语音学(unit5Done).ppt

Unit Five,Vowels: Front Vowels & Central Vowels,Homework (P.46),Pronunciation in Communication-getting information (Two groups),When is a vowel long? When is a vowel short? Rules of thumb,Long and Short vowels,VC CVC CVCC,Closed syllable a syllable which ends in a consonant: (C)VC normally the vowel is short,CVCe,Magic-e (Silent-e) normally the vowel is long,Introduction,Introduction,There are 20 vowels in English, among which 12 are pure vowels and 8 are diphthongs. The English pure vowels can be classified according to 1) the height of the raised part of the tongue 2) the part of the tongue raised 3) the position of the lips, i.e. whether they are rounded or unrounded,三个因素： 1)舌头在口腔中位置的高低， 2)牙床张开的大小，即张口程度是合、半合、还是开； 3)唇形，发音时唇形是扁平还是圆唇。 单元音可按发音时舌头前、中、后哪一部分抬得最高而分成三类：一是前元音，二是中元音，三是后元音,Three dimensions length of the sound position of the tongue close open / front back shape of the lips rounded neutral spread,i:,e,u:,I,:,high,mid-high,mid-low,low,front,central,back,Vowel Charts: English Pure Vowels,:,:,English Pure Vowels,The Tongue,This is found in the word tea. The lips are spread and the sound is long,Lip rounding,This is found in the word hip. The lips are slightly spread and the sound is short,:,The tongue tip is raised slightly at the front towards the alveolar. In the longer sound the tongue is raised higher.,The sound of /e/ is found in wet, left, when & tell. Like the sound for a it is a short sound that has no long version. The vowel sounds we have just reviewed make up the rest of the diphthongs etc. that come next.,The most common sound in English the Schwa,This sound is made by relaxing the mouth and keeping your lips in a neutral position and making a short sound. It is found in words like paper, over, about, and common in weak verbs in spoken English.,This sound is the long form of the schwa sound. It is found in words like thirteen and bird. The mouth is relaxed and lips are neutral.,This sound is made with the mouth spread wide open. It is found in cat, man, apple & ran,Four front vowels,The reason these are called front vowels is that the tongue body is shifted forward, causing the vowels to be produced in the front of the mouth.,/i:/ and /i/,发音要领: /i:/的发音与汉语的“衣”发音有点相似，发音时牙床近于全合，舌尖抵下齿，舌前部抬得很高，升向硬腭，双唇扁平。 /i:/与汉语中“衣”的发音不同之处在于：汉语“衣”在发音时舌前与硬腭之间的距离更窄一些，且有轻微的摩擦。大部分中国学生对发好/i:/这个音都有很大的把握。,第二号元音/i/的学习则给大家带来很大的挑战，不少人将/i/看作是/i:/的短元音：发音时舌位相同，只是将其发作短音。其实，/i:/与/i/的区别主要不在其长短，更重要的是质的不同，即发音时发音器官的位置不同。,发音区别: 首先是发/i/时舌在口腔中的位置比发/i:/时要低一些。也就是说/i:/在发音时牙床近于全合，而/i/则属半合。 其次，发/i/时，舌头抬高的最高点要比/i:/更靠后一些，因而口腔中形成的气流通道也更宽一些。此外，在发音时/i:/的双唇呈扁平状，口腔肌内紧张，而/i/的双唇形式居扁平与中常之间，口腔肌内较为放松。掌握好以上区别，对发好这两个音极为重要。,/i:/ and /i/,元音 /i:/,Producing sound The vowel /i:/ sound is made by opening the mouth and lowering the bottom lip. The teeth are just barely apart, with more of the bottom than the top front teeth shown. The sides of the tongue touch all of the back teeth.,/i:/ - Dialogue,“In a Restaurant” Peter: What are you having to eat, Lee? Lee: Ill have a roast beef sandwich. And some tea. Peter: Steve, would you like a cheese sandwich or a roast beef sandwich? Waitress: Yes? Peter: Wed like one roast beef sandwich and two cheeses sandwiches. Waitress: And would you like coffee or tea? Peter: Three teas, please. Steve: Make that two teas. Coffee for me, please. Waitress: One roast beef sandwich two cheese sandwiches two teas one coffee.,/i:/-Practice Words,Listen and repeat each word twice. beef bean pea cheeks leave,元音 /i/,Producing sound The /i/ sound is made by opening the mouth medium wide. The teeth are slightly apart, with more of the top front than the bottom teeth shown. The tongue touches all the bottom teeth.,/i/ - Dialogue,“An Interesting Film” Mrs. Kim: Hello, Bill. Hello, Lynn. Bill: Hi, Mrs. Kim. Is Jim in? Lynn: Is he coming with us to the film? Mrs. Kim: Oh, Jims sick. Bill: Here he is! Hi, Jim. Lynn: Are you sick, Jim? Jim: Is it an interesting film? Lynn: Its Billy the Kid. Bill: And it begins in six minutes. Mrs. Kim: Jim, if youre sick Jim: Quick! Or well miss the beginning of the film!,/i/-Practice Words,Listen and repeat each word twice. ship hill sit chick fill,从舌位图我们可以看到：/e/与/ /也是前元音。/e/在发音时牙的开张度居半合与半开之间， 在发音时，口张至近于全开。,/e/ & / /,元音 /e/,Producing sound The vowel /e/ sound is made by opening the mouth medium wide. The teeth are slightly apart, with some of the top and bottom teeth shown. The sides of the tongue barely touch the bottom back teeth.,/e/ - Dialogue,“An Expensive Vacation” Ed: Hi, Ellen! Hi. Fred! Hi, Jenny! Fred: Hi. Ed. Cigarette? Ed: No, thanks, Fred. Ellen: Help yourself to a drink. Jenny: Look on the shelf to your left. Fred: How did you spend your vocation, Ed? Ed: I went to Venice with a friend. Everybody: Well! Ellen: Were all jealous. Fred: Was it expensive? Ed: Yes, Very. I spent everything I had. Jenny: Dont you have any money left? Ed: Yes, Jenny. Ten cents!,/e/-Practice Words,Listen and repeat each word twice. help shelf yes jealous expensive spent,元音 / /,Producing sound The vowel / / sound is made by opening the mouth wide. The teeth are apart, with some of the top and bottom front teeth shown. The sides of the tongue touch the bottom back teeth.,/ / - Dialogue,“The Bank Robber” (Alice is a teller in a bank.） Detective: Excuse me, maam have you ever seen the man in this photograph? Alice: Yes! Thats him! Thats the man who robbed the bank! But he had a moustache. Detective: A moustache! This man? Last Saturday？ Alice： Yes. He was wearing plaid pants and a black jacket. And he had on very dark glasses. Detective: Thank you for your help. Alice: I hope you catch him!,/ /-Practice Words,Listen and repeat each word twice. man photograph moustache plaid pants black jacket glasses,/:/ & /,/:/ and / are central vowels. /:/ is made with the tongue in the approximate middle of the mouth. It occurs only in stressed syllables. / is also called a schwa(模糊元音非重读音节中的元音). It is made similarly to /:/, but with less tension. / is the most frequently used vowel in English. Both /:/ and / may occur in all three word positions. Most learners do not have problems in the pronunciation of /:/ and /, still we need to give special attention to the schwa. The problem with the schwa may not generally be in pronunciation, but in knowing when to use the sound. No other vowel, with the exception of the other reduced vowel, /, is as important to an understanding of the English sound system and the way it functions in unstressed syllables.,/:/ & /从舌位图中我们看到：这两个音在发音时采取的中立的位置，牙床半开合，舌的中部稍稍隆起，双唇扁平或中常，就可以发出/:/与/。跟读/:/ & /。,/:/ & /,在学习这两个音时，需要注意： 一、/:/只出现在重读音节中而/则只出现在非重读音节里，亦被称作“非重读中元音”。 二、/:/的发音与/不完全相同。/:/并不是/的单纯延长。发/:/时口形得比/小，舌位也略高于发/时。同时发/:/时双唇扁平，肌肉紧张，而发/时双唇中常、肌肉松弛。 三、/是英语元音中出现频率最高的，也是所有英语音素中出现频率最高的音素。学习中的难点是掌握什么时候应该发这个音。,/:/ & /,元音 /: /,Producing sound The / : / sound is made by puckering the mouth to form a small oval with the lips, while gently biting their edges. The teeth are apart, but not shown. The tongue is in the middle of the mouth.,/ : / - Dialogue,“The Worst Nurse” Herb Turner: Nurse! Colonel Sherman: Nurse! Im thirsty. Herb Turner: Nurse! My head hurts! Colonel Sherman: Nurse! Herb Turner: Curse these nurses! Colonel Sherman: That nurse Gertrude always wears such dirty shirts. Herb Turner: And such dirty skirts. Colonel Sherman: She always leaves work early. Herb Turner: She and er that other nurse, Pearl, werent at work on Thursday, were they? Colonel Sherman: No, they werent. Herb Turner: Gertrude is the worst nurse in the ward, isnt she? Colonel Sherman: No shes the worst nu