语法精讲--名词(最终版).ppt

Welcome to my class.,Topic: noun,名词的数,名词的所有格,名词的变化,可数名词,不可数名词,NOUN.,普通名词,专有名词,主谓一致,常考点,名词的定义和分类,一、定义： 表示人、事物和抽象概念的词。如：人的姓名与称呼、物 品的名称、地点、时间、兴趣爱好和行为等。 二、分类： 1、专有名词：表示人名、地名、国家名、机构、日期、称呼 等的名词， 人名、称呼: Grandma, Mr. Green, Mrs. White， Miss Wright 地名、国名: Africa, China, Singapore, Beijing等 日期、节日: January, Wednesday，Womens Day, Mothers Day, Childrens Day等 由普通名词构成的专有名词： the Great Wall , the United State of America,等 注意：1）专有名词首字母要大写 2）由普通名词组成的专有名词前要用the ( the 与介词不必大写）,2.普通名词,可数名词： （1）个体名词：表示个别人或事， 如：student, bicycle, book, engineer, pen ,tree等 （2）集体名词: 表示一群人或一些事物的总称， 如：class, family, group, people, army, team, police等 不可数名词： （1）物质名词: 表示无法分为个体的实物 如：cotton, oil, wood, coal, air, water, rice, iron, fire,等 （2）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、情感等抽象 概念， 如: love, progress, friendship, health, pleasure, honesty, weight, homework, housework, fun等,flower,flowers,找规律,NOUN.,book,books,factories,baby,babies,factory,leaf,wolf,wolves,leaves,knife,knives,watch,es,box,es,bus,es,brush,es,要点考点聚焦,找规律,tomatoes,potatoes,heroes,NOUN.,negroes,radios,photos,找规律,zoos,pianos,NOUN.,不规则变化,child-children,woman-women,man-men,goose-geese,NOUN.,mouse - mice,foot -feet,deer,sheep,deer，sheep，fish ，li，jin，yuan , mu ,Japanese ,Chinese等的单复数同形.,Yuan,dollars,meters,pounds,cap-caps task-tasks star-stars tree-trees stomach-stomaches house-houses exercise-exercises,可数名词的复数形式,规则变化,A.绝大多数名词的复数形式在单数形式后加-S,B.以字母x、s 、ch、 sh 结尾的名词在其后加-es,bus-buses box-boxes watch-watches dish-dishes class-classes,C.（1）以辅音字母+ y结尾的名词需把y 变为i再加-es storystories babybabies countrycountries partyparties （2）以元音字母+ y结尾的名词在后面直接加-s daydays boy- boys toy-toys,E.（1）以元音字母+o结尾的名词，以及某些以 o结尾 的 外来词，变为复数时只加-S radioradios zoo-zoos bamboo-bamboos,D.以-f 或-fe结尾的可数名词,先将 f 或fe 变成 v 再加-es shelf-shelves lifelives knife-knives leaf-leaves wifewives halfhalves 特殊:roof-roofs,（2）以辅音字母+o结尾的名词变为复数+es potato-potatoes hero-heroes tomatotomatoes 但pianopianos, photo-photos除外.,不规则变化,特殊变化：,单复同形,manmen gentlemangentlemen policemanpolicemen womanwomen footfeet toothteeth mousemice child children,sheep sheep fish fish /fishes deer deer Chinese Chinese Japanese Japanese,3. 表示“某国人”的名词，其变化有三种情况,a Japanese five Japanese ( e.g Chinese ),a Frenchman two Frenchmen ( e.g Englishman Englishwoman fisherman policeman Frenchwoman ),a German five Germans ( e.g Russian American Indian Italian Korean ),4. 常以复数形式出现的名词,集体名词：trousers glasses clothes people police,口诀：中日不变英法变，其余把S加后面,与众不同,NOUN.,scissors,shoes,pants,glasses,chopsticks,不可数名词,常见的不可数名词 .drink- coffee, milk, tea 2.food-rice,bread,meatporridge, tofu, 3.sugar,salt,pepper,butter 4.weather-rain,snow,ice,cloud,wind 5.cotton,silk,wool,mental,paper,wood,glass,plastic 6.English,Chinese,Japanese,French,German 7.history,maths,science,physics,biology,PE,music,art 8.help,confidence,courage,success,danger,safe 9.work,homework,teamwork,news,money,advice,物质名词(如： water水) 抽象名词(如:happiness幸福),不可数名词 数量的表达法： 通过改变量词形式的方法来表示不可数名词的量,a bottle of milk-two bottles of milk a piece of meat-three pieces of meat,不可数名词没有复数形式,可数名词和不可数名词的数量表达,a bottle of juice,a glass of orange,two boxes of milk,不可数名词,NOUN.,既可做不可数名词，又可做可数名词的：,不可数名词 可数名词,paper 纸 a paper glass 玻璃 a glass iron 铁 a iron room 空间 a room chicken 鸡肉 a chicken beauty 美 a beauty,一张报纸 一个玻璃杯 一个熨斗 一个房间 一只小鸡 一个美人,名词的所有格,看例题识所有格,1. Beijing is the capital of China. Beijing is Chinas capital.,2. This is Mary and her sisters bedroom. Bob and Lucys sister is a nurse.,的,NOUN.,3. These are Toms and Lilys bags.,4. She is the two boys mother.,5. the door of the room the leaves of the tree,6. the girls name=the name of the girl,7. He is a friend of my brothers.,名词的所有格,单数的名词所有格,Mikes bag the boys knife 2.在词尾有-S的复数名词所有格,只在词尾加,读音与名词变复数同 the students books the teachers office,3.不规则名词复数的所有格,即词尾不是以-s结尾的单词,在词后 加s , 如: Womens Day mens clothes shop 4.如果事物为 2人或2人以上共同所有，在最后一个名词后加-s;,珍妮和海伦的房间,Jenny and Helens room,Jennys and Helens rooms,5.如果事物不是 2人或2人共同所有，而是分别有的,则在 2个名词 后都加-s 珍妮的房间和海伦的房间,1.有生命的东西所有格用s 的形式,8.无生命的东西一般用“ of +名词”的形式表示其所有格,the door of the room the wall of the park,6. 有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体的等无生 命的东西，也可以加 -s 构成所有格,2小时路程 北京最好的公园 今日报纸 车站休息室,two hours walk,Beijings best park,todays newspaper,the stations waiting-room,at my uncles = at my uncles home at a tailors = at a tailors shop,9.表示类别的名词作定语，不用所有格,a silk hat cotton cloth,a coffee cup,7. 表示某人的家、店铺、诊所时，常省略所有格 后面的名词,my teachers office students exercise books Childrens Palace todays newspaper 15 minutes walk = a 15-minute walk at the butchers = at the butchers shop to Toms = to Toms house,1 我老师的办公室 2 学生们 的练习本 3 少年宫 4 今天的报纸 5 十五分钟的路程 6 在肉店 7 到汤姆家去,名词的所有格 Practice,8 广东的省会 9 教室的门 10 我父亲的一个朋友 11 他的两个兄弟 12 爱迪生的一些发明 13 他弟弟的一张照片(照片属于他弟弟) 14 他弟弟的一张照片(照片里的人是他弟弟),the capital of Guangdong,the doors of the classroom,a friend of my father (s),two brothers of his,some inventions of Edisons,a picture of his brothers,a picture of his brother,主谓一致,当class, family, team, group, public 等集体名词做主语时，如果看成一个整体，动词就用单数；看成一个个具体成员时，就用复数。,e.g The class are waiting for her. Toms family _ rather big. Toms family _ film fans.,is,are,2.news, maths, politics 表示单数意义，动词用单数。,e.g The news makes her very happy. Maths _ not easy for him.,is,3. 像 chopsticks, shoes, glasses, trousers等表示复数含义的词，动词用复数。,e.g The shoes are hers.,但是: A pair of glasses _ on the table. Two pairs of glasses _ on the table.,is,are,4. police, people(人们), youth(青年们) 只有单数形式， 但表示复数意义，动词用复数。,e.g The police are gathering in the street. The Chinese people _ peace.,love,但是: people当“民族”，youth当“男青年”讲时， 有单复数之分,e.g He is a youth of 20. Many English-speaking peoples _ this book.,like,5. 像deer、sheep等单复同形的词，动词单复根据 具体情况定,e.g A deer is over there in the field. A group of deer _ over there in the field.,are,6. The poet and musician _ at the party. The singer and dancer _ just arrived. The bread and the butter _ ready. Bread and butter _ her usual breakfast. 涂了黄油的面包,was,has,are,is,8. Both and 的谓语动词用复数形式。,e.g. Both he and his father _ there.,were,7. 采取就近一致原则的句型结构：,There be e.g. There _ a book and two apples on the desk. not onlybut also e.g Not only you but also he _ right. eitheror e.g Either he or I _ wrong. neithernor e.g Neither she nor I _ right.,is,is,am,am,表示时间、距离 、金额、度量、书名、国名等的 复数名词，看作整体，动词用单数。 e.g Eight hours of sleep_ enough for you . Ten dollars _ too much to pay.,is,is,10. each + 单数名词 + and + each + 单数名词 every +单数名词 + and +every + 单数名词 no +单数名词 + and + no + 单数名词,each of + 复数名词 one of + 复数名词,many a + 单数名词,every / each +单数名词+ and + 单数名词,等结构做主语时，动词用单数。,e.g. Each boy and each girl _ seen the film. No teacher and no student _ come yet. Every knife, fork , and spoon _ to be bought. Each of the students _ a dictionary.,has,has,has,has,1、就近原则,There be Either or Neither nor Not only but also,2、就远原则,As well as With Together with But,Except Like No less than,Nobody but two students is in the classroom. 除了这两个学生，没有人在教室 A woman with two children has come. 一位妇女带着两个孩子已经来了。,名词的变化,看我“七十二变”,常具有赞美的意味,ful,NOUN.,y,表示充满的,danger,ous,具有的性质,less,没有的,形容词,指点迷津,Ten years _(is ,are) short time for me. A pair of shoes _(is, are) under the bed. The number of the students in our school _(is ,are) 2,000. The woman with two children _( is ,are ) coming here. Neither he nor I _(are, am ) an American.,is,is,is,is,am,NOUN.,指点迷津,6. Maths _(are, is ) hard to learn for the boy. 7. They are all _( woman, teachers ; women teachers). 8. The population of China _(are, is ) over 1,300,000,000. 9. There are many _(peoples,people )in the street in summer. 10. One of the students _(have, has) gone to Shanghai.,is,is,women teachers,people,has,NOUN.,1.Several _ are talking under the treeAnd they are_. Awoman;children Bwoman;child Cwomen;children 2.How far is your school from here？ Not very farIts about twenty walk. Aminutes Bminutes Cminutes 3. There are three in my family. A.people B. person C. child 4. Most students can go to college for further in our city. A. education B. information C.science 5. This is bedroom. The twin sister like it very much. A. Ann and Jane B. Ann and Janes C.Anns and Janes,典型例题解析,C,C,A,A,B,NOUN.,典型例题解析,The Browns is going to visit China. ( ) The Browns are going to visit China. ( ) The young is dancing there. ( ) The young are dancing there. ( ) Physics are very difficult to learn. ( ) Physics is very difficult to learn. ( ) We have five Germen in this meeting. ( ) We have five Germans in this meeting. ( ) This is one of the English-Chinese dictionary. ( ) This is one of the English-Chinese dictionaries. ( ),NOUN.,( ) 1. Please give me _ paper. A. one B. a piece C. a D. a piece of ( ) 2. This table is made of_. A. many glass B. some glasses C. glasses D. glass ( ) 3.Bill runs fast. He won the _ 800-metre race yesterday. Aboys Bboys Cboy Dboys . ( ) 4. Some _ came to our school for a visit that day. A. Germans B. Germen C. Germany D. Germanies ( ) 5. In the picture there are many_ and two_. A. sheeps; foxes B. sheeps; foxes C. sheep; foxes D. sheep; foxs,课时训练,D,D,B,A,C,选择填空：,NOUN.,( ) 6. This is not my cap, but my _. A. brothers B. brothers C. brothers D. brother ( ) 7. _are_for cutting things. A. Knife, used B. Knives, using C. Knife, using D. Knives, used ( ) 8. John bought_for himself yesterday.