高中英语语法定语从句总复习2.doc

高中英语语法定语从句总复习定义：用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。一、关系带词引导的定语从句1. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词句子成分用于限制从句或非限制性从句只用于限制性从句代替人代替物代替人或物主语Whowhich主语Whomwhichthat宾语Whose (=of whom)Whose (=of which)that例：This is the detective who came from London.例：The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.关系代词的用法(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如： All the people that are burst into tears.（所有人都迸出眼泪。）(2) 如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, most, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which, who，或whom。 (3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated.(4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如：He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.(5) that可指人或物，在从句中作表语，（指人作主语时多用who）仅用于限制性定语从句中。(6) which可作表语，既可指人，以可指物。指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有某种特征品性或才能的人。Which引导的定语从句可以是限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。(7) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。(8) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。(9) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如：Is there anyone here who will go with you?（在这的所有人中谁和你一起去？）关系代词which重要用法说明关系代词which只用于指事或物，不用于指人，它在定语从句中主要用作主语或宾语。如：She was not on the train which arrived just now. 她不在刚才到达的那列火车上。(关系代词which指train，在从句中用作主语)He never got back the money which he had lent him. 他从未收回他曾借给他的那笔钱。(关系代词which指money，在从句中用作宾语) which用于引导限制性定语从句外，还可以引导非限制定语从句。如：The ship struck an iceberg, which tore a huge hole in her side. 船碰在一座冰山上，船帮被撞出一个大洞。She gave me this jumper, which she had knitted herself. 她送给我这件羊毛衫，这是她亲手织的。This machine, which I have looked after for twenty years, is still working perfectly. 这台机器我已经照管了20年，现在仍然没一点儿毛病。which有时也可用作定语，尤其用于“介词+which+名词”这类结构中，此时的which含有this或that的意味。如：He may be busy, in which case Ill call later. 他可能忙，如若如此，我以后再来拜访。I may have to work late, in which case Ill telephone. 我可能得晚点下班，那样我会打电话的。He lost his temper, at which point I decided to go home. 他发脾气了，这时我就决定回家了。He was appointed Lord Chancellor, in which post he spent the rest of his life. 他被任命为大法官，在这个职位上度过了他的后半生。The postman comes at 6.30 in the morning, at which time I am usually fast asleep. 邮递员早晨6点30分来，这个时候我通常还睡着大觉呢。It was derived from Posidonius, for which reason much of its information may well have been out of date. 它源于鲍森杜尼尔斯。由于这个原因，它的大部分信息很可能已经过时。有时其前也可以没有介词。如：He is studying economics, which knoweledge is very important today. 他学经济学，这种知识现今很重要。He spoke in Greek, which language I could only follow with difficulty. 他说希腊语，我听起来很吃力。 关系代词which有时可用于指人。原则上说，which用于指事物，不用于指人。但以下情况属于例外：1. 用于在指人的名词之后，指不强调性别的婴儿：He was the last child which was born. 他是最后出生的孩子。(which指小孩) 2. 当不是指具体的某人，而是指人的属性（如职业、身份、地位、职务、品质、特征等）时，则也用关系代词 which而不用 who。如：They accused him of being a traitor, which he was. 他们指控他是叛徒，他真是叛徒。She talked like a native, which she hardly was. 她说起话来像是个本地人，其实她不见得是。 在非常正式的文体中，代词that后可以接一个修饰它的定语从句，这个定语从句通常用which来引导。如：They say the only real knowledge is that which can be measured. 据说唯一真实的知识是可以检验的知识。在现代英语中，that which通常用what来代替。如：We have that which (=what) we need. 我们需要的东西都有了。That which (=What) many people say is not always true. 很多人说的话并不表示一定是真的。 “介词关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构(1) “介词关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。(2) from where为“介词关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如：We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.(3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.（这是她曾今照顾的孩子。）二、关系副词引导的定语从句1关系副词也可以引导定语从句关系副词在从句中分别表示时间地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。2. that可引导定语从句表示时间地点或原因That有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间地点或原因，在 that引导的这种定语从句中，that也可以省去。三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1二者差异比较限制定语从句紧跟先行词，引导词同先行词之间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。2关系代词和关系副词的选择依据(1) 弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分,作状语的应选用关系副词，作主语宾语或表语的可选用关系代词。3.先行词与定语从句隔离定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。例如：This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about.四、As在定语从句中的用法1. 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句（）as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。（）as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。例如：The elephants nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.(）the same that与 the same as在意思上是不同的。2As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：As is expected, the England team won the football match.定语从句专练习题讲解1. Nearly all the streets are in straight lines, _ from east to west. Those _ run from north to south are called avenues. A. running; thatB. run; who C. running; who D. run; that2. This is the case _ hes had all his money stolen. A. whenB. where C. that D. on which3. Mr. Smith will pay a visit to Beijing this autumn, _ we will enjoy the Olympic Games in 2008. A. whereB. when C. whichD. how4. The artist will not paint people or animals but he will paint anything _ . A. that the little girl asks him B. the little girl asks him toC. for the little girl to ask him D. what the little girl asks him5. How did you get in touch with the travel agent, Robin?Oh, thats easy. I surfed the Internet and then called one _ the telephonenumber is provided. A. whichB. in which C. of whichD. whose6. October 15 th is my birthday, _ I will never forget. A. when B. that C. what D. which7. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point _ he can walk correctly and safely. A. whenB. where C. which D. whose8. There are several research centers in China _ a certain disease called Bird Flu is being studied. A. whichB. where C. when D. what9. I hope that the little _ I have been able to do does good to them all. A. whichB. what C. thatD. when10. The time is not far away _ modern communications will become widespread in Chinas vast countryside. A. asB. when C. untilD. before 五各种关系代词的使用方法 a) 关系代词who的用法 i. who 的前行词必须是人，在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾 语的whom,但是它前边不能有介词，如果带了介词就必须用宾格的whom: （介词+whom） This is the teacher who teaches us mathematics. She is the girl who (whom) I met at the party. （可以替代） She is the girl whom (who) I went there with. （可以替代） She is the girl with whom I went there. （不可替代） ii. who，that在很多情况下可以通用，但是有些情况只能用who: 1. 先行词是one, ones, anyone的时候宜用who. One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. The ones who flatter me dont please me. Dont tell anyone about the news who oughtnt to know it. Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized. 2. 先行词为those的时候，宜用who为关系代词 Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth. Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here. 3. 当先行词有比较长的后置定语的时候 I met a foreigner in the street yesterday who could asked me questions in Chinese. 4. 一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词为that,另一个则用 who. The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. 5. 在there be 开头的句子中 There is an old man who wants to see you. There are many young men who are against him. b) 关系代词whose的用法 whose是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。当代物的时候，它相当于of which. I saw a woman whose bag was stolen. Ill call a person whose father knows you. Which is the car whose owner you know? (Which is the car the owner of which you know) Please show me the book whose cover is red. (Please show me the book the cover of which is red) c) 关系代词that的用法 首先特别注意，that只能用在限定性定语从句中，在非限定性定语从句中永远不能选用 that, 另外介词后边也不可用that, 而是跟which. 在限定性定语从句中，which和that在代替物的时候，一般可以通用。 The money that (which) is in the wallet is mine. d) 关系代词which的用法 在非限定性定语从句中，只宜用which, 不宜用that. Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a very beautiful city. 在限定性定语从句中which和that在指代物的时候常常可以通用，但是有时只宜用which 而不用that i. 关系代词前面有介词的时候 This is the hotel in which you will stay. ii. 如果有两个定语从句，其中的一句的关系词是that, 另一句宜用which. Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us. 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+ which结构，因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用。例如： There are occasions when （on which） one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born. 北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？ that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和介词+ which引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如： His father died the year （that / when / in which） he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place （that / where / in which） he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。 一.定义：1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。3结构：先行词+关系词+从句二.关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人，在从句中做主语(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.4. that指人时，相当于who 或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时，常用限定词 名词+of which或 of which+ 限定词 名词结构来代替(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that，不可以省略；指物时用which，不能用that，不可以省略；关系代词是所有格时用whose(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)(2) The man with who/that you talked is my friend. (F)(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.4.限制性定语从句只能用that 的几种情况1当先行词是some (something 除外),anything, everything, nothing,/ few, little,/all, none, 等代词时，或者是由some, any, every, no,/ few, little,/ all, much /the very, the only，one of等修饰时(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.(3) All that can be done has been done.(4) There is little that I can do for you.(5) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy,(6) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.(7) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.2. 当先行词被序数词修饰或本身是序数词(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰或本身是形容词最高级(1) This is the best film that I have seen.4. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时(1) Who is the man that is standing there?(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?5. 当先行词既有人，也有物时(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?6. 在There be句型中7.先行词在主句中做表语，或关系代词在从句中做表语。经典习题：1. Is this the factory _ you visited the other day? A. that B. where C. in which D. the one 2. Is this factory _ some foreign friends visited last Friday? A. that B. where C. which D. the one 3. Is this the factory _ he worked ten years ago? A. that B. where C. which D. the one 四关系副词引导的定语从句1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.(2) The time when we got together finally came.2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.(2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which/where I was born.五限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句1.区别：1) 形式：非限制性定语从句与先行词之间通常有逗号，而限制性定语从句与先行词之间则无逗号。The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.2) 关系：限制性定语从句与先行词的关系非常密切，是先行词不可缺少的部分；而非限制性定语从句在意义上只是先行词的一个附加修饰语，对先行词只起进一步补充说明的作用。3) 先行词：限制性定语从句的先行词一般为单个的名词或代词，非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是整个句子或其中的一部分。2.非限制性定语从句的“四个不能”1) 非限制性定语从句通常不能用that引导。2) 非限制性定语从句不能用why引导，要用for which 代替。I had told them the reason, for which I didnt attend the meeting.3) 由“介词+关系代词”时，关系代词不能用as。4) 指人的关系代词作宾语时用whom，不能省略。注意:区分以下几个句子的不同理解即可(1) His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college. 他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥）(2) His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college. 他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥）难点分析 （一）关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：1先行词：As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。(1) He married her, as/which was natural.(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.2. 位置：as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句或先行词之后。另外，as有“正如，正像”的意思(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I dont believe.注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which3. 当先行词受such, the same，so, as修饰时，常用as(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.注意：当先行次由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as 所引导的定语从句意思不同A. She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着她在Mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。B. She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。（二）以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.（三）区分定语从句和同位语从句1)从句和先行词的关系：定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位语从句2)关系词：同位语从句的连词that不能省略，而定语从句的关系代词that，当其在从句中作宾语、表语时可省略，作主语也不可省略。Ive heard the news that he visited our factory.Ive heard the news that he told you the other day当when, why, where引导同位语从句时，它们为连接副词。虽然它们在从句中充当句子成分，但前面却没有与其意义相当的先行词。I have no idea when he will be back. 。The problem where we got the machine needed has already been solved.引导定语从句的when, where, why是关系副词， 在其前面分别有表示时间、地点、原因或方式意义的名词作先先词。I will never forget the day when I joined the League.The factory where I once worked has changed a lot.(四)定语从句的做题方法：一找出主句，确定先行词；二.找出从句，判断从句是否完整(是否符合简单句的基本构成)否，用关系代词；是，用关系副词。定语从句专项练习1.The place _interested me most was the Childrens Palace.A. Which B. where C. what D. in which2.Do you know the man _?A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke3.This is the hotel _last month.A. w