商务英汉翻译讲义.doc

1. 转换法-转译成动词1.1 名词转换成动词（练习1）1.2 形容词转换成动词（练习2）1.3 副词转换成动词（练习3）1.4 介词转换成动词（练习4）2. 转换法-转译成名词2.1 动词转译成名词（练习5）2.2 形容词转译成名词（练习6）2.3 代词转换成名词（练习7）2.4 副词转换成名词（练习7）3. 增词法3.1 补充原文中的省略部分（练习1）3.2为了语法上的需要而增词（练习2）3.3为了表达和意义上的需要（练习3）4. 减词法4.1 从语法角度进行减省（练习1）4.2 从修饰角度进行减省（练习2）商务英汉翻译讲义之词类转译法目录1. 转译成动词1.1 名词转换成动词（练习1）1.2 形容词转换成动词（练习2）1.3 副词转换成动词（练习3）1.4 介词转换成动词（练习4）2. 转译成名词2.1 动词转译成名词（练习5）2.2 形容词转译成名词（练习6）2.3 代词转换成名词2.4 副词转换成名词（练习7）词类转译英汉两种语言存在着巨大的差异，语言结构与表达形式方面各有其自身的特点。因此，要使译文既忠实于原义又顺畅可读，就不能局限于逐词对等翻译，必须采用适当的词性转译、句子成分转译及句型转译等翻译技巧，在本单元我们主要讲解翻译中词性的转译。在一定程度上，词的形态及形式变化是否过于繁复多变决定了词性优势。英语动词形态变化繁复而稳定，这就使英语动词的使用受形态的牵制，而名词就没有这个问题，因此名词在英语中占优势，名词的优势导致了介词的伴随优势。汉语词性没有形态变化问题，而动词与名词作比较时，动词的动态感强、动势强，名词则较为凝滞，所以在汉语中动词非常活跃，一个句子不限于只用一个动词，可以连续使用几个动词，即所谓“动词连用”，因此英译汉时名词转译成动词的情况常普遍。现将词性转译按转译成汉语动词、转译成汉语名词、转译成汉语形容词、转译成汉语副词等四种情况分类讲解。1. 转译成动词英语和汉语比较起来，汉语中动词用得比较多。在英语句子中往往用一个位于动词，而汉语中却可以几个动词或动词性结构连用。例如在He admires the Presidents stated decision to fight for the job中，英语的谓语动词只有admires一个词，其他则是动词的各种形态，如过去分词（stated），动词派生名词（decision）、不定式（to fight）。汉语没有词形变化，但可以几个动词连用。因此，英语中不少词类（尤其是名词、前置词、形容词和副词）在汉译英时往往可以转移成动词。1.1 名词转译成动词英语中大量具有动作意义的名词和由动词派生出来的名词往往可以译成动词。例如：（1）The thought of future fills me with boundless energy and strength. 译文：一想到未来，我就感到浑身有用不完的精力和力气。（2）Can artificial fibers be used as substitutes for natural fibers?译文：人造纤维能代替天然纤维吗？（3）Light from the sun is a mixture of light of many different colors.译文：太阳光由多种色光混合而成。（4）There is a considerable debate about how best and how much to reduce income inequality.译文：对于如何有效缩小收入差距以及应该缩小到什么程度，人们众说纷纭。（5）The board of directors will hold a consultation on the matter. 译文：董事会将商议此事。如果不用采用转译译法，则上述例子可能分别译成：（1）未来的想法（对未来的想法）让我感到浑身有用不完的精力和力气。（2）人造纤维能可以用作自然纤维的替代品吗？（3）太阳光是多种色光的混合物。（4）对于如何有效缩小收入差距以及应该缩小到什么程度，存在着大量的争论。（5）董事会将就此事进行商议。例（1）中的The thought of future翻译成“未来的想法”或是“对未来的想法”，都可能会使译文产生歧义，或是不符合汉语的表达习惯；例（2）稍显累赘，例（3）不太符合汉语习惯。因此可以看出，在必要的时候将名词转译为动词，是一项非常重要的英汉翻译技巧。翻译练习（1）请翻译以下句子，注意句中下划线名词的翻译。1. Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 2. I think my younger brother is a better teacher than I. 3. With the passage of time, my admiration for him grew more and more. 4. No wonder the sight of it should send the memories of quite a number of people of the old generation back to 36 years ago. 5. There is a big increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country. 6. Integrated circuits are fairly recent development. 7. She is a lover of Chinese painting.8. We are enemies of all wars, but above all of dynastic wars. 9. Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings.10. They took a final look at Iron Mike, still intact in the darkness.11.He feared the withdrawal of his parents promise. 12. The settlement of Africa by white people started 500 years ago. 13. There was some acknowledgement that the parents had to be involved. 14. A view of the Yangtze River can be obtained from here.1.2 形容词转译成动词英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望、感受、信念等心理状态的形容词，如confident, certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious, able等，在系动词后作表语用时，往往可转译成动词。如：（1）Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life. 译文：医生说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。（2）They were not content with their present achievements.译文：他们不满足于他们现有的成就。（3）The workers are confident that they will be able to build the modern factory in a short time.译文：工人们确信能在短时期内建成这座现代化的工厂。（4）Copper wire is flexible.译文：铜线容易弯曲。（5）Natural gas is often present in the reservoir rock.译文：储油岩中常有天然气。除上述形容词外，其他一些和介词构成词组在句中用作表语或定语而且常可译成动词的形容词还有：destructive of 有害于，有损于devoid of缺乏，缺少different from不同于，有别于empty of缺少，没有equivalent to等于，相当于exclusive of (from)不算，免除famous at善于free from (of)免于，免除full of充满harmful to有害于，有损于inferior to不及，次于next to次于parallel to (with)平行于peculiar to限于perpendicular to垂直于poor in缺乏preferable with优于，胜过pregnant with包含，充满relative to和有关responsible for负责，担负scarce of缺乏，不足short of缺乏，缺少similar to类似于suitable for (to)适于worthy of值得13翻译练习（2）请翻译以下句子，注意句中下划线形容词的翻译。1. The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint. But I have to be cautious. 2. Both of the substances are soluble in water. 3. Kerosene is not so volatile as gasoline.4. He was sick of the city.5. He was not aware of her presence till she spoke to him.6. Dont be afraid of those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than you are.7. Please let us know if our terms are acceptable. 8. We must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a valid or fair comparison. 9. I am very concerned about her. 10. I am grateful to you for helping me. 11. Are you familiar with the performance of this type of transistor amplifier? 12. I am anxious about her health.。13. We should never be content with a little book knowledge only. 14. It is doubtful that he will come. 1.3 副词转译成动词英语中有些作表语的副词或复合宾语中的副词，往往可以称汉语中的动词。例如：（1）The test was not over yet.译文：实验还没有结束。（2）Open the valve to let air in.译文：打开阀门，让空气进入。（3）He took the machine apart yesterday. 译文：他昨天把机器拆开了。（4） In this case, the temperature in the furnace is up. 译文：这种情况下，炉温就升高。（5）The manager will be back in about an hour.译文：经理大约在一小时后回来。 翻译练习（3）请翻译以下句子，注意句中下划线副词的翻译。1. When the switch is off, the circuit is open and electricity doesnt go through. 2. She opened the window to let fresh air in.3. That day he was up before the sunrise.4. Mr. Nixon had said repeatedly that the American war in Indochina would soon be over.5. The real victory is not over another company but over ones own development.6. The advertisement was understandably less than effective.1.4 介词转译成动词介词在英语中是最活跃的词类之一，数量庞大，用法较多，就其类别而言，可以分为以下几类：简单介词，如：on，at合成介词，如：onto，upon二重介词，如：from behind短语介词，如：because of，according to分词介词，如：regarding，concerning介词在许多情况下可以译成汉语动词，尤其是构成表语或状语时。如：（1）This is a kind of alloy with high strength.译文：这是一种具有高强度的合金（或：这种合金具有高强度）。（2）At the meeting, some were for the proposal and other against it.译文：会上，有人赞成那个提议，有人反对。（3）I barreled straight ahead, across the harbor and out over the sea.译文：我笔直向前高速飞行，越过港口，飞临海面。（4）At the news they were quite alarmed.译文：听了这消息，他们非常惊慌。（5）Here is the train for Chengdu.译文：这是开往成都的火车。翻译练习（4）请翻译以下句子，注意句中下划线介词的翻译。1. Many of those who successfully started their own businesses used to work long hours on meager food, in basement garage, by dim lamps. 2. Atomic power for ocean-going vessels is already a reality.3. A force is needed to move an object against inertia.4. They were away the day before yesterday. 5. Do you see the boy in blue?6. The road to development is long but we are firmly on it.7. It is our goal that the people in the underdeveloped area will be finally off poverty.8. We are all behind this project. 9. The President took the foreign guests around the campus. 10. But when the smoke clears, hes likely to look up and find himself staring at another giant challenge - fending off a new round of international trade wars and, perhaps, pressure for protectionism at home.11. The stocks of some small companies in a slump for most of this year have suddenly come back to life.12. Barack Obamas first 100 days will be filled with battles over the budget deficit and health care reform.2. 转译成名词2.1 动词转译成名词英语中很多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语名词。如：（1）Formality has always characterized their relationship. 译文：他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。（2）To them, he personified the absolute power. 译文：在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。（3）The design aims at automatic operation, easy regulation, simple maintenance and high productivity. 译文：设计的目的在于自动操作，调节方便，维护简易，生产率高。（4）Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.译文：这些材料的优点是绝缘性好，耐磨性强。（5）A dog weighs about 6 times that of a cat.译文：狗的体重约为猫的6倍。如果英语动词译成汉语动词时跟前后的修饰语不好搭配；或搭配起来不符合汉语习惯，可以把动词译成名词，再在名词前加上与之搭配的动词。（6）The youths always dream fondly of their future.译文：年轻人对前途总是怀有美好的梦想。翻译练习（5）请翻译以下句子，注意句中下划线动词的翻译。1. PCs gave the world a whole new way to work, play and communicate.2. Executive directors function differently from non-executive directors. 3. Smith aims to become a computer engineer. 4. Independent observers have commented favorably on the achievements you have made in this direction.5. The book did not impress me at all.6. His wife has done everything possible to mother him. 7. The new contract would expire in 5 years.8. The volume of trade has increased tremendously to the advantage of both countries.9. I was encouraged by our president.10. The visiting guests were escorted to the Yellow Crane Tower last Sunday.2.2 形容词转译成名词英语中有些形容词加上定冠词the表示某一类人或无，汉译时常译成名词。另外，英语中有些表示事物特征的形容词作表语时，后面往往可以加上“性”、“度”、“体”、“者”等译成名词。如：（1）The wounded was sent to the hospital immediately.译文：伤者被立即送往医院。（2）The different production cost is closed associated with the origin of raw materials. 译文：生产成本的差异与原材料地域密切相关。（3）They were considered insincere.译文：他们被认为是伪君子。（4）Glass is much more soluble than quartz.译文：玻璃的可溶性比石英大得多。（5）The more carbon the steel contains, the harder and stronger it is.钢的含碳量越高，强度和硬度就越高。翻译练习（6）请翻译以下句子，注意句中下划线形容词的翻译。1. People are so much more flexible and creative than robots.2. In this article the author is critical of mans negligence toward the environment.3. Both the compounds are acids, the former is strong, the latter is weak.4. The new contract will be valid for then years.5. In fission processes the fission fragments are very radioactive.6. They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.7. Steven was eloquent and elegant- but soft.8. Obedience is obligatory on a soldier.2.3 代词转译成名词英语中大量使用代词，汉语则不然。为了使概念清楚符合汉语表达习惯，可将代词译成所代替的名词。如：（1）Radio waves are similar to light waves except that their wavelength is much greater.译文：无线电波与光波相似，只不过无线电波的波长要长一些。（2）One would fall all the way down to the center of the earth with gravity.译文：如果没有引力，人们就会掉入地心。2.4 副词转译成名词英语中有些副词在句中作状语，译成汉语时可根据具体情况转译成汉语的名词。（1）The image must be dimensionally correct.译文：图形的尺寸必须正确。（2）He is physically weak but mentally strong.译文：他身体虽弱，但意志坚强。（3）The car is shown schematically on this page.译文：这一页上看到的是汽车的简图。（4）Electromagnetic waves travel as fast as light.译文：电磁波传播的速度和光一样快。翻译练习（7）请翻译以下句子，注意句中下划线代词/副词的翻译。1. Such magnetism, because it is electrically produced, is called electromagnetism.2. This award means too much to me personally.3. Sodium is very active chemically.4. The result of this experiment is much better than those of previous ones.5. If people mean anything at all by the expression “untimely death”, they must believe that some deaths run on a better schedule than others. 6. It was officially announced that the President had decided to postpone his visit to the Middle East.7. They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally.8. On a silent afternoon in May, they were talking softly together. 商务英汉翻译讲义之增词法目录1. 增词法1.1 补充原文中的省略部分（练习1）1.2为了语法上的需要而增词（练习2）1.3为了表达和意义上的需要（练习3）增词法在英语表达中，为了避免重复，在同一句话中多次出现的词语，往往被省略，但是，这种省略现象到了汉语中往往需要增词进行还原，才能使译文的意思和结构完整。1. 补充原文中的省略部分Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.物质可以转化为能量，能量也可以转化为物质。In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibition, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu. 晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。结构性省略是英语特有的现象，比如把某类从句压缩成一个短语甚至一个词，但其含义仍然是完整的，不会造成误解。然后，这类省略现象到了汉语当中往往行不通。只有将该部分分离出来，单独译出，并增加相应的词语，以恢复原本省略的内容，才能使译文完整无缺，一目了然。如：Joint ventures, in a number of cases, dont work out because the “people” relationship become unglued and/or the business cant be made profitable. 在不少情况下，合资企业之所以不成功，是因为“人际”关系不和睦，或是因为企业不盈利，或两者兼而有之。翻译练习（1）请翻译以下句子。1. The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest the greatest. 2. Reading makes a full man, conference a ready man, writing an exact man. 3. We dont retreat, we never have and never will.4. Failure of the negotiations could discredit both leaderships, while further undermining faith in diplomacy and the two-state solution. 5. She ate little. Food sickened her, and I think much of life too. 1.2为了语法上的需要而增词英语的时间概念主要通过动词词形变化来表示，而汉语动词没有词形变化，其时间概念要靠副词表示。因此，把英语句子中的动词译成汉语时，有时增加有关副词。如：“现在、过去、曾经、原（先）、当初、刚才等等”。但是，严格来说，这不算翻译技巧中的增词，只是对不同现象的一种必要处理，因为初学翻译的人往往不善于增补这一类词。故也将其列为增词法的一种。例如： They are leading a happy life. 他们现在过着幸福的生活。 First of all, it seems that a successful scientist is full of curiosity He is skeptical首先，成功的科学家似乎总是充满好奇心。他习惯于怀疑 英语的可数名词有单复数之别，汉语则没有。翻译时常常有必要增词以便传达这一含义。英语名词的复数意义在译文中可以通过增添助词、量词、概括性词语、副词、形容词甚至具体的数词来再现。 Ladies and gentlemen女士们、先生们The Qing emperors清朝历代皇帝The Johnsons约翰逊一家The lion is the king of animals.狮子是百兽之王。I saw bubbles rising from under the water.我看见一个个水泡从水下升起。 The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色的长影。 翻译练习（2）请翻译以下句子，注意句中下划线形容词的翻译。1. Chinas railway system is being improved.2. Automobile factories were closing down in early 1961. 3. Note that the words “velocity” and “speed” require explanation. 4. He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars.1.3为了表达和意义上的需要在翻译中，为了表达的清晰和自然，可根据语义增加动词、形容词、名词、副词、量词、语气词等。 For months I have kept on my desk a picture from a tabloid. 几个月来，我桌上一直放着一幅从小报上剪下的照片。（动词） Science demands of men great effort and complete devotion. 要掌握科学知识，必须做出巨大的努力并表现出无限的热忱。 I forgot my key.我忘了带钥匙。英译汉有时有必要增加合适的动词、形容词或副词，使译文意思明确，例如： The war made a man of him.战争把他锻造成一个堂堂的男子汉。The crowds melted away.人群逐渐散开了。（副词）He doubtlessly expected hugs, tablefuls of food, tears, laughter, and conversation followed by more conversation, then hugs and more hugs all over again, without end. 毫无疑问，他以为会有热烈的拥抱，满桌的食物，激动的泪水，欢乐的笑声，一段接一段的谈话，一次又一次的拥抱，没完没了。（译文中增加了三个相应的形容词，形象地描绘出他想象中的欢乐场景，使意思更加明确，表达更加生动。） 有时为了意思明确还必须增加合适的名词或是重复同一名词，例如： These early cars were slow, clumsy, and inefficient. 这些早期的汽车速度缓慢，行动笨拙，效率不高。 First you borrow, the you beg.头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭。（不及物动词时增加隐性宾语）This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.这台打字机真是物美价廉。（在形容词前增加名词）英语中有一些由动词或形容词派生来的抽象名词，翻译时也可根据上下文在其后增加适当的名词，使译文意思明确、符合汉语的表达习惯。例如： darkness 漆黑一团 madness 疯狂行为 complacency 自满情绪 backwardness 落后状态 增加概括性的词语（添加说明文字）According to scientists, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil.根据科学家们的看法，自然界要用500年的时间才能形成一英寸厚的表层土壤。The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的 新成就。增加承上启下的词（添加文字）The IMFs refusal to lend Argentina more money to pay the interest on that debt is what set off the current crisis.国际货币基金组织拒绝再向阿根廷提供新贷款以偿还此类债务的利息，从而引发了眼下这场危机。翻译练习（3）请翻译以下词语和句子。1）Persuade - persuasion 2）Prepare - preparation3）Backward -backwardness4）Tense - tension 5）Arrogant - arrogance6）Mad - madness7）Hostile - hostility 8）The deep hostility of Britains senior military commanders in Iraq towards their American allies has been revealed in classified Government documents leaked to the Daily Telegraph. 9）Deflation has now reached unprecedented level.10）Sino-British links have multiplied political, commercial, educational, cultural, defense, science and technology.11）Day after day he came to his work sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.12）As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.13）After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the Atlantic Ocean to the US. 14）Recourse to arms is not the best solution to a quarrel between countries.商务英汉翻译讲义之减词法目录4. 减词法4.1 从语法角度进行减省（练习1）4.2 从修饰角度进行减省（练习2）减词法减词是指将原文中需要、而译文中又不需要的词语省去。减省的词语应是那些在译文中保留下来反而使行文累赘啰嗦、且不合汉语语言表达习惯的词语。减词可以分为两种情况：一是从语法角度进行减省；二是从修饰角度进行减省。4.1 从语法角度进行减省 英汉两种语言在语法上差异较大，例如：英语有冠词，而汉语却没有；英语重形合、连接词较多，汉语重意合、连接词较少；英语中介词丰富，多达280多个，汉语中介词则较少，只有30来个；英语中经常使用代词，尤其是经常使用人称代词、关系代词等，而汉语中代词则用得较少；因此，英译汉时可根据具体情况将冠词、连接词、介词、代词略去，使译文练达晓畅。4.1.1 省略代词英语各类代词的使用频率远远高于汉语，这是因为在汉语中，遇过指称对象在上下文里十分明确，完全不影响理解，一般无需再使用代词。所以在翻译中，大部分英语代词可省略，甚至在句子里第一次出现时也可以省略。例如：（1）We assure you of our prompt attention to this matter.译文：我方保证立即处理此事。（2）You must excuse us for the inconveniences we have caused you.译文：请务必原谅我们给贵方带来的诸多不便。（3）You are kindly requested to let us have your best quotation for the canned fruits.译文：请提供水果罐头最低报价。（4）Be a place what it may, one gets to like it, if one lives long in it.译文：物管是什么样的地方，只要住久了，总会喜欢上的。（5）Few people do business well who do nothing else.译文：除了生意之外什么事也不做的人是做不好生意的。（6）Good people relationships between partners are the rudders which steer joint ventures through troubled waters.译文：合资伙伴之间的和谐关系犹如船舵，能引导合资企业穿过惊涛骇浪。4.1.2 省略连词、冠词、介词（1）Let us join and proceed together.译文：让我们携手并进。（2）However, such change is not easy and can be accomplished only when leaders of both sides have no illusions, talk candor, and meeting differences head-on.译文：然而，要实现这种改变并非轻而易举，只有双方领导人不抱幻想、开诚布公、正视分歧，才能做到这一点。（3）A square has four sides.译文：正方形有四条边。（4）Things of a kind come together, people of a mind fall into the same group.译文：物以类聚，人以群分。（5）Smoking in public places is prohibited.译文：公共场合禁止吸烟。翻译练习（1）请翻译以下词语和句子。(1) I know my friends from the feel of their faces. (2) Ice is a solid. If we heat it, it melts and becomes water. (3)The products should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory.(4) Hydrogen is the lightest element with an atomic weight of 1.0008.(5) The direction of a force can be represented by an arrow.4.2从修饰角度进行减省修饰性省译，是指在翻译中删除原作中存在的、到了汉语译文中却是不言而喻、可有可无、甚至多余的词语，以免译文语句啰嗦，行文拖沓。为了