科技英语的写作.ppt

2019/4/27,NO 12,科技英语的写作 (Writing skills of academic English）,2019/4/27,Writing skills of academic English,科技写作的概念和特点 科技写作的素材 科技英语写作的题材,2019/4/27,一. 科技写作的概念和特点,1. 何为科技写作？ 以书面语言为表达手段，对科学技术领域中的各种活动及其结果进行创造性认识和书写的实践活动。 2. 功能： 不仅是科技工作的组成部分，而且是科技研究的一种手段。,2019/4/27,一. 科技写作的概念和特点,3特点： 1）目的性（实用性、及时性）； 2）科学性，是科技写作的生命。四个要求：真实、正确、成熟、可行。三“严”：严肃的态度，严谨的作风，严密的分析（思维）。 3）创造（新）性和先进性，是灵魂； 4）专业性； 5）规范性 。,2019/4/27,二科技写作的素材,科技写作的材料： 1）直接材料， 第一手材料，自己实验、观察或实地考察而得。 2）间接材料， 第二手材料，如阅读文献所得。 进行学术论文或科研报告的写作时，很重要的一点是运用他人的工作和思想，即运用他人已发表的信息材料来支持自己的观点和判断。,2019/4/27,二科技写作的素材,有两个基本方法：直接引用和间接引用(意译,paraphrasing) 写作时如果需要直接运用他人信息，逐字拷贝他人信息，即为直接引用； 如果只需要原始信息的内含意思而不是精确的原词汇，那么首先是试图吸收原始信息，然后用自己的语言表达，即为意译； 在引用和意译时，为使他人确信所用信息的可靠性，以告知他人引用信息源于何人、何处，须给出所用材料的出处，即为参考文献。,2019/4/27,三科技写作的题材,一）技术描述 二）技术报告 三）摘要 四）科技论文,2019/4/27,一）技术描述,技术描述是科技英语写作中常用的方法。技术描述一般要求对某物体、装置、设备等的尺寸、形状、结构、材料及制作装配方法等各个细节加以说明。 与带有情感和可激发人想象的文字描述不同，技术描述要求客观、简练、精确。 技术描述一般分为：物体/物质描述（Objects and Substance Description）、实验解说描述（Experimental and Explanatory Description）和过程描述（Process Description）等。,2019/4/27,一）技术描述,1.物体/物质描述 一般是针对某事物或某物质及特性进行描述。 其内容包括物体/物质的物理特性和化学特性。 此类描述的步骤是： 1）定义； 2）物理或化学特性； 3）主要用途（不一定均有用途）。,2019/4/27,一）技术描述,例如：Nitric acid Nitric acid is a colorless, fuming liquid with a boiling point of 80. It used to be called “aqua fortis.” （王水） It has the chemical formula HNO3. Nitric acid is a powerful oxidizing agent. It attacks most metals, producing fumes of nitrogen dioxide. Its low boiling point indicates that it is highly volatile. The reaction of nitric acid with organic substances produces important compounds such as TNT and celluloid（赛璐珞，明胶）. It is also widely used in the fertilizer industry.,2019/4/27,一）技术描述,2. 实验描述 主要是说明某一实验的对象、器具以及实验步骤。 在实验描述中，常用一般现在时态，也可以用一般过去时，但在同一篇描述中，不能将两个时态混合使用。此外，句子的人称主语应始终保持一致。,2019/4/27,一）技术描述,3.过程描述 主要是解释某事物的产生过程、工作原理和从事某事的步骤或机械运行程序等。 过程描述是科技英语写作的重要一环。 过程描述的结构是： 1）引言； 2）构成整个过程的各主要步骤及各步骤的解释； 3）结论（或结果）。,2019/4/27,一）技术描述,引言可以是正式定义，也可以指出某一过程产生的时间、地点、原因或实行者。必要时，引言中也可提出实现某一过程的特定时间、特定条件（如温度、湿度、无尘、通风等）或实现某一过程的必要准备等。 各个步骤的描述和解释一般均按时间顺序列出。在描述中，常用到first, second, finally等表示先后的时间接续词。例如：,2019/4/27,一）技术描述,Sulphur Extraction by the Frasch Process In some parts of the world，sulphur deposits lie too deep to be mined in the ordinary day. However, in about 1900，an American engineer called Heman Frasch developed a process for the extraction of this deep-lying sulphur. The Frasch process depends on the fact that the melting point of sulphur is only a little above the boiling point of water. The process consists of three basic operations. First, large amounts of water are super-heated, in other words, the water is heated under pressure to above its normal boiling point. Secondly, this super-heated water is pumped,2019/4/27,一）技术描述,down the well so that it melt the sulphur. Finally, the molten sulphur is pumped to the surface. 上述关于提取硫磺的描述可分为两部分: 第一部分简要介绍深层硫矿藏和提取方法的历史; 第二部分描述主要开采过程。句子与句子之间的衔接结构既能帮助作者展开描述，也利于读者清楚地了解描述后的内容。,2019/4/27,二）技术报告,技术报告是科技英语写作中的重要部分。 可根据报告的内容和用途分为实地调查报告(Field Report)、进度报告(Progress Report)、实验报告(Laboratory Report)、测试报告(Test Report)等。 技术报告主要提供进展情况，调查、实验或测试的结果。 报告可以用书信形式书写，也可以用报告形式书写。,2019/4/27,二）技术报告,实地调查报告 是根据现场调查或对事物的实际考察，了解具体情况之后所写的报告。其内容可以是关于某产品的试制或使用情况、某种方法的采用情况、某事物的状况以及提出的建议等。 进度报告 是报导某项工作或工程的进展情况和进一步的计划。主要叙述工作背景、至报告时完成的情况、此后的任务、可能出现的问题和解决的办法等。,2019/4/27,二）技术报告,实验报告 一般包括在实验室验证某一理论的实验报告书和对某一仪器设备检测结果的报告书。实验报告一般含有下列几个项目: 标题、实验目的、理论根据、实验方法、结论和建议、参考资料等。 测试报告 类似于实验报告，主要内容是对某一仪器设备或材料的测试结果。测试报告一般包括: 目的、测试对象、测试方法、结果、结论等。,2019/4/27,三）摘要,1功能及分类 摘要是论文、学术报告、技术文章等的简短叙述，其本身也是科技文章中重要的一部分。 通过摘要，可很快了解文章的主要内容，判断文章的性质，并决定是否有必要阅读此文。 根据目的，摘要一般分为说明性摘要 (Descriptive Abstract) 和资料性摘要 (Informational Abstract)。,2019/4/27,三）摘要, Descriptive abstract 篇幅较短，只说明文章的主题，而不介绍内容、方法、结果等，故不能替代文章，一般不超过200 字。 Information abstract 为整篇文章的简述和概括，长度约为文章的1/10 或 更少。除主题 (theme) 外，还介绍目的(purpose), 方法(method), 主要论点(argument, point, etc.)，结论(conclusion) 及建议(proposal, advice, etc.)。包括了文章的主要思想和数据，可作为文章的替代品。,2019/4/27,三）摘要,摘要的开头一般可用下列句型: The purpose of this article The paper/essay/article describes/explores The author investigates/presents An investigation was designed to 结尾的常用句型有: The results suggest/show that It is suggested/recommended that The paper concludes that,2019/4/27,三）摘要,摘要中包括的主要内容有: a. The problem to be solved or the process/mechanism/phenomena to be described; b. The scope of your work; c. The significant findings or results; d. Any major conclusions; e. Any major recommendations.,2019/4/27,三）摘要,毕业论文中的摘要，主要包括：目的；主要内容和方法；主要结论及建议。 B + P + M + R + C长度约300500 words. 常用的开头句型： The purpose of this paper is In this paper, 常用的结尾句型：The results indicate / show that ,2019/4/27,三）摘要,2How to write the abstract and keywords of an article The abstract of your graduate paper should be about 400 words. But if you want your paper to be published, you should abstract (提炼) or render down your original paper. And the abstract may be about 200300 words, just like the following examples:,2019/4/27,三）摘要,Topic 1: Bentonites modifying and its application in wastewater treatmentA summary paper Abstract: In this paper, the structure and elementary properties of bentonite were introduced. The modifying methods and mechanism and the application of modified bentonite in wastewater treatment were emphatically discussed. And the existing problems and applying prospect of bentonite in wastewater treatment were pointed out. Keywords: bentonite; modifying; wastewater treatment; subsistent problems and applying prospect,2019/4/27,三）摘要,Topic 2: Effect of pH on the Toxicity of Anilines and phenols to Daphnia Magna a research paper Abstract: The toxicities (24h-IC50) of 24 anilines and phenols to Daphnia Magna were measured at different pH(6.0,7.8,9.0). The results showed that the toxicities of anilines increased with pH, whereas the toxicities of phenols decreased with pH. The effect of pH on phenols toxicities increased as pKa decreased, and pH has significant effect on the toxicities of phenols with lower pKa. For instance, pentaphenol toxicity at pH6.0 is 60 times as that at pH9.0. The toxic mechanisms of anilines and phenols were discussed preliminarily on the basis of the measured data.,2019/4/27,三）摘要,Keywords: anilines and phenols; Daphnia Magna; pH; 24h-IC50; toxic mechanism Topic 3: pH-Dependence and QSAR Analysis of the Toxicity of phenols and Anilines to Daphnia Magna a research paper Abstract: The toxicity of 13 anilines and 11 phenols to Daphnia magna has been assessed at pH values of 6.0, 7.8 and 9.0. Toxicity of anilines increases with increasing pH, whereas the toxicity of phenols decreases with increasing pH. These variations in toxicity are clearly brought about by the effect of ionization on these compounds. Toxicity decreased with an,2019/4/27,三）摘要,increasing proportion of ionized molecules. The relative contribution of the ionized and unionized molecules was assessed. It is believed that, at least for the phenols, the ionized form of the compounds does contribute to the toxicity of the molecules. However, the decreased overall toxicity suggests that a lower relative toxicity is attributable to the ionized form. Attempts were also made to develop QSAR models for these toxicity data. Reasonable QSARs were produced for the anilines and phenols, acting as polar narcotics, considered together, these QSARs included a measure of hydrophobicity, pKa, and hydrogen-bonding. When the phenols and anilines were considered separately, better, hydrophobicity-based, QSARs were obtained. Most compounds, with the exception,2019/4/27,三）摘要,of 2,4-dinitrophenol, resorcinol and pentachlorophenol, were thought to be acting by a polar narcosis mechanism of toxic action. There was some evidence that 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol may be acting as weak acid respiratory uncouplers, despite existing knowledge to suggest that they should act as polar narcotics. It is possible that role of the pH of the test medium is important controlling mechanism of toxic action. Keywords: Daphnia magna; QSAR; toxicity; phenol; aniline; ionization; pH-dependence.,2019/4/27,四）科技论文,学术论文的写作步骤：（The main steps to write an academic article） a. 选题(choosing a subject )：研究报告还是综述性文章 b. 选期刊(selecting a journal )：选合适的期刊 c. 收集资料(gathering information )：阅读大量相关文献，收集所需资料和信息，并总结自己的工作所得。 d. 整理资料(organizing your paper)：根据不同的期刊要求设计格式，并列出题纲。 e. 写作(writing)：根据题纲写出草稿，经多次修改，最后成文。,2019/4/27,科技论文的一般结构,a. 题目(title / topic/ heading/theme/subject) b. 作者及联系单位(authors names and affiliation) c. 摘要与关键词 (abstract and key words) In general, a - c items should be translated into English. d. 引言 (introduction/preface) e. 方法和材料 (Methods and Materials) 或实验部分 (Experimental Section: Agents, instruments, experimental methods, ect.),2019/4/27,四）科技论文,f. Results and Discussion g. Conclusion (or Suggestion ) h. Acknowledgement 致谢可选 I. References 参考文献 文献按文中引用顺序编号；在引用处的右上角用方括号作为上标标出；勿引用尚未公开发表的资料！ 一般，文献作者姓(surname)前名(first name)后，列出前3名， 3名以后加“等”(英文加“et al”)，或视具体杂志要求而定。注意: 名可缩写，但姓一般不缩写。,2019/4/27,各种参考文献的录著格式：,1）期刊 作者. 论文名J. 期刊名, 年, 卷(期): 起止页码. 2）专著 著者. 书名M. 版本(第1版不写). 出版地: 出版单位, 出版年. 起止页码. 3）会议论文 著者. 题(篇)名A. 论文集名C. 出版地: 出版单位, 出版年. 起止页码.,2019/4/27,4）学位论文（限硕博学位论文，尽量少引用） 著者. 题(篇)名D. 保存地点:保存单位,年,起止页码. 5）技术标准 起草责任者. 标准代号(标准序号发布年). 标准名称S . 出版地:出版单位.出版年. 6）专利文献 专利所有者. 题名P. 专利国别:专利号,出版日期. 7）报纸文章（尽量少引用） 主要责任者. 题名N. 报纸名,出版日期（版次）.,各种参考文献的著录格式,2019/4/27,8）电子文献（尽量少引用） 作者. 电子文献题名联机网上数据库DB/OL, 磁带数据库DB/MT, 光盘图书M/CD, 磁盘软件CP/DK, 网上期刊J/OL, 网上电子公告EB/OL. 电子文献的出处或可获得地址, 发表或更新/引用日期.,各种参考文献的著录格式,2