天津市成人高考本科英语复习资料.doc

成人高考专升本英语串讲材料一、 主谓一致：1. and的用法and连接并列主语时，谓语动词用复数。例如：Both he and I are right.Mr. Black and Mrs. Black have a son called Tom.但并列主语如果指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数,例如：His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl. The poet and writer has come.当连接的是两个不可分的东西时，谓语动词用单数，例如：Whisky and soda is my favorite drink.Bread and butter is my favorite snack.由and连接的并列主语中如果有each, every, no修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。例如： Every boy and every girl has a dictionary at hand.Each man and each woman has a dancing partner at the party.In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education. 2. 就近原则：notbut，not only but also，eitheror,，neithernor，there be，here以上词语连接两个主语时，以离动词最近的主语形式为准，如：Either Mr. Smith or his wife and sons have to face the difficulties.There are fourteen chairs and a whiteboard in the meeting room.经典试题：One or more pages are missing.The headmaster or I am going to hand out the papers.3. 就远原则：with, along with, together with, including, except, but, besides, rather than, instead of以上词语连接两个主语时，以离动词远的主语形式为准，如：The library including 5,000 books was burnt down last night.The teacher rather than the students was wrong.4. 集合名词:Family, class, group, team, crew, committee,等如以上名词作主语时，如果指一个整体，谓语动词就是单数；如果指成员时，谓语动词用复数，如：The class is made up of 40 students.5. 单独的动名词，不定式，从句，时间，金钱，距离，学科，疾病，组织（专有名词）做主语时，谓语动词用单数，如；Swimming is good for you.Fifty dollars is too much for me.Father gave me a dictionary as a birthday gift, which makes me excited.Physics is really difficult for me to learn.练习：1. Bread and butter _ what Americans usually have for breakfast.A. areB. isC. wasD. were2. Each boy and girl _given a gift on last Christmas Day.A. isB. areC. wereD. was3. Nobody but Jack and Jane _ made great progress in the class recently.A. haveB. hasC. hadD. has been4. Not only he but also I _to work hard and pass the exam.A. want B. wants C. wanted D. wanting5. Going to bed early and getting up early _ a good habit.A. is B. are C. were D. was6. Statistics _ his most difficult subject and they are all worried that he wont pass the test.A. is B. are C. was D. were7. Statistics _ that most of the published and quoted scientific articles are related to medical science.A. has shown B. is shownC. show D. shows8. Two hundred and fifty pounds _ too unreasonable a price for a second-hand car.A. is B. are C. were D. be9. Up to now, the majority of the undergraduates _ enrolled for this selected course.A. has been B. have C. had been D. would have been 10. The police _ asked them many questions about the accident.A. had B. has C. have D. had been二定语从句：定语从句由关系代词who、whom、whose、which、 that、as和关系副词where、when、why等，说得简单点就是用这些词代替上一句中重复的部分。1. 关系代词who, which, that 的考点：I know the girl. The girl works in IBM.I know the girl who / that works in IBM.The old man is a famous artist. We visited the old man yesterday.The old man who /that we visited yesterday is a famous artist. The laptop is made by DELL. I bought the laptop last week. The laptop which / that I bought last week is made by DELL. 先行词为以下情况，关系代词必须用that:1. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰：He is the hardest-working student that I have ever taught.2. 先行词被序数词修饰：He is the first man that finished the work on time.3. 先行词被only, just, the same, next等词修饰：This is the only dictionary that I have at hand.4. 先行词本身为不定代词：Is there anything that I can do for you?5. 先行词中既包含人又包含物： We know nothing about the doctors and the hospitals that you are talking about.6. 正式用法中，先行词是动物的时候We have to protect whales and sharks that are being threatened by death.2. whose的考点：whose 就是重复关系代词及关系代词的所属关系，很好判断。I know the boy. The boys father works in a zoo.I know the boy whose father works in a zoo.I lost the book. The books cover is torn.I lost the book whose cover is torn.3. 关系副词when, where, why的考点 这三个词就是代替主句中的时间，地点和原因。比如: I still remember the month when we met for the first time. I still remember the airport where we met for the first time. I still remember the reason why we met for the first time. why是最简单的一个，看见reason就选它。 难点1： 关系副词=介词+关系代词 I still remember the month when / in which we met for the first time.I still remember the airport where/ at which we met for the first time.I still remember the reason why / for which we met for the first time.why最简单，记住固定结构for+which 用哪个介词加which是先行词决定的，只要熟练掌握介词加名词就能顺利选出答案。看下列例题：1. I prefer Sundays _ I can do something I enjoy.2. This is the hospital _ I have been working for 10 years. 难点2 为了使句子简洁，定语从句中尽量不要出现介词，这个时候把动词词组的介词提到关系代词之前，如： This is the factory which I worked in in 1997. This is the factory in which I worked in in 1997. This is the song which he always listens to. This is the song to which he always listens to.经典试题： 1) Soon I came to the club _ Tom belongs. A. where B. in which C. to which D. that 2) He is the man _ I talked about with you yesterday. A. whom B. to whom C. about whom D. who4. 非限定性定语从句试比较： Please go to the office which is on the second floor. Please go to my office, which is on the second floor. 非限定性定语从句的考点就是“which”代替逗号前的整个句子，比如： He gave me a dictionary as a birthday gift, which made me happy. 基本意思就是“一件事情，引出结果 注意：非限定定语从句中不能使用that和why。 当which代替整个主句时，并且能翻译成“正如”的时候，就可用“as”代替，并提到句首。如： China will be an advanced country in 20 years, which we all know. As we know, China will be an advanced country in 20 years.练习：1. The place _interested me most was the Childrens Palace.A. whichB. whereC. whatD. in which2. Do you know the man _?A. whom I spokeB. to who spokeC. I spoke toD. that I spoke3. This is the hotel _last month.A. which they stayed B. at that they stayedC. where they stayed at D. where they stayed4. Do you know the year _the Chinese Communist Party was founded?A. whichB. thatC. whenD. on which5. That is the day _Ill never forget.A. whichB. on whichC. in whichD. when6. This is one of the best films _.A. that have been shown this year B. that have shownC. that has been shown this year D. that you talked7. Can you lend me the book _the other day?A. about which you talked B. which you talkedC. about that you talked D. that you talked8. The pen _he is writing is mine.A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which9. They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of _sat a small boy.A. whom B. who C. which D. that10. It there anyone in your class _family is in the country?A. who B. whos C. which D. whose11. Im interested in _you have said.A. all that B. all what C. that D. which12. He is good at English, _we all know.A. that B. as C. whom D. what13. He talked a lot about things and persons _they remembered in the school.A. which B. that C. whom D. what14. In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of _are women.A. them B. which C. whom D. who15. I lost a book, _I cant remember now.A. whose title B. its title C. the title of it D. the title of that16. Last summer we visited the West Lake, _Hangzhou is famous in the world. A. for which B. for that C. in which D. what三、倒装把动词放到主语之前就叫倒装，倒装分为完全倒装和部分倒装。1. 完全倒装就是把所有的谓语动词都提到主语之前，一般由方位介词和方位 副词引导，如：The manager stands in front of the car.In front the car stands the manager.注意：不要只把方位介词提前，与方位介词有关的词汇都提前，并且注意主语和谓语动词之间的形式。The old man walked down to the hill slowly.The bird flew up to the blue sky.试把两句话变成完全倒装。方位副词为here, there,我们熟悉的there be句型就属于完全倒装句型，如：There is a book on the desk.Here comes the bus.Here is the money.Here you are. 以上几个句子都是方位副词使用的方法。完全倒装里的一个重要考点是要记住：完全倒装中主语是人称代词时，主谓顺序不变。2. 部分倒装部分倒装只需要把助动词提到主语之前，通常引导部分倒装的词语为：hardly, never, seldom, little, rarely, neither, nor, no, not, only, so如：I have never been to the United Stated.改为：Never have I been to the United States.试把以下句子变成倒装句：1) I have never met him before.2) He hardly goes out after work.3) I seldom ate out when I was young.以上为简单句的倒装，考试中经常出现并列句及从句的倒装考点，如由并列结构not only but also, neither nor , 复合句结构only when, no sooner than, scarcely/ hardly when切记：并列句只在很有倒装结构的分句上倒装，复合句只在主句上倒装。1） Not only (he can) play musical instrument, but also (he can) repair cars.2） Neither (he want) to tell the news, nor (I want) to ask.3） No sooner (he get) home than it (rain).4） Only when you are aware the importance of the position, (you can) perform well.5） Hardly (I leave) than (he arrive).练习：1. No sooner _ themselves in their seats in the theatre _ the curtain went up. A. they have settled; before B. had they settled; than C. have they settled; when D. they had settled; than2. Ive never seen that movie. _ have I. A. So B. Either C. Neither D. Too3. Its necessary that not only _ to see a doctor but also stay at home for a good sleep. A. Bob should go B. did Bob go C. Bobs going D. should Bob go4. In _, but out _ again. A. came the teacher; he went B. came the teacher; went he C. did the teacher come; he went D. the teacher came; went he5. Nowhere else in the world _ more friendly people than in this small town. A. you might find B. you will find C. can you find D. should you find6. Not until 2003 _ caught by the US soldiers, and it was a great victory for the USA. A. was Saddam Hussein B. Saddam Hussein was C. had Saddam Hussein been D. Saddam Hussein had been7. Only with your help, _ such difficulties in the field.A. can we overcome B. we can overcomeC. should we overcome D. we should overcome8. “Never _ to hurt your feeling while I was expressing myself in the discussion” explained Jim. A. I expected B. expected I C. had I expected D. did I expect9. _ our bus; well have to wait for the next. A. Does there go B. It goes C. There goes D. Does it go 10. What a naughty boy he was! _ . A. Down jumped he from the desk B. From the desk jumped he downC. He down jumped from the desk D. Down he jumped from the desk11. On the opposite wall _ one map _ dozens of pictures. A. hang; including B. are hung; together withC. is hanged; with D. is hanging; as well as12. You can never use my computer. At no time _ that machine. A. you should touch B. should you touchC. touch should you D. you touch四、虚拟语气虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。虚拟语气有三个主要结构，一定要记住，分别是对现在，过去和将来进行虚拟。1. 对现在的虚拟：If +主语+did, 主语+would/should/could/might+doIf he knew the answer, he would tell you.2. 对过去的虚拟：If +主语+had +done, 主语+would/should/could/might+have+doneIf you had come here yesterday, you would have met him.If you had been more careful, you wouldnt made such a mistake.3. 对将来的虚拟：If+主语+动词过去式，主语+would/should/could/might+doIf +主语+were to +do, 主语+would/should/could/might+doIf +主语+should+do, 主语+would/should/could/might+do第一个结构表示建议或提醒，而第二个结构表示警告或责备。If you were to leave tomorrow, you wouldnt be late for the meeting in New York next week.难点一： 以上为虚拟语气基本考点，就是考察前后结构搭配，如： If I (not call) the police, the thief would have run away. 虚拟语气里最常考的结构就是对过去的虚拟，要牢记，只要看到would / should / could / might + have + done就想到是讲述过去的事，甚至是把它看成一般过去式。难点二： 考察虚拟语气三大结构省略if的格式，如： If I had come here yesterday, I would have met him. Had I come here yesterday, I would have met him.4. 欲望动词：欲望动词是虚拟语气的重点考点，所谓欲望动词就是表示命令，建议等的动词。一般考试结构为：He insisted that Tom (finish) the work by Friday. Some people suggested that school children (wear) uniform. He demanded that I (help) him. 固定结构为：主语+欲望动词+that+主语+should+do, should 可以省略。 切记，考试常考欲望动词的被动结构 He ordered that the books be sent to the office by 5 oclock.5. 含蓄条件句：含蓄条件句就是从句中不再出现if，而用其他的引导词代替。如：A Bwithout as ifotherwise/or as thoughBut for If onlyAB两组词用法不一样，A组用虚拟语气三大结构的主句结构，而B组用wish的结构，看下列例子：A组：I couldnt have finished the work without your help.But for your advice, I would have been in trouble.B组： He talks as if he were an adult. If only you had come here yesterday.经典试题：1) Life (be) totally different without internet.2) I called the police in time. Otherwise the thief (run) away.3) My parents took good care of the dog as if he (be) their own son.4) If only he (be) careful at the exam.6. 固定句型：虚拟语气中有两个常考的句型：Its time that和would rather thatIts time that 主语+did (对现在的建议，到了该做的时间了)Its time that we had the meeting.主语would rather that 主语+did (对现在的评论)I would rather that you came today.主语would rather that 主语+had+done (对过去的评论)I would rather that you had stayed home yesterday.练习：1. I should never have said that. I wish I _ that.A. didnt sayB. wouldnt sayC. hadntsaidD. dont say2. I could have done it for you if you _.A. ask me toB. asked me toC. have asked me toD. had asked me to3. Supposing I _ to agree to your request, how do you think the other students would feel?A. wouldB. areC. wereD. could4. The plant is dead. I _ it more water.A. will giveB. would have given C. must giveD. should have given5. _ more careful, such spelling mistakes might have been avoided.A. You had beenB. You have beenC. Had you beenD. Have you been6. I cannot sleep. The dog next door is making too much noise. I wish it _ quiet.A. keptB. would keepC. had keptD. to keep7. If motorists had to pay an extra tax to drive in cities, they _ their cars a lot less.A. useB. will useC. usedD. would use8. His doctor suggested that he _ his right hand.A. avoid usingB. avoid to useC. has avoided usingD. avoids to use9. It is necessary that anyone _ exercises every day if he wishes to keep healthy.A. would doB. will doC. didD. do10. If I had know you werent coming, I _ a cake. (2008)A. would not bakeB. did not bakedC. will not have bakedD. would not have baked 11. Shall we go to the movie tonight? No, Id rather that you _ at home with our baby.A. you stayedB. you stayC. stayedD. stay 12. Had he studied hard, he_ the exam. A. would passB. could passC. had passedD. would have passed五、动词不定式动词不定式的考点比较简单只要记住以下几点就可以:1. 下列动词之后一定要加to do afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, decide, need, dare, determine, expect, hope, fail, happen, learn, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem2. it is + adj. + to do.3. only to find that (常考句型，“结果却发现”) I hurried to the class, only to find that the class had been canceled.4. is/was said to 据说 The factory was said to have been built 25 years ago.5. 表示目的时，放在句首。 To go abroad, I have to learn English hard.练习：1. The New York police were very anxious_ about the crime.A. learn moreB. learning moreC. to learn more D. more to learn2. Not you but your father _. A. are to blameB. is to blameC. are to be blamedD. is to be blamed3. Do you think it necessary _ an English diary every day? A. keepB. to keepC. keepD. kept4. Anne couldnt find taxi, so I offered _ her to the station. (2007) A. driveB. to driveC. drivingD. having driver5. This company was the first _ radios as well as cassette tape recorders in the world.A. producing B. to produce C. having producedD. produced 6. The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, _it more difficult.A .not makingB. not make C .not to make D. nor to make 7. Helen had to shout _above the sound of the music.A .making herself hear B. to make herself hearC. making herself heard D .to make herself heard 8. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _the film stars had left.A .to tellB .to be toldC .tellingD .told 9. The teacher asked us _so much noise.A .dont make B. not make C. not making D .not to make六、动名词动名词最基本的概念就是动词抽象化，最常用的作用就是修饰名词的作用，如：smoking room, dancing club, washing machine等。但最常考的就是以下几点：1. 动名词作宾语，就是有些动词之后必须跟动名词形式，如：avoid , cant help , consider , deny , delay , enjoy , endure , escape , finish , give up , imagine , keep on , leave off , mind , miss , need , postpone , practice , put off , require , risk , stop , suggest 等，考点为:I left the office so I can avoid seeing him.He denied stealing the money.关键考点是动名词的被动形式being done，如：He has a powerful sports car and can escape being fined easily.He has to endure being treated unfairly.2. 动名词作主语。动词作主语一般有两种处理方式，一是改成to do的方式，二是改成doing的方式，记住to do表示具体动作，而doing表示抽象动作，如：(swim) in the river on a hot day is relaxing.(swim) is good for your health.哪个是具体动作？3. 特殊动词，既能加doing又能加to do,一定记住要点，to do表示未发生动作而doing表示已有过得经历和经验。Whos the girl? I remember (see) the girl last month.He drove home directly after work and he forgot (pick) me up at the airport.练习：1. I like _ the clouds at sunset because it seems relaxing.A. watchB. to watchC. watchedD. watching2. Shopaholics just cannot stop themselves _ things.A. to buyB. buyC. buyingD. Bought3. I remember _ for the job, but I forget the exact amount.A. being paid B. to get paid