对 opposition n.反对 opponent n. 反对者 restrict v.限制=limit=confine=restrain,major adj.主要的 n.专业 majority n.多数, 大半 minor adj.较小的, 次要的 minority n.少数, 少数民族 involve v.包括,涉及,使卷入 revolve v.旋转=spin, rotate toxic adj.有毒的= poisonous, venomous,revolution n.革命，旋转 evolve vt. (使)进化, (使)发展 evolution n. 进化, 发展 completely adv.十分, 完全地 completion n.完成 accomplish vt.完成，实现 accomplishment n.完成，成就,suit v.适合 suitable adj.适当的, 相配 personal adj.私人的, 个人的 personalize v.使成私人的, 人格化 personality n.个性, 人格；名人=celebrity personnel n.人员, 职员 accommodate vt.供应, 供给, 容纳 accommodation n.住处, 膳宿,economy n.经济, 节约 economic adj.经济(上)的 economical adj.节约的 economist n.经济学者, 经济家 economics n.经济学 previous adj.在前的, 早先的 victim n.受害者 victimise v.使牺牲,quality n.质量, 品质, 性质 qualify v.(使)具有资格, 证明合格 qualification n.资格, 条件 medicine n.药, 医学=drug, remedy, pharmaceuticals medical adj.医学的, 内科的 medication n.药物治疗, 药物处理, 药物 weak adj.弱的 weakness n.弱点 weaken v.削弱,term n.学期,条款,术语=expression perform vt.履行, 执行, 表演 subject n.题目,学科,实验对象 adj.受制于.的,受.影响的 subjective adj.主观的, 个人的 反义词objective=unbiased, unprejudiced depend on = rely on v.依靠 self-reliance= independence,company n.公司, 陪伴 accompany vt.陪伴, 伴奏 survey n.调查 vt.调查 count n.计算 vt.计算 account n.计算, 账目 accountant n.会计 doubt v.n.怀疑,质疑= question questionnaire n.调查问卷,loan n.（借出的）贷款, 借出 v.借, 借给 present n. 礼物, 现在 adj.现在的, 出席的 vt. 提出, 呈现 presence n.出席,存在 presently adv.目前=currently legal adj.合法的=legitimate =valid legislation n. 立法,法规 legitimacy n.合法性,represent vt.表现, 描绘, 代表 representative n.代表 adj.典型的, 有代表性的 complex adj.复杂的,综合的 = complicated class n.类别,等级=category classify v.分类= categorize,access n.通路, 入门 accessible adj.易接近的, 可到达的 speech n.演说 situation n.情形, 境遇, 位置 progress n.前进, 进步 vi.前进, 进步= develop, evolve, advance,improve progressive adj.前进的,进步的,temperature n.温度 temperate n.（气候）温和的，有节制的 temper n.性情, 脾气 vary v.变化 various adj.不同的, 各种各样的 variety n.变化, 多样性, 种类=diversity variation n.变更, 变化,facility n.便利, 敏捷, 设备 facilitate vt.使容易, 使便利 sum n.总数，金额 summary n.摘要, 概要 summarise vt.概括，总结 extend v.扩展,延伸 extension n.扩展,延伸 extensive adj.广泛的 反义词 intensive adj.集中的,necessary n.必需品adj.必要的, 必需的 necessity n.必要性, 需要, 必需品=requisite describe vt.描写, 形容 description n.描写, 形容 prescribe v.指示, 规定, 处方 prescription n.指示,命令, 处方 subscribe v.签名,署名 inscribe v.刻写 predict v.预言 expect=anticipate prediction n.预言 unpredictable adj.不可预测的,produce n.产物 vt.生产, 制造=manufacture producer n.生产者, 制作者 reproduce v.繁殖，翻印，重现=copy, replicate, duplicate product n.产品, 产物 production n.生产, 产品 productivity n.生产力 public n.公众, 公共场所 adj