中学英语语法分类复习-动词的时态和语态.doc

专题 动词的时态和语态动词时态（tense）是一种动词形式，不同的时态用以表示不同时间里所产生的动作或存在的状态。 从种类上看英语有16种时态，而其中常用的有11种，表中斜体字表示的时态不常用。 动词各时态名称如下：一般进行完成完成进行现在一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时过去一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成进行时将来一般将来时将来进行时将来完成时将来完成进行时过去将来一般过去将来时过去将来进行时过去将来完成时过去将来完成进行时各时态的英语表达结构（以write为例）：一般进行完成完成进行现在write, writesam/is/are writinghave/has writtenhave/has been writing过去wrotewas/were writinghad writtenhad been writing将来shall/will writeshall/will be writingshall/will have writtenshall/will have been writing过去将来should/would writeshould/would be writingshould/would have writtenshould/would have been writing各时态用法说明 一. 一般现在时 一般现在时主要由动词原形表示，但第三人称单数作主语时谓语动词后要加-s或-es,另外，be和have有特殊的人称形式。如：1.一般动词：I know it. You know it. He/She knows it.We/You/They know it.2.动词be：以am, is, are三种形式出现。 I am a teacher. You are a student. He / She is a student. We/You/They are students.3.动词have：以have, has形式出现。I have a car. You have a car. He / She / has a car.It has a handle. Jack has a paper plane. We/You/They have a car.4.在加词尾-s时要注意：1）一般情况加-s, 如：reads, says.2）以-ch,-sh, -s, -x, -o结尾的词加-es,如：teaches, washes, guesses, fixes, goes.3)以辅音字母加“y”结尾的词把“y”改为“i”后加-es.如：try-tries，carry-carries.5.加s后的读音：1）在P t k f等清辅音后读s, 如：helps, asks.2）在sztd等音后读iz, 如：faces, rises, wishes, watches. 注意 hate - hates词尾读音为ts。动词一般现在时的形式：动词be除第一人称单数用am，第三人称单数用is外，其余一律用are.动词have除第三人称单数用has外，其余全用have。行为动词的一般现在时形式，除第三人称单数动词原形词尾加s或es构成（其构成法和读音与名词复数同）外，其余一概用动词原形。助动词do和does：单数第三人称中用does，其余人称均用do构成一般现在时行为动词的否定和疑问。注意 have作行为动词表示“有”时，美式英语和英式英语有所不同，试比较。I havent any sisters.（英） I dont have any sisters.（美）-Have you any brothers? （英）-Yes, I have. / No, I havent.-Do you have any brothers? （美）-Yes, I do. / No, I dont.另外，英国人口语常用have(has) got代替have（has)，其否定式常以havent got 代替have not, 以hasnt got 代替has not.一般现在时的基本用法：1)表示经常或习惯性的动作、状态、性能。常用的时间状语有：every day, once a week, often, usually, always,seldom, sometimes等。如：She is an English teacher. We always care for each other.He gets up at six every day.Tom does homework every evening.2）表示主语的特征、能力、性格、身份等。如：He works hard. Do you like sports? The boy draws well.3）表示客观事物或普遍真理。如：The sun rises in the east. The earth is round.Two plus two is four. He is a doctor.4）一般现在时代替一般将来时:在由when, before, as soon as, after, as, until, till, by the time, directly, immediately, the moment, if, unless, as long as, in case, once等引导的时间、真实条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时，（有时也用现在进行时代替一般将来时，显得更确定）。如：When he comes back, well go shopping together.I will go to play if it is fine this afternoon.When you are talking with him, dont mention it.在make sure/certain, see(to it) that后的宾语从句中，或主句为一般将来时，宾语从句为wh-从句，从句用一般现在时代替将来时。 Father will see(to it)that the door is closed.爸爸负责关门。 Shell read whichever book you recommend.你推荐哪本书她就读哪本。 Ill make sure (that) the cars locked.我要去弄清楚汽车是否锁好了。某些表动向和起始的动词如：begin, come, go, leave, sail, start, arrive, return, dine, end, stop, depart, open, close, sail等，当其表一个按计划、安排下必将进行的动作或出现的状态时（这时都有一个表示未来的时间状语）要用一般现在时代替将来时。 I leave for Dalian next Sunday.The meeting begins in a minute. The next train leaves at 12:00.5)表示正在发生的动作。一般现在时，用在由here, there, in, out, down, up等开头的倒装句中，一般式表示现在正在发生的动作。 Here she comes. Here comes the bus. There goes the bell.、二、一般过去时 一般过去时表示过去的动作或存在的状态，这个动作可以是一次，也可能是经常性的。如：I went to town yesterday.（一次）。When I was young, I took cold bath regularly.（经常）一般过去时里，动词be第一、三人称单数为was,其他人称为were，动词have一律用had。行为动词一律用过去式，没有人称和数的变化。用助动词did构成行为动词的否定和疑问句。一般过去时的用法：1)过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态。如：Who pointed out the mistake?2)过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态。He will never be what he used to be.3）在虚拟语气中常用一般过去时表示对现在或将来的假设：If I were you, I would help him. Its time you had lunch.4)情态动词的过去式如：could, would, should, might可用于现在或将来表示一种委婉的语气。如：Could you lend me your book? Would you like a cup of tea?What should I do now?5)表示过去经常发生的动作也可用used to 或would两者后接动词原形表示。但前者暗示“现在已不再”，可以接状态动词或动作动词；后者不暗示现在的情况，只能接动作动词。如： He is no longer what he used to be. He used to walk after supper, didnt he? I would tell him some stories when I lived there.6)一般过去时常用的状语有：yesterday, in 1990, two years ago, last week，for + 时间段等。如： He fell ill yesterday. We had a good time last Sunday. She got up early when she was young. He worked there for ten years.三、一般将来时 一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一时间段内经常有的动作或状态。由“助动词shall（第一称）will（第二、三人称）+动词原形”构成。美国英语中不管什么人称均用will。另外还有其他几种构成形式： be going to do be to do be (not)about to do be doing 一般现在时一般将来时常用的状语有：tomorrow, next week, from now on, in a month, in the future等。 一般将来时的用法：1）shall / will + 动词原形表示不含主观因素的单纯的时间上的将来，特别是谈一连串的事情或在含有时间或条件状语从句的句子中，谓语多用将来时。如： I will be fifteen years old next year.Next time Ill try to do better. Ill speak more English and do more reading-aloud.If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home.When I see him, Ill tell him about it.2）“be going to+动词原形”：在表示打算或准备做某事时，如不提时间/条件等时，多用此结构。自然现象也用该结构。如： What are you going to do this evening? Im going to finish the work this week. I am going to call on an old friend of mine. Its going to rain.3) be doing限于某些非延续性动词（如go, come, stay, move, leave, start, finish等）的进行时表示将来，表示按计划安排要发生的事。（此用法具口语性、近期性、动词局限性）。（参见“现在进行时”） I am finishing my work. He is coming. They are leaving for Tibet.4)“be to +动词原形”表示吩咐、命令、约定、计划中的或按职业义务、要求即将发生的动作。还可表示“注定会”。如：He is to give us a talk. (=He is going to give us a talk.)The medicine is to be taken three times a day.Where am I to put these books?You are to clean the room.He would not listen to me, so he is to fail.5）“be about to +动词原形”表示“就要，正要”。在这种情况下不可与表将来时间状语连用。如：We are about to leave, so there is no time to visit him now.The meeting is about to begin.8)该时态有时用来表示揣测：That man in the middle will be the visiting minister.或容量：The hall will seat 500 people.6)shall, will还有情态动词用法（参见“情态动词”部分）。四、现在进行时 表示说话人说话时正在进行的动作，或现阶段内在进行的动作，汉语常用“正在”表示。由“助动词am /is / are + 现在分词词”构成。如： Is it raining? I am doing my homework. The students are cleaning the classroom. - What are you doing now? - Im doing some washing.现在进行时的用法：1)说话时正在进行的动作。 Is it snowing now?2)表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻这一动作不一定在进行。 How are you getting on with your work these days? 3)在时间、条件状语从句中，有时可以用现在进行时表将来，语气比用一般现在时显得更确定。 Dont mention this when you are talking with him.你和他谈话时不要提这件事。4）现在进行时有时可用来表示在最近按安排或计划要进行的动作（多有表未来的时间状语），但仅限于少量动词：go,stay, come, leave, start, arrive, lunch, return, dine, work, sleep, stay, play, do, have, wear, take off等。（参见“一般将来时”）。如：We are going there tomorrow.Im staying there for two weeks.5)现在进行时与频度副词always, all the time, forever, constantly, continuously等词连用，往往表赞扬、埋怨、气愤或厌恶等情绪。He is always thinking of his study.（他总是想着他的学习。）（称赞）He is always making the same mistakes.（批评）五、过去进行时 过去进行时由“助动词was（第一、三人称）单数/were（其他人称）+现在分词”构成。主要表示过去某时刻(侯)正在进行的动作。过去进行时与一般过去时的区别是：前者表示正在进行的动作,后者表示一个完成的动作。如果用一般过去时,就会给人印象：你已经做完这个动作。但少数动词(如:rain, snow,cough,wear, feel, work.),用一般过去时并不表示动作的完成,这时两种时态在意义上差别不大:It rained/was raining all day yesterday.He coughed/was coughing the whole night. 在强调动作延续较长时间时,用过去进行时稍好一点。此外,和现在进行时一样,过去进行时可以用来代替一般过去时,表示赞美/厌恶等情绪而带有感情色彩。常用状语有at that time, at this time yesterday等。如：I was reading a novel when he came in.What were you doing at eight yesterday?I was watching TV all evening.We were cleaning the classroom from 8 to 9.六、现在完成时 现在完成时的动作发生在过去，但与现在情况有关，即用一个发生在过去的动作来说明现在的情况。现在完成时由“助动词have / has过去分词”构成，现在完成时常用的状语有just, already, ever, never, before, yet, notyet, up to now, today, this month, lately, recently, so far, ever since, in the last / past few years等。如： -Where have you been? -I have been to the street. Have you ever been to Shanghai? He has gone to the library. I have lost my book. Who has opened the door? Have you had your supper? I have never seen such a big apple. He has remembered 500 words this month. Great changes have taken place in the last ten years.注意 现在完成时强调对现在的影响，是现在时态，因此不能和表示具体的过去时间连用，如：yesterday, last month, three days ago, in 1960等。但可以和表示模糊的过去时间的before连用。现在完成时的用法：过去开始的动作或存在的状态一直延续到现在: I have lived here for 20 years.（动作持续） He has been here for two hours.（状态持续）有少量动词（work,study,teach,live,)可表一直延续到现在的一个动作，但大多数动词不可这样，而应该用现在完成进行时。（注意：have been to表示“曾经去过某地，现已回来”；have gone to表示“已经去某地，现在还没回来”）由于arrive,come,become,join和get up等动词表短暂动作不可延续，需要借助含be的结构来表示延续的状态。表某动作曾经发生过，对现在来讲已成为既往的经历：I have met him .我见过他/我已见了他。He has tasted it. 他尝过/他已经尝了。表示一个断断续续的动作对现在产生的量结果：I have picked five baskets of apples.We have learnt ten English songs.表示到目前为止多少次或第几次干某事。He has been to Beijing several times.Its the third time that I have seen the film.说明现在完成时常与lately, recently, so far, already, these days, ever,just,up to now等表时间的副词或时间短语连用。 I have finished reading five books so far.常与for构成的表时间段的状语连用（有时for省略），如：He has lived here for five years.He has been in the army for three years.现在完成时可与since连用, since后加时间点词语或含一般过去时的从句。也可单独在句尾使用since（自那以后）, 此时since为副词。 I have lived here since five years ago. I havent seen him since 1987. I havent seen him since he left here. He moved here in 1980, and has lived here since.注意1)since后用的动词不同，动作的起算时间不同：since终止性动词的过去式，从该动作发生时算起。since延续性动词的过去式，从该动作结束时算起。 Mr. Li has been here since he came back. 自从李先生回来以后，他一直在这儿。 I havent heard from him since he lived here. 自从他不住在这儿以来，我就没有收到过他的来信。但也有例外，如： Ive known Mr. Smith since I was a boy. 我小的时候就认识史密斯先生了。2)在“It is +段时间 + since句型”中，时间一律以since从句的动作完成时算起，如： Its two years since we arrived here.我们到这儿两年了。 It was years since I had seen her.我认识她好几年了。在时间和条件状语从句中，可用现在完成时代替将来完成时，表示将来某时业已完成的动作： Ill go and see the exhibition as soon as I have got the recorder fixed.这里用现在完成时是表示这动作将在另一动作之前完成，如果两个动作同时发生，或几乎同时发生，一般就不用这个时态。在这样的情况下（特别是当我们用get, arrive, see, hear, leave, return等代表瞬间完成的动作时），多用一般现在时。有时两种时态都可用：I wont believe you until Ive seen it with my own eyes.我要亲眼看到它，我才会相信你。Well leave as soon as it stops/has stopped raining.Ill tell him after you leave/have left.It（This/That）is the first(second) time that. It（This/That）is the first(second) that.It（This/That）is the onlythatIt（This/That）is the best(biggest) that以上句型的主句用一般现在时或一般将来时，从句用现在完成时；主句用一般过去时，从句用过去完成时。It is the first time that I have seen so much money.这是我头一次看到这么多的钱。It is the best film that I have ever seen.这是我看过的最好电影。It will be the second car that I have bought. 那将是我买的第二辆车。It was the second time that I had been hurt by his words.这是我第二次被他的话所伤。It was the most interesting book that I had ever read.它是我曾经读过的最有趣的书。在must ( may, should等情态动词）+ have +动词过去分词，表示推测和假设意义的句子里，可以与表示过去的时间状语连用（详见情态动词）。It must have rained last night.现在完成时与延续性动词和非延续性动词。 a.延续性动词可用现在完成时，并可接表时间段的状语。 I have worked here for ten years. b.非延续性动词也可用现在完成时，但肯定句中不接since/for引出的表示时间段的状语（否定句中可以）。常用的瞬间动词有go, come, arrive, leave, begin, borrow, marry, die, fall, finish, stop, start, lose, sell, kill, break, meet, close, open, graduate, join等。如：He has died.（）He has died for ten years.（）He died ten years ago.（）I havent received his letter for a long time. （）七、过去完成时主要表示过去某时或某事前已经发生的动作或情况(也可以说是“过去的过去”）。由“had过去分词”构成。常用的状语有by 1966, by the time., by the end of., two years before, before,等。如：By the end of 1960, we had built 100 schools.I had learned some English words before I went to school.He said he had known it.When I had finished my work, I took a rest.I had gone out by the time he came here.He told me that he had suffered a great deal before.注意It was +时段+since从句。从句中常用过去完成时。It was five years since the building had been painted.这楼有五年没刷了。hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose, want, think等动词，用法较为特别,以hope为例：.(had) hoped等 + to do/to have done 表示一个没实现的打算、设想等。I had hoped to have become a doctor, but I didnt.I had hoped to become a doctor, but I didnt.I hoped to have become a doctor, but I didnt.我原打算成为一名医生，但未能够。I meant to phone you, but I forgot.（尤美）我本想打电话给你，可是我忘了。I meant to call on you. But I was too busy.（尤美）我本来想拜访你。但是我太忙了。I intended to catch the early train, but I got up late.（尤美）我本打算赶上早班火车，但我起床晚了。在含when, as soon as, before, after, until, now that等连词引导的从句的复合句中，若主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词的动作都发生在过去且有先后，那么先发生的动作常用过去完成时。但after从句中的动作可用一般过去时代替过去完成时，含before从句的主句中，也用一般过去时就行：When he arrived at the station, the train had left. =After the train (had)left, he arrived at the station.= The train left before he arrived at the station. “by +过去时间”作状语,谓动常用过去完成时。 By the end of last year，they had finished the work.在表示过去情况的虚拟条件句中，一般用过去完成时： If you had come with me，you would have seen him.在hardly . when, no sooner . than，scarcely . when句式中主句用过去完成时，且常采用倒装，从句用一般过去时。译为“一就”。如：Hardly had I come back when the phone rang.说明 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是过去的过去，只有在和过去某时或某事相比较时才会用到它。如果两个动作紧接发生，常常不用过去完成时，特别是在含有before和after的复合句中。有时两个时态都可用意思差别不大：As soon as it (had) stopped raining, they began working again.I told them after you (had) left. He (had) told me the news before you came.一连串的动作发生在过去，用一般过去时表达。 On arriving, he had a sip of tea, took off his coat, and started to clean the room.在以since引起的状语从句中用一般过去时较多，有时也用过去完成时：The girl had changed considerably since I had seen her.叙述过去发生的事情时，有时可以用过去完成时来追叙或补叙更早发生的事。一般做法是：头两三句用过去完成时，使人知道是追叙往事，一有机会就转用一般过去时。 英语的语态 英语的语态有两种，即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态表主语是动作的承受者。此主要讲被动语态。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，表示句子中主语是动作的承受者，也就是动作的对象。一般说来，只有及物动词（短语）才有被动语态。汉语常用“被”“受”“给”“遭”“挨”等词来表被动意义。动作执行者一般由介词by引出。被动语态结构为:“助动词be+过去分词+ by +动作执行者+ with +工具”。被动语态的时态是通过be动词变化的。被动语态的使用场合：强调动作承受者；动作发出者未知或不便说出；科技英语中较多使用。被动语态共有十种时态（以动词do为例）一般完成进行现在am/is/are donehave/has been doneam/is/are being done过去was/were donehad been donewas/were being done将来shall/will be doneshall/will have been done过去将来should/would be doneshould/would have been done 说明 将来进行时、过去将来进行时、完成进行时，没有被动语态。上表被动语态的10种时态中，将来完成时和过去将来完成时均不常用，故其常用时态只有8种，外加含情态动词句式的被动语态。 各种时态的被动语态例句：1.一般现在时：Football is played all over the world.You are wanted on the phone.English is widely spoken in the world.He is often punished.2一般过去时：The bridge was built in 1975.The house was destroyed in the earthquake.He was praised yesterday.3.一般将来时：The baby will be taken to hospital soon.Our lab will be built in a month.I shall be given a chance.4.过去将来时：I knew the boy would be taken good care of in there.He said he would be criticized for what he did.5.现在完成时： He has been given a chance.The book has been translated into many languages.I have been told the news6.过去完成时：He said he had been given a chance.It was said that the book had already been translated intomany languages.By 1960, 100 schools had been set up.7现在进行时：The building is being built.He is being beaten by his mother.8.过去进行时： When I went to the city, a high building was being built.注意 有些短语动词在意义上相当于及物动词，也有被动语态如：The children there are taken good care of.A doctor was sent for.Women are not looked down upon now. 含情态动词的被动结构是“情态动词+be+过去分词”：Everything that can be done has been done.He should have been punished.The thing must be handed in.被动语态的其他表达形式1. get +过去分词：多用于口语和非正式场合，强调动作的结果。有时带有不愉快、不顺利的含义。 He got wounded in a battle. You might get burnt.注意 这种被动语态句型的否定和疑问要借助do构成: Did you get scolded yesterday? 你昨天挨批评了吗？2. become+过去分词：强调动作的全过程。 He became seized with a deep sorrow. 他陷入了深深的忧伤之中。被动语态的变异：用主动语态表达被动意义1)某些表状态特征的连系动词如：smell, taste ,feel, sound, look, prove等，用主动形式表达被动意义。 The fish tasted good. Cotton fe