Unit21-23英语复习.docx

Unit 21 语法一、 虚拟语气条件状语从句种类及用法 条件句类型条件句主句零条件句表示普遍真理和客观事实一般现在时一般现在时第一条件句依据将来事件A, B事件很可能在将来发生一般现在时一般将来时第二条件句与现在事实相反If+主语+动词的过去式（be动词用were）主语+should/would/ could/might+动词原形与将来事实相反1.If+主语+动词过去式主语+should/would/ could /might +动词原形第三条件句与过去事实相反If+主语+had+过去分词主语+should/would/could/might+have done1零条件句。表示普遍真理和客观事实。其主句、从句都用一般现在时If you watch too much TV, you eyes hurt.If we eat too much sweet, your teeth become weak. If my heart stops beating, I die.2第一条件句。依据将来事件A, B事件很可能在将来发生。主句用一般将来时，从句都用一般现在时。即：主将从现。If I enter Tsinghua University, my mum will buy a BMW for me.If my English teacher criticizes me tomorrow, I will have a talk with the headmaster.3与现在事实相反的虚拟语气eg. If I were a girl, I should be a beauty. I would buy two cars if I had one million yuan. 4与将来事实相反的虚拟语气eg：If I should take Shenzhou Ten to the moon, I would dance with ChangE. If I were to become President of the United States, I would not start a war. 5与过去事实相反的虚拟语气eg：If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. If you had come earlier, you would (might) have met him. I should (would) have called you if I had known your telephone number.6. 混合虚拟条件句以上虚拟语气的句子都有固定形式，不难掌握。难就难在准确判定与事实相反的时间类别。混合虚拟条件句，即从句与主句的动作不是同时发生。这时就要分别根据各自发生的时间，选用相对的虚拟形式。eg：If he had followed the teachers advice, he would not be so heart-broken right now. 与过去事实相反 与现在事实相反If China had not been liberated, the working people would still lead a miserable life now. 与过去事实相反 与现在事实相反7. 用介词短语等代替if 虚拟条件句。有时虚拟条件不用if从句表示，而是用介词短语 with, without, but for 或副词otherwise,连词表示。eg：With your assistance (=If we had your assistance), we might finish the plan earlier.如果有你的威胁，我们会早一点完成计划。I could not have lived through Christmas without giving you that present. 如果没给你买那件礼物，我圣诞节都会过不好。 I was busy last week, otherwise I would have come to see you. 上周我很忙， 否则我会去看你的。8. 省略if后的倒装如果if条件从句中谓语部分含有were或者had, should词。把were或者had, should 放到主语前面，可以省去if。 所表达的意思和带有if的句子意思相同。eg： If I were a girl, I would wear short hair. 如果我是女生， 我就留短发。= Were I a girl, I would wear short hair.If I should take Shenzhou 10 to the moon, I would invite Chang-O to have a dance with me.= Should I take Shenzhou 10 to the moon, I would invite Chang-O to have a dance with me.If Peter hadnt fallen in love with Cuihua, he might have been admitted to a key university.= Had Peter not fallen in love with Cuihua, he might have been admitted to a key university.如果彼得未和翠花堕入爱河， 彼得可能会被一所重点大学录取。二、表示推测的情态动词 1.Can 最常用于疑问句和否定句。疑问句表示“可能” 在否定句中是must的否定形式 “肯定不” 在肯定句，表示客观（理论上）的可能性,常常可以说明人或事物的特性。并不牵涉到某件事是否真的会发生. 当我们想要表达发生某事的实际可能性时，我们用 could（或 may, 或 might）。（*can一般用于疑问句和否定句中表示具体事情实际发生的可能性）。 eg. Everyone can make mistakes in his life. 每个人在一生中都有可能犯错误。 Scotland can be very warm in September. 九月的苏格兰可以非常暖和。 He is in poor health. He can be ill at any time. 他身体不好，随时都可能会生病。 Can the news be true? 这消息可能是真的吗？2.Could 用于肯定句，表示某事仅仅有发生的可能性，并不表示特别可能发生即“微弱的可能”。还表示将来可能。eg.We could go climbing this summer, but I doubt if well have time. It could rain later on this evening. Could 疑问句、否定句的用法与can相同， 但语气比can委婉、微弱。 eg. The climate change could/can bring the planet to the edge of disaster. You mustnt smoke while you are walking around in the woods. You could start a fire. We could may，might go to Japan this summer. 今年夏天我们可能要去日本。(将来可能性) 3.May 用于肯定句 表示具体事情的发生的可能性。“可能” 、“或许”、“也说不定”May not 可能不May 不用于疑问句中 （疑问句中用can） eg. The light isnt on. It may be broken. They may not be there today.4.Might 在表示可能这个概念上，may和might是可以互换的，但might的语气比may表示的可能性更小，语气更委婉。. eg. I think you might like something to read, so I have brought you some books. 5.Must 用于肯定句 “肯定” 。 不用于否定句和疑问句。 否定句中用 cant eg. You havent eaten anything since morning; you must be hungry. 6. need 作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句。 （dare的用法相同）- Need I finish the work today?- Yes, you must. / No, you neednt. neednt=dont have to 没有必要 *need 作实意动词讲，可用于肯、否、疑句中。随主语的人称和数而变化。过去式和pp为needed.He has grown up. We dont have to worry about him. (实意动词）=We neednt worry about him.Need have done 需要做某事，可没做Neednt have done 没有必要做某事，可是做了。 should have done sth 过去应该做某事。表批评。7.will1.用于第2人称疑问句中。will表示请求、建议等，would更委婉。Will you pass me the ball, please?2.will表示意志、愿望和决心。肯定句中用于各种人称。I will never do that again.I will help you.3. 表示推测。 will用于谈论现在，would可用于谈论过去，也可用于谈论现在(语气较委婉)。如：【注】有时可后接完成式，表示对过去可能已经发生的情况进行推测。如： This car will hold six people. 这辆小汽车可以坐六个人。 Ask him. He will know. 问问他吧，他大概知道。 You will have heard of it. 你已经听到那事了吧。 Many people will have watched 3D Titanic.8. 情态动词+have done 对过去的推测must have done 肯定性推测，用于肯定句中cantcouldnt have done 最常用于否定句。是must的否定形式。“肯定不”。（有时用在疑问句中，表示对过去的可能性推测）。maymight have done 意为“大概已经”用于肯定句或否定句中。对过去事实不大肯定的推测。Note：should/ought to+ have done 本该过去做某事但未做。neednt have done 过去不必做某事但做了。9. 情态动词+be doing 对正在发生的事进行推测。eg. He must be sleeping at home now.现在他必定在家里睡觉。If you are still reading this, you might be feeling confused about Toms identity.你可能会对汤姆的身份感到很疑惑。Unit 22被动语态（一）简介英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态(active voice) 表示主语是动作的执行者；被动语态（passive voice）表示主语是动作的承受者。如： (1)Dasha is talking excitedly with Lili now.Dasha is being beaten by Lili now. (2)Maya has read the book twice.“ The book has been read twice (by me)”, Maya told her mother. （二）英汉两种语言在表达被动方式上的差异汉语表达被动语态非常简单明了，用“被”“遭”“受”等词来表示，如“被捕”、“被杀”、“受到凌辱”等。而英语表达被动的方式也不复杂，用“助动词be+动词的过去分词”表示。其中助动词be有人称、数量和时态的变化，而这正是英语被动语态的难点。（三）被动语态的构成 被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。这里要强调一定是及物动词的过去分词，因为不及物动词不能带宾语，也就不可能有被动语态。主动语态被动语态1.一般现在时主+动词原形+其它主+ am/is/are+pp+其它2.现在进行时主+ am/is/are + v-ing+其它主+ am/is/are being+pp+其它3.现在完成时主+ have/has + pp+其它主+ have/has been+pp+其它4.现在完成进行时主+ have/has + been+ v-ing+其它用现在完成时的被动语态代替5.一般过去时主+动词过去式+其它主+ was/were+pp+其它6.过去进行时主+ was/were+ v-ing +其它主+ was/were being+pp+其它7.过去完成时主+ had + pp +其它主+ had been+pp+其它8.一般将来时 主+shall/will + 动原+其它主+ shall/will be +pp+其它9.过去将来时主+should/would + 动原+其它主+ should/would +be +pp+其它10.将来进行时主+shall/will + be+v-ing+其它用一般将来时的被动语态代替11.将来完成时主+shall/will have+pp+其它主+ shall/will have been+pp+其它（四）被动语态的用法1.不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。即有一件事情不知道是谁干的或者不想说出是谁干的，这时就用被动语态。 I felt a littlie nervous when I was being interviewed. My BMW was stolen last night.2.强调动作的承受者。 “ Erlang was being beaten by 10 hooligans.” Tom said to his head teacher. These fighters（歼击机）are imported from Russia. 3.避免在肯定句中出现过长的主语，即避免头重脚轻句子结构的出现。Princess Dianas dress was bought by a famous fashion designer, who wants to open a museum of celebrity clothes.=A famous fashion designer, who wants to open a museum of celebrity clothes, bought Princess Dianas dress .4.说话或发表意见时.，为了显得客观公正，也常用被动语态.-(模块5&7称之为非人称转述结构） sb is/was+pp to do sth =It is/was+pp+thatNote：1）如果所报导的动作发生于转述/报道的同一时间或将要发生，用不定式的一般式。eg.Lai CXs said/reported to be sent back to China next month. =It is said/reported that Lai Changxing will be sent back to China next month. 据说据报道赖昌星下个月会被遣返回中国。2）如果所报导的动作发生于转述/报道的之前，用不定式的完成式。eg.The reporter is thought to have been kidnapped =It is thought that the reporter was kidnapped.常用的句型有：It is said that he .据说 It has been decided that.已经决定 It is believed that.人们相信 It is reported that.据报道 It is announced that.据宣布 It is (well) known that.众所周知It is supposed that.人们认为 It is suggested that.有人建议 It is hoped that.希望 Unit 23 倒装（inversion）在英语中，主语和谓语的语序通常是主语在前，谓语在后。但有时谓语的全部或一部分却提到主语的前面，这种语序叫做“倒装”。倒装的原因：一是语法结构需要，一是为了强调。英语中常见的倒装句有下列一些情况：1、在疑问句中：Why did Peter need a PhD?How can we grow rice in areas where there is little water?2、在 there be 结构中：There is a rumor that a large company wants to build a factory in your town.There will be a basketball match this afternoon.3、在以here, there或out, in, up, down, away等方位副词开头的句子里，以示强调。There goes the bell.Here comes the bus.Out rushed the children.Away went the boy.但主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语的语序不变。Here it is.Away she went.4、直接引语的一部分或全部放在句首时，有时也用倒装。 “It looks as if a typhoon is coming on, ”said the Captain. “A storm is a storm, Mr Jukes,”answered the Captain.5、only所修饰的副词，介词短语或状语从句放在句首时：Only at that time did he realize his mistake.Only after that World War was over could Tom went back his hometown and continued his research.6、含有否定意义的副词或连词，如：hardly, never, not, not, only, little等放在句首时：Not until we know more will we be able to improve the situation.Never have I realized that water is so precious.7、把副词so放在句首，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一人（或物）。其句型是so+be（have，助动词或情态动词）+主语。如： He likes volleyball very much. So do I. He can speak Russian very well. So can I. We went to see the film last Sunday. So did they.8、把neither, nor放在句首，表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一个人（或物）。 其句型是neither(nor)+be (have，助动词或情态动词)+主语。如：I have never been abroad. Neither has he.I didnt read the notice on the blackboard, nor did he.9、为了保持句子平衡，或为强调表语或状语，或使上下文紧密衔接时：They arrived at a house, in front of which sat a small boy.In a bed of a big room lies a big man.动 词 完 成 形 式 一、完 成 时 态1现在完成时 结构: 主+ have/has + pp+其它1) 表示过去发生了某个动作，对现在有影响。常与just, never, already, yet（迄今） 等时间状语连用。 I have bought a new house in Yanqing. He has just come back from Shenzhen. 2) 表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。常与since, for, all the time, recently, by the time, up to now 等时间状语连用。 I have lived in Beijing for 20 years. Great changes have taken place in Zhang Zhuang Village since 2001. 3） 发生在过去的动作，但是不知道动作发生的时间或对动作发生的确切时间不感兴趣。 We have played each other before. (比赛的确切时间不重要) She has already tidied her room. (过去的动作，但不知道或不关心动作发生的时间) 2现在完成进行时 结构：主+ have/has + been+ v-ing+其它 1）.表示一个动作从过去某时开始一直延续到说话时刻还在继续进行，或可能继续下去。常与表示一段时间的状语连用。例如for 2 hours; since early morning It has been raining for three hours.2）.表示一个动作从过去某时开始一直延续到说话时刻，在说话时这个动作刚结束。 I have been waiting for you for two hours. We have just been listening to the radio.3）.表示一直到说话时为止的某一段时间内反复发生的动作 （不是没有停顿）。 I have been phoning you several times in two days.4）.现在完成进行时常常用来解释动作所造成的可看的见的结果。* He is exhausted. He has been running for an hour. *-why are your hands so dirty? (2010西城一模) -I have been working in the garden. 3过去完成进行时 结构：主+had been doing +其它1. 在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生, 在过去某个时间点仍然还在进行的动作。I had been waiting for the train for over an hour when they announced that it had been cancelled.2. 在过去某个事件之前发生的、较长时间段内进行的动作。 She was rescued by a man who had been working in a nearby garage. By the time the police came, the rebels had been destroying the station.3. 过去某个时间点前反复进行的动作。 Linda had been kissing the driver before the accident happened.4. 过去完成时 结构：主+ had + pp +其它 表示在过去的某个时间（或动作）以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的：表示“过去的过去”。常与just, never, already, yet 等时间状语连用。 By the end of last month, we had learnt 5 units. When she arrived at home, she found she had left her keys in the office. 5. 将来完成时 结构：主+shall/will have+done +其它 表示在将来的某一时刻或在另一个未来动作发生以前要完成的动作。 By the end of next month, we will have worked on this project for three years. You will have reached Hong Kong by this time tomorrow. 二、非谓语动词完成式（一）、动词不定式的时式和语态的形式变化 语态式主动语态被动语态一般式to buildto be built完成式to have builtto have been built进行式to be building -1一般式的主动式主语发出谓语动词和动词不定式的动作。一般式所表示的动作是和主动词所表示的动作同时发生，但在多数情况下，是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，We decided to plant more trees this spring.（其后）谓语动词 动词不定式 They often watch us play table tennis（同时） 谓语动词 动词不定式2一般式的被动式主语是动词不定式动作的承受者。To be beaten by two little girls after school, Da Jun trembled in the classroom. （Da Jun 是动词不定式动作（to beat）的承受者）3完成式的主动式主语发出谓语动词和动词不定式的动作。动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。I am sorry to have kept you waiting.（发生在谓语动词be sorry之前）4完成式的被动式主语是动词不定式动作的承受者，且动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例句：Da Jun felt ashamed to have been beaten by two little girls.（发生在谓语动词felt ashamed之前。 Da Jun 承受beat 这个动作。）5进行式的主动式主语发出谓语动词和动词不定式的动作。动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中，而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.（二）V-ing的形式 V-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的-ing则没有被动语态。现以及物动词make和不及物动词go为例，将其-ing各种形式列表如下：V-ing 形式动词make主动语态被动语态一般式makingbeing made完成式having madehaving been made1-ing一般式的被动语态基本用法V-ing一般式的被动语态所表示的动作，是一个正在进行中的被动动作，而且这个被动动作也是和句中谓语所表示的动作同时发生。它一般在句中作定语或状语用。作定语时，被其修饰的名词则为其动作的承受者；作状语时，句中的主语则为其动作的承受者。eg. The truck being repaired there is ours. Being criticized by the teacher, liu Xing cried to tears. 2V-ing完成式的主动语态基本用法V-ing完成式的主动语态所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用。句中的主语是它的逻辑主语，并且是它所表示的动作的执行者，如：Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel. Not having done the work well, we decided to try again. 3V-ing完成式的被动语态基本用法V-ing完成式的被动语态所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，句中的主语就是分词的逻辑主语，并且是该分词所表示的动作的承受者，在句中一般作状语用。Having been praised a second time, I decided to make still greater progress. Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library. Unit 21 第二部分：Vocabulary Exercises 1. Some old people dont like pop songs because they cant _ so much noise.A. concernB. tolerateC. undertakeD. ignore2.More and more countries are trying to _ closer trade ties with modern China.A. seek B. connect C. search D. link3.Our members are definitely _this point on the safety problem.A. devoted to B. used to C. opposed to D. addicted to4.I cant say which wine id best. Its a (an ) _ of personal taste.A. affair B. event C. matter D. variety5.In our class, when the bell rang and the teacher closed his book, it is a _ for everyone to stand up.A. signal B. chance C. mark D. measure6.Practising Chinese Kung fu can not only _ ones strength, but also develop ones character. A. bring up B. take upC. build upD. pull up (1)从土里拔出来 (2) (of a vehicle or its driver) come to a halt（车辆，驾驶员）停车7.Everyone was touched _ words after they heard the moving story. A. without B. beyond C. of D. in8.Little Johnny felt the bag, curious to know what it _. A. collected B. containedC. loadedD. saved9.There are circumstances _ a naturally occurring emotional response must be avoided, so a deliberate and potentially wiser decision can be made. A. that B. on which C. which D. where10.We firmly believe that war never settles anything. It only _ _ violence. A. runs intoB. comes from C. leads to D. begins with 11.Health problems are closely connected with bad eating habits and a _ of exercise. A. lack B. limit C. needD. demand12. Do you think Jim can win the game? - Yes, we have faith _ him. He wont let us down. A. on B. of C. about D. in13. _ salaries, you should also take some other aspects into consideration while choosing a job. A. On top of B. Regardless of C. In case of D. Instead of14. Dont forget to _ the report to avoid any possible mistakes before you submit it to the manager. A. look up B. look around C. look intoD. look over15. Working in Shenzhen for years, she has made a _ and has started a company of her own. A. fortune B. money C. wealthD. treasure Unit 22I. 根据下列各句句意及所给单词的首字母或汉语提示，写出所缺单词的正确形式。1. He woke up early in the morning, only to find that his q_ had slipped off the bed. 2. Its cheaper to ship goods by r_ than by air.3. Glasses are f_ and must be carried with great care. 4. My pencil tip is blunt, could you lend me a s_?5. Unless we get more _ (资金), well have to close the store.6. Increasing _ (工业化) all over the world is said to be the main cause of air pollution. 7. Thank you for your warm and _ (体贴的) letter, I am much better now. 8. Lincoln entered _ (政治) since he became a lawyer. 9. Crops are often attacked by _ (害虫) in summer.10. Police officers must have a _ (有充分理由的) reason for stopping motorists. II. 根据句意选用所给短语的适当形式填空。plug ones ears, all the best, sum up, as a matter of fact, break away from, wrap up, on the increase, cut down on, come up with, take in1. The citys problem can be _ in three words: too many people.2. Havent you _ your old habit of smoking? No wonder you cough so badly.3. I cant _ the presentation in only 2 pages; maybe 2,000 words are short to cover so much.4. The demand for Chinese industrial products is _ in European markets. 5. According to the doctor, he has to _ the amount of meat in his diet.6. Dont be _ by his appearance. In fact, he is a cold-hearted man. 7. Goodbye and wish you _ with your business and your family in the coming year.8. The loud jazz causes Tom, attempting to sleep, to _, but this still doesnt work.9. After a whole days thinking, finally Dad _ a good idea to solve the conflict between Mum and Grandma.10. Mary pretended not to know the man, but _, they were lovers in college.III单元选择题：1. Wont you have more coffee? _, but I have to get up early tomorrow, so Im afraid I must leave now. A. Excuse me B. I cant C. Id love to D. Youre welcome2. We firmly believe that our basketball te