非谓语动词的区别五页双印.doc

非谓语动词的区别非谓语动词包括动名词、不定式和分词（现在分词和过去分词）。1. 动名词与不定式的区别动名词起名词作用，在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、主语补足语、宾语补足语。不定式起名词、形容词、副词作用，在句子中除了动名词所起的作用外，还可以作状语。但两者之间也有差别：（1）不定式的逻辑主语必须与主语一致，而动名词的逻辑主语范围较大，它可以指主语，也可以是泛指。如：I hate to work on weekends . 我讨厌周末干活。（指自己干活）。I hate working on weekends . 我讨厌周末干活。（可以指自己，也可以泛指）（2）动名词多指抽象的、概念性的动作，可以是多次的、经常的行为，不定式多表示具体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作。如：Reading in bed is a pleasure .I like swimming but I dont like to swim in the pool today .我喜欢游泳，但是今天我不喜欢在游泳池里游泳。（3）在某些动词之后只能用动名词，而另一些动词之后只能用不定式。后接动名词的动词有：admit，avoid，consider，defer，delay，deny，dislike，enjoy，escape，fancy，finish，imagine，include，keep，mind，miss，postpone，practise，recall，recollect，resent，resist，risk，stop，suggest等；短语动词有have done，give up等。后接不定式的动词有：afford，agree，aim，ask，claim，choose，decide，decline，demand，desine，determine，expect，fail，hope，manage，offer，plan，pretend，promise，refuse，resolve，threaten，wish等。（4）有不少动词既可后接动名词也可接不定式。常见的有begin，continue，dread，fear，forget，hate，help，intend，learn，like，love，need，neglect，proceed，propose，regret，remember，start，try，want等。（5）有些动名词主动式可表被动意义，而不定式则须用其被动式表被动意义。如：它需要修理。It needs repairing . It needs to be repaired .（6）有些动词有书面语中后多接动名词，在口语中后多接不定式。如：开始下雨了。It started raining . It started to rain .我害怕冒犯她。I fear offending her . I fear to offend her .（7）在should（would）like , love等之后须用不定式。如：Id like to thank you again . 我愿再次感谢你。Id love to come sometime . 日后我愿意来的。2. 现在分词与过去分词的区别分词有现在分词和过去分词。它们在语态和时间方面有较大差别：（1）在语态上现在分词表示主动的意思（表示它所修饰的人或物的行为）；过去分词则表示被动的意思（表示它修饰的人或物是动作的承受者）。如：an exciting story令人激动的故事 excited people激动的人们（2）在时间上现在分词一般表示正在进行的动作；过去分词则往往表示已经完成的动作。如：boiling water沸腾的水 boiled water开水（3）过去分词可以作定语，表示被动，表示已经完成的动作；现在分词的被动式也可以作定语，表示被动，但表示正在进行的动作。如：The bridge being built will be important in this areas traffic .正在建造的这座桥在该地区的交通中将起重要作用。The bridge built last year has played an important part in this areas traffic . 去年建造的这座桥在该地区的交通中起了重要作用。（4）过去分词可以作宾语补足语，表示被动，有时表示已经完成的动作，有时并不表示已经完成；现在分词的被动式也可以作宾语补足语，表示被动，表示正在进行的动作。如：He found his wallet stolen . 他发现钱包被偷走了。We found the flat being decorated . 我们发现公寓房正在装修。3. 现在分词和不定式的区别现在分词起形容词和副词的作用，在句子中可以起除主语、宾语外的所有其他句子成份的作用。不定式可以起名词、形容词、副词作用，可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、补足语、定语、状语等。（1）现在分词作表语时，相当于一个形容词，不可与主语互换位置，也不可带宾语。不定式作表语时，相当于一个名词，名词作表语时可以和主语互换位置，意思上和语法上都保持正确。如：Her proposal was misleading . 她的建议有些误导。Her proposal was to go there at once . 她的建议是马上到那儿去。（2）现在分词和不定式都可以用在感官动词后作宾语补足语。通常现在分词表示重复性的动作，表示动作正在进行，还没有结束。不定式表示某一次的动作，表示动作的全过程。如：I saw him waiting at the bus-stop .I saw him enter the building just now .用在这种结构里时，现在分词常用延续性动词，如reading，studying，standing，waiting，watching，sitting等。不定式常用非延续性动词，如come，go，enter，arrive，climb等。（3）现在分词和不定式都可以作定语。单个现在分词放在被修饰词之前，现在分词短语放在被修饰词之后。不定式要放在被修饰词后。如：His amusing story made us laugh . 他的逗人的故事使我们大笑。I have a letter to write . 我要写一封信。另外，从时间上讲，现在分词作定语表示正在进行的动作；不定式作定语表示将来的动作。如：The building being built is a hospital .The building to be built is a library . 将要建造的大楼是图书馆。（4）现在分词和不定式都可以作状语。现在分词可以表示时间、原因、条件、结果、方式和伴随状态，但不能用在表语形容词后作状语；不定式常用来表示目的、结果和原因，还可用在表语形容词后。例题解析：1The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B.C,didt include women players until 1919.A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be first playing析：根据题干，必须选表示被动的选项，故排除A、D；因B选项表“将要被举行”意，不合题干之用，只有C选项（相当于which was first played）才合用。2European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world.A.making B.makes C.made D.to make析：B、C是谓语动词，在此不可用。D项to make或表目的，或表“将要使得”，这都不合题干情景。只有A.making,可作状语，表结果。再举一现在分词作结果状语例：The bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay.公共汽车被大风雪所阻，因而耽误了。3Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening.A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking析：根据this evening,应选表示将来义的选项，C、D应排除。Take后无宾语，必然要用被动式，故答案为A。4John was made _ the truck for a week as a punishment.A.to wash B.washing C.wash D.to be washing析：根据be made to do sth.句式，可定答案为A。5The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation.A.to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating析：根据warn sb.(not)to do sth.句式，可排除B、D两项；又根据非谓语动词的否定式not总是在首位的规律，又可排除A，而定C。6I usually go there by train. Why not _ by boat for a change?A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going析：此题可根据why not后直接跟原形动词规律而一举确定正确答案为D。若将B项改为try to go，则要根据其与try going意义之别来确定答案。依据题干对话内容，乙方是建议甲方尝试乘船变变花样，所以答案仍为D。7_ a reply,he decided to write again.A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received析：非谓语动词的否定式not应置于首位，B、D皆为错误形式。A项不能表达先于decided的动作，只有选C项才表没收到信在先，决定再写信在后，所以C为正确答案。8Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.A.to invent B.inventing C.to have invented D.having mvented析：consider表“考虑”意时，其后动词用doing形式，此处不表“考虑”，而表“认为”，这时consider后作宾语补足语或主语补足语多为to do,to have done,to be等形式。据此可排除B、D两个选项。又因A表“要发明”意，不合题用，只有C表“发明了”意，才合题用，故选C。9Most of the artists _ to the party were from South Africa.A.invited B.to invite C.being invited D.had been invited析：“被邀请参加晚会”，应选表被动意的选项，B不可用。D项少引导词who，也应排除。又因短暂动词的现在分词被动式不可作定语，C也应排除，只有A.invited(who were invited)才是正确答案。10The murderer was brought in,with his hands _ behind his back.A.being tied B.having tied C.to be tired D.tied析：B表主动意，应排除。C表“将要被捆绑”，A表“正在被捆绑”都不合题意，只有D项填入空白才能表达“双手被反绑着”这一意思，符合题干情景。再看一类似例句： He came in,(with)his head held high.他昂首走了进来。非谓语动词练习：1. Mrs. White showed her students some old maps _ from the library. A. to borrow B. to be borrowed C. borrowed D. borrowing2. The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune _. A. is made B. would make C. was to be made D. had made3. With Fathers Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank _ presents for my dad. A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. to haven bought4. I have a lot of readings _ before the end of this term. A. completing B. to complete C. completed D. being completed5. The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already _ for a meal to be cooked. A. laid B. laying C. to lay D. being laid6. The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu, _ the students to return to their classrooms. A. enabling B. having enabled C. to enable D. to have enabled7. The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if _ regularly, can improve our health. A. being carried out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out8. The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and _less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat. A. being weighed B. to weigh C. weighed D. weighing9. Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock, supplies to Yushu, Qinghai province after the earthquake.A.sending B. to send C. having sent D. to have sent10. In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.A. sticking B. stuck C. to be stuck D. to have stuck11. It rained heavily in the south, serious flooding in several provinces.A. caused B. having caused C.causing D. to cause12. He had a wonderful childhood, _ with his mother to all corners of the world. A. travel B. to travel C. traveled D. traveling13. We were astonished _ the temple still in its original condition.Afinding Bto find Cfind Dto be found14. Alexander tried to get his work _ in the medical circles.A. to recognize B. recognizing C. recognize D. recognized 15. at my classmates faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes. A. Looking B. Look C. To look D. Looked16. Im calling to enquire about the position in yesterdays China Daily. A. advertised B. to be advertised C. advertising D. having advertised17. Listen! Do you hear someone for help? A. calling B. call C. to call D. called 18.Dina, for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency. A. struggling B. struggled C. having struggled D. to struggle19.So far nobody has claimed the money in the library. A. discovered B. to be discovered C. discovering D. having discovered20. _ from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a