关系代词which指人的五种情况.doc

关系代词which指人的五种情况黑龙江省宾县第一中学刘世岩在教学中遇到这样一道题：“The child _is lying in the cradle is my little son.”有百分之九十的同学用who；有百分之五的同学用what，只有百分之五的同学用which。根据关系代词which的用法特点：在定语从句中指物，可做主语，也可以做宾语。例如：My little son did not listened to the teacher very carefully yesterday, which I think was wrong.我的小儿子昨天没有认真听讲，我认为是不对的。（which引导非限定性定语从句，在从句中做主语）。The book which I bought yesterday is very interesting.我昨天买的那本书很有趣。（which引导限定性定语从句，在从句中做宾语, which可以省略）。但关系代词which在中学阶段指人的用法并不多见，现将其用法归纳如下： 当先行词是人时，在定语从句中可用关系代词which或者that，而不用who来引导。可分为五种情况：1当强调职业时。例如：His daughter became a doctor after graduation, which he liked very much.他的女儿大学毕业之后当了医生。这是他非常喜欢的职业。Her mother is a teacher, which is most glorious under the sun.她的妈妈是个老师，老师的职业是天底下最光荣的职业。2当先行词是婴儿或小孩时。例如：The baby which is lying there has been crying for about twenty minutes.躺在那儿的那个婴儿已经哭了大约二十分钟了。This is the very child which came here five minutes ago.这就是五分钟之前来这儿的那个小孩。3当强调品德或素质时。例如：Professor Wang is a gentleman which our headmaster isnt.王教授很有君子风度，我们的校长却没有。4当强调人的性格，身份和地位时。例如：Last month I went to Beijing only to find my friend was not the man which he had been.上个月我去了北京，结果发现我的朋友不是像过去那个老样子。Her father is different from the man which I thought him to be.他父亲不是我曾认为的那种人。He talked like a teacher which he hardly was.他谈起话来像个老师，可他根本就不是。5当集体名词被看作一个整体时。例如：We should take a great pride in the Chinese people which has a long history, a rich culture and glorious revolutionary tradition.我们应该为中国人民感到骄傲自豪。这是个有悠久历史、灿烂文化和光荣传统的民族。 英语方位表示法英语方位表示法为数不少，但容易混淆。特别是几个介词的用法常常令自学者无所适从。有时一字之差就可能失之千里”。为此，以east为例介绍一些常见的方位表示法。(一)intheeast与ontheeast的区别1intheeast表示我们生活中和地理位置上的绝对方向。如：Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.太阳从东边升起，从西边落下。TheGreatWallbeginsintheeastfromtheShanghaiguanPassandendsattheJiayuguanPassinthewest.长城东起山海关，西至嘉峪关。2ontheeast表示某事物位于另一事物所朝的方向。这里的方向是相对而言的。如：ChinafacesthePacificontheeast.中国东临太平洋。TheUnitedStatesfacestheAtlanticontheeastandthePacificonthewest.美国东临大西洋，西濒太平洋。(二)in(to，on，at)theeastof1要表示A在B的东部，即：A在B的范围之内时就用AisintheeastofB，如：JapanisintheeastofAsia.日本在亚洲东部。ItalyisinthesouthofEurope.意大利在欧洲南部。2如果A在B的东方，即：A在B的范围之外，且相隔有一定的距离，就用AliestotheeastofB.口语中有时可将tothe省去。如：Japanlies(tothe)eastofChina.日本位于中国东方。Francelies(tothe)eastofEngland.法国位于英国东方。3如果A在B的东边（侧），即：A与B相邻接。就用AisontheeastofB.如：GuangdongisonthesouthofHunan.广东在湖南南边。ShangdongisonthenorthofJiangsu.山东在江苏北边。4如果把方位词当作一个整体看，或是看成一点，就用AisattheeastofB如:TherewasabigbattleatthenorthoftheLiaodongPeninsula.在辽东半岛的北边有一场大战。5如果要表示“A位于B东面100公里处”时我们既可以说Aliesl00kmtotheeastofB，也可以说Alies100kmeastofB.后者在美国口语中更为常见。如：Theplanecrashed30milessouthofthecity.飞机在离城南30英里处坠毁。Suzhoulies50milestothewestofShanghai.苏州位于上海西面50英里处。(三)汉语里“东南西北”的先后顺序到英语里就变成了north，south，east，west；并由此有了下列中、英文表达上的差异。东南方：southeast西南方：southwest西北方：northwest东北方：northeast如：十三陵位于北京西北50公里处。TheMingTombsarelocatedabout50kmtothenorthwestofBeijing.天津位于北京东南120公里处。Tiajinissituatedl20kmsoutheastofBeijing.(四)要表示方位的“偏向”时通常用by正东偏北：eastbynorth正南偏西：southbywest正北偏东：northbyeast正南偏东：southbyeast如：Wearesailinginthedirectionofeastbynorth.我们正朝着正东偏北方向航行。Theislandliessouthbyeastfromhere.那个岛位于此地的正南偏东方向。反意疑问句特例集锦1当陈述部分的主语是I，而句子又用来征询对方的意见时，附加疑问句中的主语用you。如： I find English very interesting, dont you? I dont like that film, do you? 2当陈述部分的主语是everybody, everyone, someone, nobody, no one, somebody等合成代词时，附加疑问句中的主语通常用they。但亦可用he，尤其是nobody, no one等作主语，具有否定概念时。如： Somebody phoned while I was out, didnt they? Everyone enjoyed the party, didnt they? Nobody wants to go there, does he? 3当陈述部分的主语是不定代词everything, nothing, anything, something时，附加 疑问句中的主语一般用it，不用they。如： Everything seems all right now, doesnt it? Nothing is kept in good order, is it? Something must be done to stop pollution, isnt it? 4.当陈述部分的主语是指示代词this, that或these, those时，附加疑问句中的主语分别用it和they。如： This is important, isnt it? That isnt correct, is it? These are your friends Tom and Jack, arent they? 5.如果陈述部分是以代词one作主语，附加疑问句中的主语在正式场合用one，非正式场合用you,在美国英语中，在非正式场合还可以用he。如： One cant be too careful, can one?或can you? One should do his duty, shouldnt he? 6如果陈述部分用Im结构，附加疑问部分一般用arent I。如： I am strong and healthy arent I。 7当陈述句为there be结构时，附加疑问句中的主语也用there。如： Theres no help for it, is there? Theres something wrong, isnt there? 8陈述部分带有seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little,nowhere, nothing等否定词或半否定词时，附加疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。如： Bob rarely got drunk, did he? Few people know him, do they? She seldom goes to the cinema, does she? 如果陈述部分的否定词带有否定前缀，那么，该陈述部分作肯定处理，附加疑问部分一般仍用否定形式。如： He was unsuccessful, wasnt he? Tom dislikes the book, doesnt he? 9当陈述部分为主从复合句时，附加疑问部分一般应与主句的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系。如： She says that I did it, doesnt she? I told them not everybody could do it ,didnt I? 但当陈述部分的主语是I，谓语是think, believe, suppose, expect这类动词时，附加疑问部分则往往与从句中的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系，但要注意否定的转移。 I suppose that hes serious isnt he? I dont think she cares, does she? 10当陈述部分是并列句，附加疑问句则需和就近的分句的主语和谓语一致。如： Xiao Lin has been writing letters all afternoon but he should finish them now, shouldnt he? 11在由“祈使句+附加疑问”构成的附加疑问句中，附加疑问部分一般用will you, wont you, would you,有时也可用can you, cant you, why dont you, could you等。如： Dont open the door, will you? Give me some cigarettes, can you? Take a rest, why dont you? 但是，以lets开头的祈使句，附加疑问部分用shall we;以let us开头的祈使句，如果含义是allow us，不包括听话人在内，疑问部分用will you。如： Lets have a basketball match this afternoon, shall we? Let us go out for a rest, will you? 12当陈述部分带有情态动词must表示“必须”时，疑问部分用mustnt。如： You must work hard next term, mustnt you? I must answer the letter, mustnt I? 但若表推测这层含义时，不能用must，而要根据陈述部分的不定式结构（即must之后的动词）以及含义采用相应的动词形式。如： You must have made a mistake, havent you? They must have seen the film last week, didnt they? He must be in the library, isnt he? 13当陈述部分含有情态动词used to时，疑问部分可用usednt或didnt。如： The old man used to smoke, didnt he?或usednt he? Tom used to live here, usednt he?或didnt he? 14当陈述部分带有情态动词ought to时，疑问部分用oughtnt或shouldnt。如： He ought to know the answer, oughtnt he? We ought to read this book, oughtnt we?或shouldnt we? 15当陈述部分含有had better时，疑问部分用had。 如：Youd better finish your homework now, hadnt you? 16感叹句后的附加疑问句的谓语动词需用be的现在时，且常用否定形式。如： What a clever boy, isnt he? What a lovely day, isnt it? 17陈述句子中的主语为动词不定式短语、动名词短语或其他短语时，疑问部分的主语通常用it。如： Learning how to repair motors takes a long time, doesnt it? Between six and seven will suit you, wont it? Where to hold the meeting has not been decided, has it? 18在口语和非正式文体中，为了加强语气，只是表示某种惊奇、怀疑、反感、讽刺等感情而并不是为了寻求回答，这时前后两部分的肯定、否定是一致的。如： Oh, he is a writer, is he? Youll not go, wont you? 19陈述句中的谓语动词是wish，表示愿望时用may，且用肯定形式。如： I wish to have a chance to learn English, may I? 20当陈述部分带有表示“所有”含义的动词have（has）时，疑问部分既可用have形式，也可用do形式。如： You have a new bike, havent you（或dont you）? She doesnt have any money in her pocket, does she? 巩固练习： 1.I dont think that the necklace is made of diamond,_? A. do I B. do you C. isnt it D. is it 2.His wife had the carpets and the curtains cleaned,_? A. hadnt B. had C. didnt she D. did she 3.Its my sons wedding next week, and I have to do my best for that,_? A. havent I B. dont I C. dont he D. isnt it 4.Harry wouldnt become a teacher if it hadnt been for the holiday, _? A. would he B. had it C. would it D. had he 5.No one left here yesterday,_? A. didnt they B. did they C. didnt oneD. did one 6.Birds rarely build nests in our garden,_? A. dont they B. do they C. didnt they D. did they 7.You must have been to the Great Wall,_? A. mustnt you B. havent you C. arent you D. must you 8.learning how to repair motors takes a long time,_? A. doesnt it B. dont they C. does it D. do they 9.They must have stayed at home last night,_? A. mustnt they B. havent they C. didnt they D. must they 10.I feel like going to the cinema tonight,_? A. dont I B. dont you C. do I D. do you 11.Lets start out early tomorrow morning,_? A. shall we B. will you C. d