定语从句和强调句讲义.doc

定语从句1 关于定语从句概念知识：什么叫定语？先行词？关系词？所起的作用？在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词，充当定语的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫做关系词，关系词紧跟在先行词之后，在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句的一个成分。二关系代词that/which/who/whose/whom之间的选用例题：用who, whom, that, which或whose填空。1. I have a friend _ likes listening to music.2. Yesterday Emily was wearing the new dress _ I gave her.3. The man _ leg broke in a match used to be a football player.4. Kevin is reading a book _ is too difficult for him.5. The family _ Im staying with live in town.6. I know the student _ article was published.7. Betty, _ has never been abroad, is studying English very well.8. My parents live in a house _ is more thatn 100 years old.9. The man _ is working on the playground is my old friend.知识总结：（1） 由关系代词引导的定语从句及其充当的成分关系代词例句 that在定语从句中做主语或 宾语 指物This is the novel that interests me.(作主语）The magazine (that) I bought yesterday is lost.(作宾语） 指人The woman that burst out of the room just now was angry with you.(作主语）The boy (that) we just saw in the library is the monitor of Class Three.(作宾语）which在定语从句中作主语或宾语 指物China is a country which has a long history.(作主语）I have lost the book (which) you lent me yesterday.(作宾语） who, whom在定语从句中分 别作主语和宾语 指人The man who is talking with my father is a policeman.(作主语）He is the man (whom) I visited last week. (作宾语）That is the boy for whom they were searching.(作宾语）whose在定语从句中作定语指人Henry is the boy whose name is the same as our English teachers.(作定语）指物The novel whose cover was broken belongs to me.(作定语）（2） 先行词指人时，that可与who/whom互换 先行词指物时，that课与which互换（3） that与which在从句中作宾语时，经常省略。三例题：1. The athlete _you are talked is a famous runner. _2. The boy_ John spoke is my brother. _3. The city _ she lives is very beautiful. _课文例句：Do you want a friend whom you could tell everying to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? _知识总结：关系代词whom/which在从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放在先行词和从句之间， 也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面。4 例题：This is the house whose window was broken last night.This is the house, _ was broken last night.This is the house, _ was broken last night.This house whose roof was damaged has now been repaired.The house, _ was damaged has now been repaired.The house, _ was damaged has now been repaired.This is the artist whose works are known all over the world.This is the artist, _ are known all over the world.This is the artist, _ are known all over the world.The newly-built cafe, the wall of _ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work.A. that B. it C. what D. WhichThe factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80%_ are sold abroad.A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of thatThe company bought some new machines_parts are too small to be soon.A. who B. which C. whose D.what知识总结：关系代词whose引导定语从句时，先行词既指人，又可指物，在从句中作定语，后面接名词，表达所属关系，通常意为“的”。即：whose+名词=the+名词+of which/whom=of which/whom+the+名词5 例题:1. I refuse to accept the blame for something_ was someone elses fault. A. who B. that C. as D. what2. All_ is needed is a supply of oil. A. the thing B. that C. what D. which3. This is the very book_ I want to buy. A. that B. which C.it D. with which4. -Do you have anything in mind _ youd like to have for dinner? -Well, anything is OK for me. A. that B. which C. what D. Where5. This is one of the best films _. A. That have been show this year B. That have shown C. Which has been shown this year D. That you talked6. All the apples _ fell down from the tree were eaten up by the tips. A. Which B./ C. that D. They知识总结:在限定性定语从句中，只能用that的情况1. 先行词是everything, nothing, anything, little, much, the one等不定代词时，例： There is nothing (that) I can do. I mean the one that was brought yesterday.2. 先行词被all, any, every, no, some, little, much等词修饰时，例： I have read all the books (that) you gave me. You may take home any of these books that you like.3. 先行词被the only, the very, just the, the last等词修饰时，例： The white flower is the only one (that) I really like. This is the very book (that) I want to find. The last place (that) we visited was the hospital.4. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时， 例： This is the first composition (that) he has written in English. This is the best novel (that) I have ever read.5. 先行词有两个或两个以上时，既有人又有物，定语从句用that引导 He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.7 例题：I dont know the reason _ he is absent.I will never forget the day _ I went to university.This is the village _ you were born.The house _we live in is very cold.单选：1. Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet_ life has developed gradually. A. that B. where C. which D. Whose2. She will never forget her stay there _ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. A. that B. which C. where D. when3. The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the job_ they are being trained.A. in that B. for that C. for which D. In which4. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help.A. who B. from whom C. that D. to whom5. The girl managed to have piano lessons at the training center with her sister_ she would stay for an hour.A. where B. who C. which D what 6. Occasions are quite rare _ I have the time to spend a day with my kids.A. who B. which C. why D. When7.The time is drawing near _ food raised in space will directly benefit humans below.A. where B. when C. whether D.why8. Simpler books are the foundation _ students build a lifelong habit of reading and further the actual skill of reading for longer and stronger periods of time.A.which B. upon which C. for which D. In which9.All these activities can serve as a platform _ you might find the one you love.A. Which B.that C. Where D. When知识总结：（1） 当定语从句所修饰的先行词为表时间、地点或原因的名词时， 应使用关系副词when, where或why来引导。不同情况所使用的关系副词如下表：关系副词例句When指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语I still remember the days when I first came to Beijing.We will never forget the happy time when we worked on the farm.Where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语The hotel where we stayed was very clean.The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.Why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语There are several reasons why we cant do that.He couldnt give the teacher a good reason why he was late for school.(2） 介词+whom/which 引导的定语从句1. 介词+which 引导的定语从句，可以转换成关系副词when/where/why引导的定语从句，具体如下：I will never forget the day when he left.I will never forget the day on which he left.He was born in Germany where he stayed for 12 years.He was born in Germany in which he stayed for 12 years.The reason why he was late was that he missed the train.The reason for which he was late was that he missed the train.2. 先行词是人时，用介词+whomPlease tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.(3） 介词和关系代词的确定1. 根据定语从句中动词的某种习惯搭配确定。 He bought a large beautiful house on which he spent all his money.2. 依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定。 There was no way in which it could be brought back to the earth.8 例题：I still remember the days _ we spent together.I still remember the days_ we worked together.I still remember the days_ we worked together.This is the place _ I spent my childhood.This is the place_ I visited last month.Ill never forget the days_ we live together in the country.This is the mountain village _ I stayed last year.This is the mountain village_I visited last year.These old pictures bring to their mind the college days_ they spent together, _ life was hard but happy.A. when, whose B. which, whose C. which, when D. when, which知识总结：关系代词和关系副词的选用方法一：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分，如果从句中缺少主语、表语、定语、宾语，就考虑选用关系代词来引导从句。如果从句中缺少状语，就得考虑用关系副词来引导从句。方法二：用关系副词还是关系代词，完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要用关系代词，而不及物动词则要用关系副词。 强调句用法一 结构：It is / It was (过去时间) + 被强调部分 + that / who (专指人) + 其他部分二 用法：除了谓语动词不能强调，句子的每部分均可强调。 例句： Jim met the student in the street last week. 强调主语：It was Jim who / that met the student in the street last week. 强调宾语：It was the student who / that Jim met in the street last week. 强调地点状语：It was in the street that Jim met the student last week. 强调时间状语：It was last week that Jim met the student in the street.三1. 一般疑问句的强调句： Was it Dr Wang who spoke to you just now? 2. 特殊疑问句的强凋句： What is it that.? 是什么? Who is it that will visit our class? Where is it that he has gone? When was it that she went? 3. not until 用于强调句： I didnt realize I was wro