2012年高考北京卷阅读理解真题附答案详解(全网最精解析版).docx

- 中国首家承诺学习效果的教育公司2012年高考北京卷阅读理解真题附答案详解（全网最精解析版）Decision-makingunderStressAnewreviewbasedonaresearchshowsthatacutestressaffectsthewaythebrainconsiderstheadvantagesanddisadvantages,causingittofocusonpleasureandignorethepossiblenegative(负面的)consequencesofadecision.Theresearchsuggeststhatstressmaychangethewaypeoplemakechoicesinpredictableways.“Stressaffectshowpeoplelearn,”saysProfessorMaraMather.“Peoplelearnbetteraboutpositivethannegativeoutcomesunderstress.”Forexample,tworecentstudieslookedathowpeoplelearnedtoconnectimages(影像)witheitherrewardsorpunishments.Inoneexperiment,someoftheparticipantswerefirststressedbyhavingtogiveaspeechanddodifficultmathproblemsinfrontofanaudience;intheother,somewerestressedbyhavingtokeeptheirhandsinicewater.Inbothcases,thestressedparticipantsrememberedtherewardedmaterialmoreaccuratelyandthepunishedmateriallessaccuratelythanthosewhohadntgonethroughthestress.Thisphenomenonislikelynotsurprisingtoanyonewhohastriedtoresisteatingcookiesorsmokingacigarettewhileunderstressatthosemoments,onlythepleasureassociatedwithsuchactivitiescomestomind.Butthefindingsfurthersuggestthatstressmaybringaboutadoubleeffect.Notonlyarerewardingexperiencesrememberedbetter,butnegativeconsequencesarealsoeasilyrecalled.Theresearchalsofoundthatstressappearstoaffectdecision-makingdifferentlyinmenandwomen.Whilebothmenandwomentendtofocusonrewardsandlessonconsequencesunderstress,theirresponsestoriskturnouttobedifferent.Menwhohadbeenstressedbythecold-watertasktendedtotakemorerisksintheexperimentwhilewomenrespondedintheoppositeway.Instressfulsituationsinwhichrisk-takingcanpayoffbig,menmaytendtodobetter,whencautionweighsmore,however,womenwillwin.Thistendencytoslowdownandbecomemorecautiouswhendecisionsareriskymightalsohelpexplainwhywomenarelesslikelytobecomeaddictedthanmen:theymaymoreoftenavoidmakingtheriskychoicesthateventuallyhardenintoaddiction.（350words）64. Wecanlearnfromthepassagethatpeopleunderpressuretendto_.A.keeprewardsbetterintheirmemoryB.recallconsequencesmoreeffortlesslyC.makeriskydecisionsmorefrequentlyD.learnasubjectmoreeffectively65. Accordingtotheresearch,stressaffectspeoplemostprobablyintheir_.A.waysofmakingchoices B.preferenceforpleasureC.toleranceofpunishments D.responsestosuggestions66. Theresearchhasprovedthatinastressfulsituation,_.A.womenfinditeasiertofallintocertainhabitsB.menhaveagreatertendencytoslowdownC.womenfocusmoreonoutcomesD.menaremorelikelytotakerisks答案与解析：64.A.本题属于细节理解题，根据题干可以定位到文章第一段，“causingittofocusonpleasureandignorethepossiblenegativeconsequencesofadecision”可知答案A选项正确。65.A.本题属于细节理解题，根据题干可以定位到文章第二段，“Theresearchsuggeststhatstressmaychangethewaypeoplemakechoicesinpredictableways.”，可知答案A选项正确。66.D.本题属于细节理解题，根据题干可以定位到文章的第七段，“Menwhohadbeenstressedbythecold-watertasktendedtotakemorerisksintheexperimentwhilewomenrespondedintheoppositeway.”，可知D选项正确。根据文章最后一段可知B选项错误；根据文章六段可知，C选项错误。A选项在文章没有提到，属于无中生有。重点单词：基础词汇stress压力advantage优势ignore忽略review评论disadvantage劣势negative消极的reward奖励punishment惩罚audience观众associate使联系recall回忆tend趋向response反应cautious谨慎的addicted沉迷的avoid避免addiction上瘾risky冒险的提高词汇acute严重的participant参与者phenomenon现象consequence后果accurately精确地resist抵制predictable可预测的caution谨慎weigh具有重要性harden变坚固tendency趋势eventually最终拓展词汇ignorant无知的positive积极的association协会ignorance无知phenomena现象（复数）accuracy精确度consequent随之发生的predict预测en使consequently因此重点短语：baseon基于focuson集中于makechoices做选择inway以的方式understress压力下connectwith和联系gothrough经历associatewith和联系turnout结果cometomind想到bringabout引起takerisks冒险payoff取得成功belikelytodo可能做beaddictedto沉迷于长难句分析：1.Anewreviewbasedonaresearchshowsthatacutestressaffectsthewaythebrainconsiderstheadvantagesanddisadvantages,causingittofocusonpleasureandignorethepossiblenegativeconsequencesofadecision.解析：本句话的主干是Anewreviewshowsthat.basedonaresearch是过去分词短语做后置定语，用来修饰前面的review；that引导的是动词show的宾语从句；宾语从句中，thebrainconsiderstheadvantagesanddisadvantages是一个定语从句，用来修饰前面的theway；causing部分是一个现在分词结构，在句子中充当状语。翻译：基于某研究的一条新评论指出：压力过大会影响大脑权衡利弊的机制，使大脑将注意力集中在快乐之上，从而忽略某一决定可能会带来的不利后果。拓展：定语从句中，当先行词是theway的时候，引导词可以有三种情况：that/inwhich/省略。2.Inbothcases,thestressedparticipantsrememberedtherewardedmaterialmoreaccuratelyandthepunishedmateriallessaccuratelythanthosewhohadntgonethroughthestress.解析：本句的主干是一个含有比较级的并列句句，those后是由who引导的一个定语从句。翻译：在两种情况下，和没有经受压力的参与者相比，处于压力之下的参与者对奖励材料记忆更加精确，而对处罚材料记忆要相对弱一些。拓展：在考查定语从句的时候，经常碰到类似case这样的词，后面的引导词通常用where。类似的词还有：stage/point/example/job等。3.Thisphenomenonislikelynotsurprisingtoanyonewhohastriedtoresisteatingcookiesorsmokingacigarettewhileunderstressatthosemoments,onlythepleasureassociatedwithsuchactivitiescomestomind.解析：这句话的主干是“Thisphenomenonislikelynotsurprisingtoanyone”；anyone后面是由who引导的一个定语从句；while部分是一个省略的状语从句，补全是“whiletheyareunderstress”;破折号“-”后面的部分起解释的作用；其主干是“onlythepleasurecomestomind”；“associatedwithsuchactivities”是过去分词作定语，用来修饰前面的pleasure。翻译：这种现象很可能对那些处于压力之下而试图控制吃饼干或抽烟的人来说并不奇怪；在压力之下，只有吃糖果和吸烟所带来的快感才会浮现在脑海。4.Notonlyarerewardingexperiencesrememberedbetter,butnegativeconsequencesarealsoeasilyrecalled.解析：本句是一个由notonlybut(also)引导的一个并列句。需要注意的是：当notonly放在句首时，其后面的句子需要进行部分倒装，但是but后面的句子不需要倒装，简记为“前倒后不倒”。翻译：不仅有意义的经历记忆效果更好，而且负面影响也很容易得到回忆。拓展：类似这样否定词放句首需要进行倒装的句型还有：hardlywhen和nosoonerthan都是“前倒后不倒”；而notuntil则是“前不倒后倒”。5.Whilebothmenandwomentendtofocusonrewardsandlessonconsequencesunderstress,theirresponsestoriskturnouttobedifferent.解析：本句是一个简单的主从复合句。While在这里面的意思是“尽管”。翻译：虽然男性和女性在压力之下往往都倾向于关注奖励而不太注意后果，但是他们对于风险的反应则是不同的。拓展：while在考试中常考的意思有下面三种情况：尽管；然而；当的时候。6.Menwhohadbeenstressedbythecold-watertasktendedtotakemorerisksintheexperimentwhilewomenrespondedintheoppositeway.解析：本句是由while引导的一个并列句，while在这里表示对比，意思是“然而”。第一个分句中who引导的是一个定语从句，修饰前面的men。翻译：该实验中接受冷水挑战的男性会冒更多的风险，然而女性的反应则恰恰相反。7.Instressfulsituationsinwhichrisk-takingcanpayoffbig,menmaytendtodobetter,whencautionweighsmore,however,womenwillwin.解析：本句是有however连接的一个并列句。第一个分句是“Instressfulsituationsinwhichrisk-takingcanpayoffbig,menmaytendtodobetter”，其中inwhich引导的是一个定语从句，修饰前面的situations；第二个分句是“whencautionweighsmore,however,womenwillwin”，其中when引导的是一个时间状语从句。翻译：在紧张的情况下，冒险往往收益更大，因此男性可能会做得更好；然而，在谨慎更加重要的情况下，女性会是最终的赢家。拓展：插入语在写作中是提高语言质量的一个不错的选择，尤其是要灵活使用插入语在句子中的位置。例如：Ithinkitisimpo