英美概况课件theHistoryofUK.ppt

History of the UK,History of Invasion,The earliest people known in Britain were nomads from mainland Europe in the Old Stone Age. (Iberians 伊比利亚人),Avebury Stone Circle,Stonehenge,Between 660BC and 43AD, there was movement of Celtic tribes also from Europe, bring in an Iron Age civilization and two languages that became the later Gealic and Welsh. Celtic people called Britons settles in Britain. They were warriors and farmers who were skilled metal workers. They built villages and hill forts, and used iron weapons and tools. Celts called Gaels lived in Ireland.,Romans invaded Britain in 55BC to conquer the native Britons but retreated by 409. First invasion - Caesars first raid (55BC) Second invasion - Caesars second raid (54BC) Third and final invasion - in 43 A.D. Emperor Claudius organized the final and successful Roman invasion of Britain,What did The Romans give to Britons? Language Latin The calendar Solar Canledar Laws and legal system The Census Civil Civilization: straight roads central heating concrete aqueducts (bridges for water),Between the 5th and 7th centuries, Germanic people form Europe - the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes - arrived in massive members, who have come to constitute Britains present predominant stock. Their language became the foundation of the basic, short, everyday words in modern English.,It was the Angles who gave their name to England (Angles land) and the English people. The new invaders brought along their language which was called Old English. The language of the Angles. This was the beginning of the Old English period in English history.,The Anglo-Saxons established many kingdoms based on their tribes. The many small kingdoms gradually combined into seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. They were generally given the name of Heptarchy. In the early 9th century, Wessex became the dominant kingdom.,One of the earliest and greatest o English Kings was Alfred the Great, king of Wessex. Father of the British Navy. established many schools to teach Latin active in promoting the teaching of Christianity Began the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,About Christianity: In 597, St. Augustine and others sent by Pope Gregory successfully Converted the leaders in tribes to Christianity. By the end of the 7th century, England had been Christianized. The Roman priests made their based at Canterbury, and within a hundred years all England was united under one well-organized church.,Edward the Confessor,Harold Godwinson,Harald Hardrada,William Duke of Normandy,Harold defeated the Norwegian invasion at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in September 1066 But he was defeated and killed by William shortly afterwards at the Battle of Hastings, on 14 October in the same year.,In 1066, French Normans conquered England, adding another ethnic component. William of Normandy took the English throne, and became William the first of England. He is the well-known William the Conqueror. The Normans were the last invaders in history of conquer the British Isles. On Christmas Day 1066, William the Conqueror was crowned in Westminster Abbey,Medieval England (1066-1485),The Normans (1066 - 1154) Plantagenet (1154 - 1399) The House of Lancaster (1399 - 1461) The House of York (1461 - 1485),The Norman Monarchs,William the Conqueror William I England entered into the phase known as Medieval England Feudalism became the way of life in Medieval England.,After winning the Battle of Hastings, William set about building a string of castles in strategic areas across the country. Two of his best known being the Tower of London and Windsor Castle.,William I,Tenants-in-chief: noblemen,Sub- tenants: the knights,Freemen,Common people,Feudalism,A knights land was called his manor.,The Domesday Book In 1086 William I ordered to make a detailed description of all wealth of England. In the words of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, so very thoroughly did he have the enquiry carried out that not even one ox or one cow or one pig escaped notice. All this information was written down in the Domesday Book. The Domesday Book was, in effect, the first national census.,Henry I was the fourth son of William I of England. Henry was the last of the true Norman Kings . He made Normans and English equal before the law.,The House of Plantagenet,Henry II Henry of Anjou form France (Henry II) founded the Plantagenent Dynasty in English History. Henry IIs reform of the court gave birth to a new system - the circuit courts and the jury system.,Richard I Richard I “the Loin Heart” (The son of Henry II) put the Plantagenent Dynasty to the top He took part in the Third Crusade. The legend of Robin Hood is based on this period of history.,King John King John (brother of Richard I) antagonized the feudal nobility and the leading Church figures in 1215, and they led an armed rebellion and forced him to sign the Magna Carta (大宪章)to impose legal limits on the Kings personal powers in raising money from his subjects.,The Birth of Parliament,During Henry IIIs reign, Simon de Montfort (孟福尔，贵族集团首领) summoned the first elected Parliament in 1256 （史称西门议会）. The franchise in parliamentary elections set the scene for the so-called “Model Parliament” of 1295 adopted by Edward I. With the appearance of Parliament, England gradually developed into a strong nation in the early 14th century.,The Hundred Years War (1337 1453),The Hundred Years War was a series of separate wars lasting from 1337 to 1453 between two royal houses (the House of Valois and the House of Plantagenet, also known as the House of Anjou)for the French throne. At the end of the war, England was left an island nation.,The Black Death,The deadly plague between 1348 and 1349,commonly called the Black death, added to the horrors of the Hundred Years War. The shortage of labor resulting from the Black Death and the peasant uprising sped up the decline of feudalism in England,the Wars of the Roses,Two years after the ending of the Hundred Years War England was thrown into another series of civil wars, the Wars of the Roses, from 1455 to 1485 between the House of Lancaster and the House of York.,The name “Wars of Roses” is based on the badges use by the two sides, the red rose for the Lancastrians and the white one for the Yorkists.,The war ended with the victory for the Earl of Richmond, Henry Tudor (Henry VII),who founded the House of Tudor which subsequently ruled England and Wales for 117 years.,The Tudor Age (1485 -1603),Henry VII,Tudor Rose,The Middle Ages ended in the 1485.,It was during the Tudor Monarchy that America was discovered and the Renaissance spread into England.,The Tudor Monarchy thus served as the transitional stage from feudalism to capitalism in English history.,The Enclosure movement fast development clothing industry more wool was needed sheep-farming “sheep devour men”,Henry VIII,The Reformation in England The English Reformation started in the region of Henry VIII for his marriage issue. The Roman Catholic faith believed in marriage for life. It did not recognize divorce. Divorce meant that under Catholic Church law, your soul could never get to heaven.,In 1532, Henry VIII declared the church in England separated from the church in Rome. Henry was made Supreme Head of the Church of England by an Act of Parliament in 1534. The Protestant movement was known as the Reformation.,Mary I The fourth Crowned monarch of the Tudor Dynasty, she is remembered for restoring England to Roman Catholicism after her short-lived half-brother, Edward VI, to the England Throne. In the process, she had almost 300 Religious dissenters burned at the stake in the Marian Persecutions, earning her sobriquet of “Bloody Mary”. Her re-establishment of Roman Catholicism was reversed by her successor and half-sister, Elizabeth I.,Elizabethan I Elizabeth I was 25 years old when she became Queen of England in 1588. Her 45-year reign, which ended with her death in 1603, saw Englands emergence as a nation of tremendous political power and unparalleled cultural achievements.,Elizabeth succeeded balancing the interests of the Protestants and Catholics. Sir John Hawkins commenced slave trade in 1562, establishing England as a major economic power. In 1588 Spanish Armada attacked the heart of England, Sir Fancis Drake commanded the English navy to eventual victory, and thus established English supremacy over the sea. In 1599, England entered the arena of world trade and colonization.,The Elizabeth Era also witnessed the English Renaissance, the cultural and artistic movement that was associated with the pan-European Renaissance originating in Northern Italy in the 14th century. The great literary achievement of the Elizabethan Period was the drama. And the greatest dramatist of the age was William Shakespeare.,The House of Stuart,The English Bourgeois Revolution The English Civil War Restoration,James I and the Gunpowder Plot After Elizabeth I died in 1603 without leaving an heir to succeed her, James VI of Scotland was welcomed to the English throne as James I in 1603. James was a Stuart- so Tudor England died on March 24th 1603 while the accession of James ushered I the era of the Stuarts.,James I insisted on the on the “Divine Right of Kings,” believing that kings were only responsible to God and not be any Parliament. James I also persecuted Catholics and Puritans. A number of assassination attempts were made on James, most famously the Gunpowder Plot.,Charles I and the English Civil War Upon the death of his father, James I, in 1625, Charles I ascended the throne. Like his father, he quarreled with Parliament too, and for 11 years (1629-1940) he ruled without Parliament. This led to the English Civil War. This war included a series of armed conflicts between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 to 1651.,In 1649, Charles was deposed as “tyrant, traitor, murder and a public and implacable enemy of the Commonwealth of England.” In 1649, his head was cut off. In March of 1649, the House of Lords and the office of the King was abolished and a Council of State was set up to carry out the executive work of the government. In May 1649, England was declared a Commonwealth. Oliver Cromwell was elected as Lord Protector,Charles II and the Restoration After the death of Cromwell, the generals invited Charles II and restored the House of Stuart. The Restoration period (1660-1685)was marked by an advance in colonization and overseas trade, the Dutch Wars, the Great Fire of London and the birth of Whig and Tory parities.,James II and the Glorious Revolution Upon the death of Charles II in 1685, James II (brother of Charles) ascended the throne. He openly ignored law passed by Parliament. In June 1688 leaders of Parliament invited William and Mary to come to take throne. James was deposed and William III and Mary II were recognized as joint-sovereigns. This quick change of rulers in 1688 is called “ the Glorious Revolution” because it was bloodless and successful.,In 1689, William III and Mary II agreed to Bill of Rights (权力法案) that gave political supremacy to Parliament and severely limited the Crowns power, which marked the beginning of the constitutional monarchy (君主立宪) in England.,The House of Hanover,Queen Anne died and the crown passed to her cousin George, Elector of Hanover-the first Hanoverian King of Great Britain.,Georgian Britain The so-called Georgian period was a time of immense social change, most notably with beginning of the industrial Revolution, a shift in social structure, chronic warfare, and imperial expansion and loss.,Victorian Britain From 1837 to 1901, Queen Victoria had the longest reign in British history, presiding over first a kingdom and then an empire. The cultural, political, economic, industrial and scientific changes that occurred during her reign were so remarkable.,In the political arena, the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of the widening of the franchise and gradual political reform. In social life, movements for justice, freedom and other strong moral values occupied an increasing portion of public attention.,The impetus of the Industrial Revolution had already occurred, but it was during the Victorian period that the full effects of industrialization were most felt, leading to the mass society of the 20th century. T