2010职称英语理工类C级新增内容.doc

2010年职称英语理工类新增文章 第四部分阅读理解第三篇Citizen Scientists (C级)Understanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle eventflowering, the appearance of leaves, the first frog calls of the springall around the world. But ecologists cant be everywhere so theyre turning to non-scientists, sometimes called citizen scientists, for help.Climate scientists are not present everywhere. Because there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them, theyre asking for your help in observing signs of climate change across the world. The citizen scientist movement encourages ordinary people to observe a very specific research interest birds, trees, flowers budding, etc. and send their observations to a giant database to be observed by professional scientists. This helps a small number of scientists track a large amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own. Much like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyper-local beat, citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live. All thats needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send it in.A group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year called the National Phenology Network. “Phenology” is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature.One of the groups first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists alike to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year. The program, called Project BudBurst, collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States. People participating in the projectwhich is open to everyonerecord their observations on the Project BudBurst website.“People dont have to be plant experts -they just have to look around and see whats in their neighborhood,” says Jennifer Schwartz, an education consultant with the project. “ As we collect this data, well be able to make an estimate of how plants and communities of plants and animals will respond as the climate changes. ”练习：1. Ecologists turn to non-scientist citizens for help because they need themA) to provide their personal life cycles.B) to observe the life cycle of plants.C) to collect data of the life cycle of living things.D) to teach children knowledge about climate change.2. What are citizen scientists asked to do?A) To develop a specific research interest and become professional scientists.B) To send their research observations to a professional database.C) To increase their knowledge about climate change.D) To keep a record of their research observations.3. In “All thats needed to become one . (paragraph2)”, what does the word “one” stands for?A) a citizen journalist.B) a citizen scientist.C) a scientist.D) a citizen.4. What is NOT true of Project BudBurst?A) Only experts can participate in it.B) Everybody can participate in it.C) It collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants.D) It has its own website.5. What is the final purpose of Project BudBurst?A) To study when plants will have their first buds.B) To find out the types of plants in the neighborhood.C) To collect life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States.D) To investigate how plants and animals will respond as the climate changes.2010年职称英语理工类新增文章第三篇参考答案CBBAD 2010年职称英语理工类新增文章第三篇参考译文理解大自然对气候变化有怎样的反应需要监视世界各个角落的关键生命周期事件花开、叶子的出现、第一只青蛙叫出春天的到来。但是生态学家不可能去到世界的各个角落，所以他们向非科学家求助，这些非科学家有时也被称作公民科学家。气象科学家不可能足迹遍及天下。因为在世界上有如此多的地方，没有足够的科学家来观察它们。所以他们请求你来帮助观察全世界气候变化的迹象。公民科学家运动鼓励普通人根据自己的兴趣来观察某一个特定的方面鸟儿、树木、花开等等并把他们的观察结果发送到一个巨大的数据库来供专业科学家研究。这有助于数量有限的科学家得到如果只靠他们自己根本收集不到的巨大数据。就像公民记者帮助报道传统新闻报道方式所忽略的小型社区的相关信息一样，公民科学家也对他们所居住的环境很熟悉。所需要的就是每天或每周留出几分钟来搜集数据并发送过来。一群科学家和教育家在去年发起了一个叫做纽约国家物候学的组织。”物候学”就是科学家们所说的在自然中研究每个事件的时间。其中一个小组的首要尝试就是依靠科学家和非科学家来收集关于每年植物开花和长叶子的数据。这一项目叫做花季追踪计划，它收集遍布美国的各种各样的植物生长周期的数据。参与这一项目的人们这一计划对所有人开放把他们的观察记录在花季追踪计划网站上。“人们不需要是植物学家他们仅仅需要环视四周看看周围有什么。”Jennifer Schwartz说，她是这项计划的教育顾问。”通过收集数据，我们就能够估算出气候变化对植物和生物群落会有怎样的影响。”第6篇第六篇 Arctic Melt (C级)Earths North and South Poles are famous for being cold and icy. Last year, however, the amount of ice in the Arctic Ocean fell to a record low. Normally, ice builds in Arctic waters around the North Pole each winter and shrinks during the summer. But for many years, the amount of ice left by the end of summer has been declining.Since 1979, each decade has seen an 11.4 percent drop in end-of-summer ice cover. Between 1981 and 2000, ice in the Arctic lost 22 percent of its thickness -becoming 1.13 meters thinner.Last summer, Arctic sea ice reached its skimpiest levels yet. By the end of summer 2007, the ice had shrunk to cover just 4.2 million square kilometers. Thats 38 percent less area than the aver-age cover at that time of year. And its a very large 23 percent below the previous record low, which was set just 2 years ago. This continuing trend has scientists concerned.There may be several reasons for the ice melt, says Jinlun Zhang, an oceanographer at the University of Washington in Seattle. Unusually strong winds blew through the Arctic last summer. The winds pushed much of the ice out of the central Arctic, leaving a large area of thin ice and open water.Scientists also suspect that fewer clouds cover the Arctic now than in the past. Clearer skies allow more sunlight to reach the ocean. The extra heat warms both the water and the atmosphere. In parts of the Arctic Ocean last year, surface temperatures were 3.5Celsius warmer than average and 1.5C warmer than the previous record high.With both air and water getting warmer, the ice is melting from both above and below. In some parts of the Beaufort Sea, north of Alaska and western Canada, ice that measured 3.3 m thick at the beginning of the summer measured just 50 centimeters by seasons end.The new measurements suggest that melting is far more severe than scientists have seen by just looking at ice cover from above, says Donald K. Perovich, a geophysicist at the U. S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory in Hanover, N.H.Some scientists fear that the Arctic is stuck in a warming trend from which it may never recover.练习：1. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “build” in the first sentence of the second paragraph?A) Construct.B) Extend.C) Create.D) Expand.2. What is the ice cover in the Arctic by the end of 2007 summer?A) 4.2 million square kilometers.B) 11.4 million square kilometers.C) 1.13 million square kilometers.D) 38 million square kilometers.3. What are the reasons for the ice melt according to the scientists?A) Strong winds and clear skies.B) Long summer and short winter.C) Open water and thin ice.D) Light clouds and light winds.4. Why is the ice melting from both above and below?A) Because extra heat warms the air.B) Because extra heat warms the water.C) Because the temperature above the water is higher.D) Both A and B.5. What can be a possible title for the passage?A) What are scientists looking for in the Arctic Ocean?B) What are scientists doing in the Arctic Ocean?C) Why are scientists worrying about the Arctic Ocean?D) Why are scientists interested in the Arctic Ocean?2010职称英语理工阅读新增文章-第6篇参考答案D A A D C2010职称英语理工阅读新增文章-第6篇参考译文第六篇 北极冰山融化地球的北极和南极都以冰冷闻名。但是，去年北冰洋上的冰含量跌到了历史最低点。正常情况下，每年冬天在北极附近的北冰洋开始结冰，并在夏天缩减。但是多年以来，在夏天结束时冰的含量在下降。自从1979年以来，每10年在夏季末的冰覆盖量都下降114。在1981到2000年之间，北极冰的厚度下降了22变成了113米这么薄。去年，北极的冰雪覆盖达到了最薄的程度。在2007年夏天快结束的时候，冰层已经缩减到只覆盖四百二十万平方公里。这比那年的平均覆盖面积少38，比两年前最低记录少23。这个持续的趋势令科学家们万分担忧。冰雪融化有许多原因，西雅图华盛顿大学的海洋学家张金伦说，有许多原因导致了冰层融化。极不寻常的强风去年刮过大西洋，风把大西洋中部的冰散去，留下大面积的薄冰和没有冰覆盖的海面。科学家们还怀疑在大西洋上空有比过去越来越少的云层。晴朗的天空使更多的阳光照射大西洋。升高的温度使水和空气都变温暖。在去年大西洋的部分海域，表面温度比平均温度高35摄氏度，比历史最高点还高15摄氏度。由于空气和水都变暖，冰从上面和下面都开始融化。在波弗特海的部分海域，阿拉斯加的北部和加拿大的西部，夏天开始时冰的厚度为33米，但到了季末仅仅为50厘米。新的测量表明，情况远远比科学家们仅仅从表面上看到的要严重得多，新罕布什尔州汉诺威市的地球物理学家Donald KPerovich说。一些科学家担心北极已经深陷变热的趋势不能恢复。2010职称英语理工完型新增文章第3篇Seeing Red Means Danger AheadThe color red often means danger - and by paying attention, 1 can be prevented. At railroad crossings, flashing red lights warn cars to stay back. A red light at a traffic intersection tells cars to stop, so 2 dont run into other cars. In the future, the color red also may help prevent danger3construction sites. Thanks to new work by engineers, bridge supports- or other kinds of materialscould one day contain a color-changing material. It will turn red 4a structure collapses or falls 5 A tiny molecule may make a big difference in future warning systems. A polymer6 a color-changing molecule called a mechanophore turns red seconds before it snaps. The technology may one day allow damage to materials or structures to be easily 7 .The secret behind the color-changing material is a particular type of molecule. A molecule is a group of atoms held together by8bonds. Molecules come in all shapes and sizes, and make up 9you can see, touch or feel. How a molecule behaves depends on what kinds of atoms it contains, and how theyre held together.When a polymer containing a color-changing molecule called a mechanophore is about to breaks, it produces a color. When a polymer with mechanophore molecules becomes injured or10, one of the mechanophore bonds breaks and the material turns red. Its a really simple detection method, says Nancy Sottos, one of the scientists who worked on the project. Were 11 up this one bond, and it changes color. Sottos and her team tested the color-changing polymers in their lab. The test12 proved encouraging.There is a way to get rid of the red color: 13. When a bright light is shone on the mechanophore, the broken bond is fixed - and the red color disappears. This self-healing may be a problem for engineers. They need to use the color-changer in big construction projects that will be 14 , in sunlight. And sunlight will make the mechanophores warning system useless.Sottos and her fellow scientists still have15 work to do before the color-changing molecules can be used outside the lab. 练习：1. A measuresB accidents C actionsD collapses2. A theyB itC some D most3. A withB over C atD in4. A beforeB afterC once D while5. A togetherB behind C downD apart6. A contacting B conductingC containingD considering7. A controlledB spottedC rep