高中英语语法基础知识导与练专题三代词.doc

高中英语语法基础知识导与练 专题三 代词 上蔡一高 冀德成 宋静 杨剑程纲解读高考大纲对于代词的考试要求：考生应熟练掌握不同代词的语法意义、词汇知识和固定表达形式。近年来高考重点考查不定代词，所考题量占所考代词总量的50%左右，其次是it的用法和替代词。这仍将是今后高考的重点。因此考生在复习备考中要关注下列要点和热点词汇：1. 人称代词的宾格在简略答语中的使用。2. 名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词的用法。3. it, one, that, the one, ones, those作为替代词的用法区别。4. it表示时间、天气、距离的用法，it 做形式主语和形式宾语。5. something, nothing, anything, everything 的用法。6. 不定代词each,every, all, both, either, neither 的用法。7. another, other, the other, others, the others 的用法区别。8. no one, none 的用法区别。9. 反身代词的用法。10. 代词做同位语的用法。纵观近五年高考代词的考查点集中在不定代词上。其考查角度有两个：一是考查不同代词在特定结构中的用法；二是考查some, any, all, none, no one, other, another, neither, either 等不定代词在特定语境中意义和功能区别。为此，考生必须做到以下几点：1. 熟练掌握各类代词的基本用法。2. 重点掌握不定代词的用法，注意它们在特定结构中的用法，如：anyone, both, neither, nothing 等与从句相结合；注意any, some, all, none, other, another等不定代词在特定语境中意义和功能区别。3. it, one, that, the one, ones, those 作替代词的用法和区别。4. it 表示时间、距离、天气等句型以及it作形式主语和形式宾语。5. 做题时要把握语境，将句子意思和句子结构联系起来选出正确代词。考点解析一 、不定代词的用法 1. all, both ，either ,neither ，none ，some和any 的区别 All指三者或三者以上的全部，可以和可数名词复数及不可数名词连用，完全否定用nobody 指人和none 指人或物。 Both仅指两个的全部，只能与可数名词连用，完全否定用neither. Either指两者中的任何一个；any指三者或三者以上中的任何一个；neither为either的否定形式。 典例印证1 （2009.上海卷，26）Wow! Youve got so many clothes. But _ of them are in fashion now. A. all B. both C. neither D. none 典例印证2（2010.重庆卷，23）He had lost his temper and his heath in the war and never found _ of them again. A. neither B. either C. each D. all Some与any表示“一些”，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句。some还可以指“某个”“某种”；any用于肯定句，指“任何一个”，语气较强烈。典例印证3 （2009.陕西卷，10） Jane was asked a lot of questions, but she didnt answer _ of them. A. other B. any C. none D. some2.no one (nobody), none, nothing的用法区别 no one (nobody)意思是“没有人”，只能指人，不能指物，不可与介词of连用，谓语动词用单数形式，回答who引导的问句。none 意思是“一个也不”“没有一个”，即可指人，也可指物，强调数量，常与of连用，通常指“三者以上的人或物中没有一个”，谓语动词可以用单数也可用复数，回答how many或how much引导的问句。nothing 意思是“没有东西”，只能指物，常回答who引导的问句。典例印证4（2008. 福建卷，21） How do you find your new classmates?Most of them are kind, but _ is so kind to me as Bruce. A. none B. no one C. every one D. some one3. something, nothing, everything, anything的用法区别 something 表示“某件事”“某样东西”，也可表示“不简单的事”“有地位的人”；常用于肯定句，但如果表示较肯定意思或希望对方给予肯定回答时，也用于否定句。 nothing 表示“没有什么”“没有东西”，也可表示“没有价值的东西”“没有地位的人”。 everything 表示“一切”，强调所有的东西，常用于肯定句；用于否定句时表示部分否定。Anything表示“任何事情”，常用于肯定句，强调没有例外；用于否定句，疑问句或条件句中代替something，表示全部否定。典例印证5 （2011.大纲全国卷II,11）I got this bicycle for _: My friend gave it to me when she bought a new one. A. everything B. something C. anything D. nothing典例印证6 （2011.四川卷，3）There is _ in his words. We should have a try. A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything 典例印证7 （2010.福建卷，22）When you introduce me to Mr Johnson, could you please say _ for me ? A. everything B. anything C. something D. nothing 典例印证8 （2007. 重庆卷，21） Jim sold most of his things. He has hardly _ left in the house. A. anything B. everything C. nothing D. something 4. other, another, others, any other, the other的用法other 表示泛指，意为“另外的，其他的”，常与复数名词或不可数名词连用。如果其前有the, this, any, each, every, no, one以及形容词性物主代词时，其后就可接单数名词。another常用于指三者或三者以上中的“另外一个”，泛指单数。可单独使用，也可后接名词。如果其后接复数名词则表示“又，再，还”。others是other的复数形式，表泛指，意为“别的人或物”，但不指全部。特指时其前加定冠词，即the others,意为“剩余全部的人或物”；另外others前面可以加上限定词以及数量词。the other 表示两者中的另外一个。可以单独使用，也可接单数名词。典例印证9（2010.全国卷I,23）Ill spend half of my holiday practising English and _ half learning drawing. A. another B. the other C. others D. other典例印证10 （2010.安徽卷，21）You are a team star! Working with _ is really your cup of tea. A. both B. either C. others D. the other典例印证11 （2010.全国卷II,12）Neither side is prepared to talk to _unless we can smooth things over between them. A. others B. the other C. another D. one other二替代词的用法 it, one, ones, the one, the ones, that, those的用法区别it 指代前文已提到过的事物，表示同一事物；they为其复数形式。one 用来代替前面出现的单数可数名词，是泛指概念，相当于a/an加上单数可数名词，表示同类人或事物中的不同一个。ones为其复数形式。the one 用来代替前面出现过的单数可数名词，是特指，相当于the 加上单数可数名词。the ones 为其复数形式。that 用来代替前面的特指单数名词，该名词可以是可数名词单数，也可以是不可数名词。当名词为可数名词时，可以和the one 互换。those 用来代替前面出现过的特指复数名词，相当于the加上复数名词，可以代替the ones. 典例印证12（2011.福建卷，21）We have various summer camps for your holidays. You can choose _ based on your own interests. A. eithet B. each C. one D. it 典例印证13（2010.陕西卷，12）The cost of renting a house in central Xian is higher than _ in any other area of this city. A. that B. this C. it D. one 典例印证14（2009.江苏卷，35）Nine in ten parents said there were significant differences in their approach to educating their children campared with _ of their parents. A. those B. one C. both D. that典例印证15 （2009.北京卷，35）Being a paret is not easy, and being the parent of a child with special needs often carries with _ extra stress. A. it B. them C. one D. him三It的用法1. it 常用作没有具体意义的主语，出现于表示天气 、气候、 温度、 时间、 地点、 距离等意义的句子中。2.指代前面所提到过的事物，想法。3.说话者不清楚或没必要知道对方或对象的性别时，也用it。4.it作形式主语或形式宾语。5.it用于表示好恶的动词后面。6.it用于固定句型中。例如：Its very cold in the room._Whos knocking at the door?_Its me.What a lovely baby! Is it a boy?He found it not so easy to learn a foreign language well.I hate it when I have to speak in French on the phone.I cant help it if he is always late.When it comes to drive, shes got more than any of us. 讲干劲，她比谁都足。典例印证16 （2007.天津，1）He didnt make _ clear when and where the meeting would be held.A. this B. that C. it D. these 典例印证17 （2006. 全国I, 26）If I can help _, I dont like working late into the night. A. so B. that C. it D. them四全部否定和部分否定1. all, both, everyone, everybody, everything 以及every名词都表示全部肯定；no one, none, nobody, nothing, not.any 以及no名词都表示全部否定；但当not出现在含有表示全部肯定的不定动词的句子中，不管not在它们之前或之后都表示部分否定。例如： Both of them havent read this story.并非他们两个都读过这个故事。2. any所修饰的名词或由any构成复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词不能用否定形式。如果句子要用否定式，则用表示全部否定的不定代词。例如： Anything cannot stop him going there.() Nothing can stop him going there.3. 总括性副词，如everywhere,always,altogether,wholly 和not连用时，也表示部分否定。例如： Such a thing cant be found everywhere.这种事并不是每个地方都能见到。五 反身代词 当动词的主语和宾语指同一个人或事物时，动词后的宾语绝不能用宾格代词，必须用反身代词。另外，反身代词也可作同位语。 典例印证18 （2008. 江西，23） Isnt it amazing how the human body heals _ after an injury? A. himself B. him C. itself D. it 典例印证19 （2011.安徽卷，22）Surprisingly,Susans beautiful hair reached below her knees and made _ almost an overcoat for her. A. them B. her C. itself D. herself六 同位语代词 代词作同位语将是未来高考的方向。 典例印证20 （2007.湖南，27）To save class time, our teacher has _ students do half of the exercises in class and complete the other half for our homework. A. us B. we C. our D. ours 考点演练1.（2011.大纲全国卷II,11）I got this bicycle for _: My friend gave it to me when she bought a new one. A. everything B. something C. anything D. nothing2. (2011.安徽卷，22) Surprisingly, Susans beautiful hair reached below her knees and made _ almost an overcoat for her. A. them B. her C. itself D. herself3. （2011.湖南卷，24）I knew that _ would ever discourage him; he would never give up wanting to be a director. A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing4. (2011.江西卷，25) Why dont you bring _ to his attention that you are too ill to walk on? Athat B. it C. this D. him5. (2011.重庆卷，27) - Silly me! I forgot what my luggage looks like.- What do you think of _ over there? A. the one B. this C. it D. that6. (2011.四川卷，3) There is _ in his words. We should have a try. A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything7. (2011.天津卷，1) We feel _ our duty to make our country a better one. A. it B. this C. that D. one8. (2011.福建卷，21) We have various summer camps for your holidays. You can choose _ based on your own interests. A. either B. each C. one D. it9. (2011.山东卷，24) The two girls are so alike that strangers find _ difficult to tell one from the other. A. it B. them C. her D. that10. (2011.浙江卷，7) Since people are fond of humour, it is as welcome in conversation as _ else. A. anything B. something C. anywhere D. somewhere11.(2011.北京卷，34) The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase _. A. them B. those C. it D. that12.(2010.全国卷I,23) Ill spend half of my holiday practising English and _ half learning drawing. A. another B. the other C. others D. other13. (2010.重庆卷,23) He had lost his temper and his health in the war and never found _ of them again. A. neither B. either C. each D. all14. (2010.四川卷,7) On my desk is a photo that my father took of _ when I was a baby. A. him B. his C. me D. mine15. (2010.陕西卷,12) The cost of renting a house in central Xian is higher than _in any other area of the city. A. that B. this C. it D. one16. (2010.福建卷,22) When you introduce me to Mr.Johnson, could you please say _ for me.A. everything B. anything C. something D. nothing17. (2010.安徽卷,21) You are a team star! Working with _ is really your cup of tea.A. both B. either C. others D. the other18. (2010.天津卷,6) _ in my life impressed me so deeply as my first visit to the Palace Museum.A. Anything B. Nothing C. Everything D. Something19.(2010.全国卷II,12) Neither side is prepared to talk to _ unless we can smooth things over between them. A. others B. the other C. another D. one other20. (2010.全国卷II,14) The doctor thought _ would be good for you to have a holiday. A. this B.that C. one D. it21. (2010.浙江卷,14) _ thats important is that you are doing your best and moving in the right direction. A. One B. All C. Everything D. Anything22. (2010.辽宁卷,33) The fact that she was foreign made _ difficult for her to get a job in that country. A. so B. much C. that D. it23. (2010.江西卷,27) Swimming is my favorite sport. There is _ like swimming as a means of keeping fit. A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything过关检测1.(2009.全国卷II,33) One of the most important questions they had to consider was _ of public health. A. one B. this C. that D. which2. (2009.全国卷II,7) Charles was alone at home, with _ looking after him. A. someone B. anyone C. not one D. no one3. (2009.全国卷II,12) The CDS are on sales! Buy one and you get _ completely free. A. other B. others C. one D. ones4. (2009.四川卷，3) I like this house with a beautiful garden in front, but I dont have enough money to buy _. A. one B. it C. this D. that5. (2008.山东卷，27) Make sure youve got the passports and tickets and _ before you leave. A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing6. (2008.全国卷I,30) Which of the two computer games did you prefer?- Actually I didnt like _. A. both of them B. either of them C. none of them D. neither of them7. (2008.全国卷I,33) The English spoken in the United States is only slightly different from _ spoken in England. A. whih B. what C. that D. the one8. (2008.北京，25) It was hard for him to learn English in a family, in which _ of the parents spoke the language. A. none B. neither C. both D. each9. (2008.天津卷，5) To know more about the British Museum, you can use the Internet or go to the library,or _. A. neither B. some C. all D. both10. (2008.上海卷，26) Do you want tea or coffee?- _.I really dont mind.A. None B. Neither C. Either D. all11. (2008.辽宁卷，26) Could you tell me how to get to Victoria Street? Victoria Street? _ is where the Grand Theatre is.A. Such B. There C. That D. This12. (2008.浙江卷，9) Id like some more cheese. Sorry, theres _ left.A. some B. none C. a little D. few13. (2008.湖南卷，21) Our neighbors gave _ a baby bird yesterday that hurt _ when it fell from its net.A.us;it B.us;itself C.ourselves;itself D.ourselves;it14. (2008.安徽卷，21) The two girls are getting on very well and share _ with each other.A. little B. much C. some D. none15. (2008.四川延考区，6) I admired the paiting, and Ed said he would like me to have _ as a gift from him. A. one B it C. this D. some16. (2007.山东卷，24) _ worries me the way he keeps changing his mind. A. This B. That C. What D. It17. (2007.全国卷I,21) Have you heard the latest news? No, what _? A. is it B. is there C. are they D. are those18.（2007.全国卷II,7）_ felt funny watching myself on TV. A. One B. This C. It D. That19. (2007.上海卷，26) The mayor has offered a reward of $5,000 to _ who can capture the tiger alive or dead. A. both B. others C. anyone D. another20. (2007.辽宁卷，27) The information on the Internet gets around much more rapidly than _ in the newspaper. A. it B. those C. one D. that21 (2007.浙江卷，16) He got his first book published.It turned out a bestseller. When was _? _ was in 2000 when he was still in college. A.that; This B.this; It C.it; This D.that; It22. (2007.福建卷，23) The book is of great value. _ can be enjoyed unless you digest it. A. Nothing B. Something C. Everything D. Anything23. (2007.江西卷，28) What do you think of the performance today? Great! _ but a musical jenius could perform so successfully. A. All B. None C. Anybody D. Everybody24.(2007.四川卷，32) Little joy can equal _ of a surprising ending when you read stories. A. that B. those C. any D. some25. (2007.陕西卷，16) There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow _? No, Id rather buy _ in the bookstore. A.it;one B.one;one C.one;it D.it;it26. (2006.北京卷，24) Which driver is to blame? Why,_ ! It was the childs fault, clear and simple. He suddenly came out between two parked cars. A. both B. each C. either D. neither27.(2006.天津卷，1) We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun, so lets have _ one this month. A. the other B. some C. another D. other28. (2006.上海卷，29) I made so many changes in my composition that only I could read it. To _ else, it was hard to make out. A. none B. everyone C. someone D. anyone29. (2005.江苏卷，26) Im moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than _ in the city. A. ones B. one C. that D. those30 (2005.浙江卷，20) Weve been looking at houses but havent found _ we like yet. A. one B. ones C. it D. them答案和解析典例印证1. D 从第一句话可知是指三者以上，第二句转折说没有任何一件现在还流行，none指三者以上都不。2. B 由“his temper and his health”知道是两者，故排除C和D，由后面never表示否定可判断选择B，nevereither相当于neither.3.B 句意：Jane被问了很多问题，但她一个也没回答。Any在此处意为“任何一个”。4. A none意为“没有一个”，指数量，表示没有一个同学能赶上Bruce对我好。句中but表示转折，根据语境排除C和D两项；no one意为“没有人”，相当于nobody,表示泛指。5. D 考查不定代词。根据“my friend gave it to me”可知是免费得到这辆自行车，因此选nothing,for nothing表示“免费”。6. A something可以表示“重要的事物”“值得注意的事情”。句意：他的话中有值得重视的东西，我们应该尝试一下。7. C something用在问句中表示建议或请求，期望对方给予肯定的回答，或者所问问题可能性很大。8. A anything 一般用于疑问句，否定句，条件句中；也可用于肯定句，但与有疑问、否定意义的词连用。根据语境“Jim sold most of his things”可知，他房中几乎没有剩下任何东西。9. B 由句子前半部分中的half of my holiday可知假期被分为两部分，因此后面应由the other half来与之相对应。10. C 句意为：你是球队明星，与别人合作是你最拿手的。11. B 考查不定代词。neither side说明双方中任何一方都不，故用the other指“两者中的另一方”。12. C 根据语义可知应该是选择这些夏令营中的一种，所以用one，相当于a summer camp. either表示在两者中进行选择；each表示“每一个”；it指代前面出现过的同一事物。13. A 所填词用于比较句中，指代句中主语cost,即指代不可数名词，所以用that。14. D 从句意可知，所选择的代词代替前面的approach, 并且是特指，所以用that，相当于the approach; 而代词one用于代替同类事物中的任何一个，是泛指。15. A 全句意为：为人父母并不总是那么容易；作一名有特殊需要的孩子的父母经常还要承受额外的压力。此处it指代前面提到的“being a parent is not always easy”这种情况。16. C it作形式宾语。17. C If I can help it 意为如果我有办法。18. C 句意：人的身体在受伤后是如何痊愈的难道不令人惊奇吗？itself指身体本身；句子宾语和主语一致，所以宾语用反身代词。19. C 句意：令人惊奇的是，苏珊漂亮的头发垂到了膝盖以下，几何成了她的外套。此处itself指的是“头发本身”。20. A 此处应用宾格代词us作students的同位语，即“我们学生”，不应用our students，因为our students意为“我们的学生”，这是站在老师的立场上说的。考点演练1. D 2. C 3. D 句意：我知道没有什么能阻止他。他是不会放弃当导演的想法的。Nothing意为“没有什么”，符号句意。4. B it在句中作形式宾语。5. D that特指the luggage, 并且luggage为不可数名词，所以不能用the one代替；B项this同over there相矛盾；C项it特指上文提到的同一个事物或人。6. A 7. A it在句中作形式宾语；全句意为：我们认为把我们的国家建设得更好是我们的职责。8. C 9. A 用it作形式宾语，代替后面的动词不定式。10. C 根据语意“因为幽默受人欢迎，所以它在对话或其它任何场合中都很受欢迎”，所以用anywhere表示任何地方。11. C 根据句意“由于地方政府的努力，大城市的就业率在上升”可知应用it指代the empoyment rate,前面提到过的同一个事物。12. B 13. B 14. C take a photo of sb,意为给某人照相，此处应用宾格代词me.15. A 16. C 17. C 18. B nothing在句子中表示否定意义，而其它三个选项均表示肯定意思。句意：在我一生中再也没有我第一