西方一些哲学家的名言.ppt

“Science is the great antidote to the poison of enthusiasm and superstition.“ “The Wealth of Nations”,Adam Smith British economist and philosopher 1723-1790,Adam Smith was the Scottish political economist and philosopher, who became famous for his influential book “The Wealth of Nations“ written in 1776. In 1751 Smith was appointed professor of logic at Glasgow University. His lectures covered the field of ethics, rhetoric, jurisprudence and political economy. In 1759 he published his Theory of Moral Sentiment. This work was about those standards of ethical conduct that hold society together, with emphasis on the general harmony of human motives and activities.,Smith moved to London in 1776, where he published “An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,“ which examined in detail the consequences of economic freedom. It covered such concepts as the role of self-interest, the division of labor, the function of markets, and the international implications of a laissez-faire economy. “Wealth of Nations“ established economics as an autonomous subject and launched the economic doctrine of free enterprise.,Smith laid the intellectual framework that explained the free market and that still holds true today. He is most often recognized for the expression “the invisible hand,“ which he used to demonstrate how self-interest guides the most efficient use of resources in a nations economy, with public welfare coming as a by-product. To underscore his laissez-faire convictions, Smith argued that state and personal efforts to promote social good are ineffectual compared to unrestrained market forces.,Enlightenment an intellectual and philosophical movement in Europe in 18th century,It came as a result of the advance of modern science in 17th century. Scholars as Newton, Locke, Descartes questioned the accepted beliefs. The French thinkers Voltaire, Rousseau and other Encyclopedists attacked the established religions and embodied individual liberty and equality.,The philosophers Enlightenment thinkers of the eighteenth century sought to create a world in which reason prevailed and all people enjoyed equal civil rights and religious freedom. People were to be free of past restraints and superstitions to develop a life of reason. The movement ended with the French Revolution (1789).,If you would be a real seeker after truth, it is necessary that at least once in your life you doubt, as far as possible, all things. Descartes,Ren Descartes French philosopher and mathematician 1596 -1650,Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. Never exceed your rights, and they will soon become unlimited. Rousseau,Jean-Jacques Rousseau French philosopher and writer 1712 - 1778,Superstition sets the whole world in flames; philosophy quenches them. I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it. Voltaire,Voltaire French author and philosopher 1694 - 1778,Charles Darwin English naturalist 1809-1882,I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term of natural selection. “On the Origin of Species”,Genius without education is like silver in the mine. Sell not virtue to purchase wealth, nor liberty to purchase power. Keep your eyes wide open before marriage, half shut afterwards. Benjamin Franklin,Benjamin Franklin American scientist, writer, statesman, and diplomat 1706-1790,Edmund Burke British statesman, orator and philosopher 1729-1797,Superstition is the religion of feeble minds. Somebody had said, that a king may make a nobleman, but he cannot make a gentleman. Edmund Burke,Samuel Johnson English writer and lexicographer 1709-1784,What is written without effort is in general read without pleasure. Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can find information on it. Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, and knowledge without integrity is dangerous and dreadful. Samuel Johnson,Sir Isaac Newton English physicist, astronomer, mathematician, and natural philosopher 1642-1727,If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants. I do not know what I may appear to the world, but to myself I seem to have b