翻译技巧

翻译技巧由于汉英两种语言在词法、句法上的差异，翻译并不是简单的一对一复制，而是根据具体情况，灵活地运用翻译技巧坐车必要的调整和改变，使译文最大程度地再现原文的意义，又使它符合译语的表达习惯。翻译技巧大体分为八类。 它们是： 加注（annotation）、释义（paraphrase）、增词（amplification）、减词（omission）、转换（shift of perspective）、归化（adaptation）、切分（division）和合并（combination）。1 加注由于汉英文化的不同，英语中某些词义在汉语中根本不存在，形成词义上的空缺。在这种情况下，常常采用加注法来弥补空缺。加注可分为音译加注和直译加注两种。音译加注指音译后附加解释性注释。注释可长可短，可以在文中注释，也可采用脚注。Cartoon 卡通片Hamburger 汉堡包Benz 奔驰车Hippie 嬉皮士（20世纪60年代出现在美国的青年颓废派一员，喜群居，蓄长发，穿奇装异服）El Nino 厄尔尼诺（现象）（指严重影响全球气候的太平洋热带海域的大风及海水的大规模移动）Saint Valentines Day 圣瓦伦丁节 情人节，2月14日）1. Hygeia herself would have fallen sick under such a regiment; and how much more this poor old nervous victim?按照这样的养生之道，别说这可怜的老太太了，就连健康女神哈奇亚本人也会生病。2. You look like Al-Capone in that suit.你穿上那套衣服，看上去就像个流氓阿尔卡彭。3. He saw himself, in a smart suit, bowed into the opulent suites of Ritzes.他发现自己身着漂亮的礼服，被恭恭敬敬地引进了像里兹饭店一般的豪华旅馆的客房里下榻。4. Its true that the enemy won the battle, but theirs is but a Pyrrhic victory,” said the general.将军说：“敌人确实赢得了战斗，但他们的胜利只是皮洛士的胜利，得不偿失。”5. Nancy Reagan, and not George Gallup, may well have the final say. 拥有最后发言权的，并非乔治盖洛普民意测验，而是南希里根。直译加注指直译原文，并附加解释性注释。Big Apple 大苹果（纽约的别称）Sesame Street 芝麻街（美国儿童电视连续节目，每天一小时，主要为动画片、游戏、木偶剧等。）Oval Office 椭圆形办公室（美国白宫总统办公室）Desert Storm 沙漠风暴（1991年美国领导的多国部队对伊拉克实施的军事打击行动）6. It was Friday and soon theyd go out and get drunk.星期五发薪日到了，他们马上就要上街去喝得酩酊大醉。7. Dont you know that I only love you in the world- you, who are a stone to me. 你难道不知道我爱的只有你？你对我就像石头一样冥顽不灵。8. While it may seem to be painting the lily, I should like to add somewhat to Mr. Alistair Cooks excellent article.我想给阿利斯太尔库克先生的杰作稍加几笔，尽管这也许是为百合花上色，费力不讨好。 9. He works in the Old Lady of Thread-Needle Street. 他在绰号叫“针线街老太太”的英格兰银行工作。2 释义释义是指舍弃原文中的具体形象，而直接解释出原文的意思。在翻译一些具有鲜明民族色彩的词语，如成语、典故，如果直译不能使译语读者明白，而加注又使译文太罗嗦时，可采用释义法，它可使译文简洁流畅，又不损坏原文信息的传达。1. Its not easy to become a member of that club- they want people who have plenty of money to spend, not just every Tom, Dick and Harry.要参加那个俱乐部并非易事他们只吸收手头阔绰的人，而不是普通人家。2. Our son must go to school. He must break out of the pot that holds us in.我们的儿子一定得上学，一定要出人头地。3. Up Broadway he turned, and halted at a glittering caf, where are gathered together nightly the choicest products of the grapes, the silkworm and the protoplasm. 他拐到百老汇路上，在一家灯火辉煌的饭店前停下来，那里每晚汇集上好的美酒、华丽的衣服和有地位的人物。4. Like many other southerners, I came to seek my fortune in one of those pot-at-the-end-of-the-rainbow factories.象许多其他的南方人一样，我也来到这儿，沿着尤克利大道那些根本不可能给我们提供工作的工厂找工作，做发财梦。5. Mr. Kingsley and his Red Brick boys will have to look to their laurels. 金斯利先生和他那些二流大学的学生们必须小心翼翼地保持已取得的荣誉。3 增词(增词而不增义) （P26）增词是根据具体情况在译文中增加一些必要的词，使译文在内容和形式上更加忠实于原文。增词一般用于以下两种情况： 一是为了语法上的需要，二是为了意义上的需要。A horse 一匹马 a book 一本书1. But he knew life, its foulness as well as its fairness, its greatness in spite of the slime that infested it 可是他懂得生活，懂得生活里的美，也懂得生活里的丑；懂得生活是伟大的，尽管生活里多是泥沼。2. Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。 3. She had to make and receive at least fourteen presents她至少收到了十四份礼物，当然也得照样回十四份。3. These early cars were slow, clumsy, and inefficient.这些早期的汽车速度缓慢，行动笨拙，效率不高。4. He doubtlessly expected hugs, tablefuls of food, tears, laughter, and conversation followed by more conversation, then hugs and more hugs all over again, without end.毫无疑问，他以为会有热烈的拥抱，满桌的食物，激动的泪水，欢乐的笑声，一段接一段的谈话，一次又一次的拥抱，没完没了。6. Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed healths.他们的主人，（又是）割啊，（又是）倒啊, （又是）布菜啊，（又是）切面包啊，（又是）谈啊，（又是）笑啊，（又是）敬酒啊，忙个不停。7I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble.我曾碰到过，不是氧气设备出故障，就是引擎出故障，或者两者都出故障。*英语中有 一些由动词或者形容词派生来的抽象名词，翻译时可根据上下文在其后增加适当的名词，或在其前面增加适当的形容词，使译文符合汉语表达习惯，例如:Complacency 自满情绪Unemployment 失业现象Preparation 准备工作Backwardness 落后状态，落后面貌8Arrangements have been made to give the foreign guests a warm welcome.热烈欢迎外宾的准备工作已经做好。* 有时候某些单个英语名词, 为了表达的需要可以依照汉语的习惯译成四字对偶词组，例如：great contributions 丰功伟绩gratitude 感恩戴德careless 粗心大意rumors 流言蜚语 4 减词（减词而不减义）减词是指将原文中需要而译文中不需要的词省去。如果原文中某些词语使译文累赘罗嗦，且不合汉语语言表达习惯时，就可以省去。减词一般用于一下两种情况：一是从语法角度进行减省；二是从修饰角度进行减省。从语法角度进行减省：因为英汉语法差异较大，英译汉时常常使用减词法。英语中的冠词、连词、介词等等通常可以省略。1. Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers历史上最经常出现、最为显赫者，大多是些伟大的征服者、将军和士兵。2. The product should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory.产品出厂前应该进行抽样检查。3. Ice is a solid. If we heat it, it melts and becomes water. 冰是固体。如果加热，就融化成水。4. I wonder if he was in time for the 7:30 train for Shanghai.（我）不知道他能否赶上7:30开往上海的火车。5. If it hadnt been for you, I dont know what I would have done. 当时要不是为了你，真不知我会做出什么事来。从修饰角度进行减省：翻译中语言必须精练简洁，因此对于那些在译文中可有可无、或者有了反而使译文显得累赘罗嗦的词语必须省去，使译文更加符合汉语表达习惯，体现译文的语言美.6. I felt a trifle shy at the thought of presenting myself to a total stranger with the announcement that I was going to sleep under his roof, eat his food and drink his whisky, till another boat come in to take me to the port for which I was bound.我要去见一个素不相识的陌生人，向他宣布我得住在他家、吃他的、喝他的、一直等到下一班船到来，把我带到我要去的港口为止想到这儿，我真有点不好意思了。7. Her father, finding himself not likely to recover, after his third attack of delirium torments, wrote a manly and pathetic letter to Miss Pinkerton, recommending the orphan child to her protection她的父亲觉得自己的酒癫症已经是第三次复发，不见得有救，写了一封又豪放又动人的遗书向平克顿小姐托孤。8. Toward people with whom he didnt get on well, though, he was imperious, and when they displeased or annoyed him, it made him snort like a bull.对于跟他合不来的人，他可是盛气凌人，谁要是触犯了他，他会气呼呼地象一头公牛。9. Her dark eyes made little reflected stars. She was looking at him as she was always looking at him when he awakened.她那双乌黑的眼睛就像亮晶晶的星星在闪烁，他平素醒来的时候，她也是这样望着他。10. 转换由于英汉语语言、语法、思维方式及表达习惯的不同，英译汉时常常使用转换法，使译文更加通顺流畅，地道可读。转换的形式多种多样： 一、词类转换；二、句子成分转换；三、表达方式转换；四、自然语序与倒装语序转换；五、肯定与否定转换；六、主动与被动转换。词类转换：英汉语言在表达方式上差异较大，英译汉时并非逐字逐句对译，有时某些词类必须做一些转换，使译文流畅自然。通常有：转换为动词；转换为名词；转换为形容词；转换为副词。1. The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man.因此，对于一个从事社会活动的人来讲，培养一种爱好和新的情趣方式，乃是至关重要的对策。2. The sight and sound of our jet plane filled me with special longing. 看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机器声，令我特别神往。3. For 20 years we were passive witnesses to the deterioration of prices of our raw materials and an excessive increase of the prices of manufactured goods.我们在20年内坐视原料价格下跌与工业品价格暴涨。4. As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help.他对这座城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能给他必要的帮助。5. He added: “I understand and respect those views, but I deeply believe in the correctness of my decision.” 他还说：“我理解并尊重他们的看法，但我深信我的决定是正确的。”6. It is our great pleasure to note that China has made great progress in economy. 我们很高兴地看到，中国的经济已经有了很大的发展。7. I had the honor to tell you that youve won the prize. 我很荣幸地告诉你你得了奖。8. The legendary heroes robbed the rich to help the poor. 传说中的英雄劫富济贫。9. He then acted as a reluctant interpreter. 他当时并非情愿地当了一次翻译。10. The inflammation is characterized by red, swelling, fever and pain.炎症的特点是红、肿、热、痛。11. The film impressed me deeply.这部电影给我留下了深刻的印象。12He is physically weak but mentally sound.他身体虽弱，但智力正常。13. Our proposal was warmly welcomed by all the representatives. 我们的建议得到了全体代表的热烈欢迎。14. “Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.“来啦！”她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊.15. Out of all the glorious tales written about the U. S. revolution for independence from Britain the fact is hardly known that a black man was the first to die for American independence. 读遍了关于美国为了摆脱英国统治争取独立而进行革命的堂堂纪事，也不容易知道第一个为美国独立而牺牲的原来是黑人。句子成分转换句子的成分常有主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。汉译时并不一定是一个萝卜一个坑，某一句子成分必须用其对等成分来表示，而是视具体情况而定。有时对某些句子成分做些适当、灵活的转换，可以使译文更加地道通畅。 1. You can always tell the somebodies from the nobodies at a cocktail party. The somebodies come late.在鸡尾酒会上人们常常可以看出大人物和无名小卒来。那些迟到的就是大人物。2. Cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable.他们乐观、能干、热情，总是想方设法使你一路上顺利舒适。3. Highway and air traffic came to a standstill in most of Eastern Washington.华盛顿州东部大部分地区的公路交通和空中航线都已陷入停顿。4. The river was wide, and was walled with solid timber on both sides; you couldnt see a break in it hardly ever, or a light.大河宽得很，两边都长着密密的树林，象两道墙似的；你简直难以瞧见那些树林有个缺口，也瞧不见有月亮。 表达方式转换英汉语言在表达方式上有着较大的差异，翻译时常得转换一些表达方式，使译文符合汉语表达习惯。英语中有些 计量词，如score，dozen，decade，quarter等，在汉语中没有相应的表达方式，所以在汉译时必须加以转换。1. Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. 100年以前，一位伟大的每个人签署了解放宣言，我们现在就站在他象征的庇荫中。2. Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation.87年前，我们的先辈在这个大陆上创建了一个新的国家。3. She will be back in the late ten days of June.她将在6月下旬回来。Five decades, a quarter of century ago, the first quarter of the year50年 25年 第一季度在年龄的表达上，英语并没有什么特殊的表达方式，而汉语却有自己独特的书面表达法。如30而立之年， 40不惑之年， 50知命之年， 60花甲， 70古稀等，翻译时可加以转换。4. No one believes that he is already over seventy years old.没有人相信他已经年过古稀由于英汉表达方式和习惯的不同，有时翻译时还得进行视点上的转换，从其对立面进行表达，才能使意思清楚明白。5. She has been a widow only for six months.她丈夫死了至今不过半年。6. I couldnt agree more.我完全同意。7. Is here a special rate by the month?Yes, there is a 10% discount.按月计算有什么优惠吗？有，可以打9折。8. Such a chance has denied me. 我没有得到这样一个机会。 自然语序与倒装语序转换句子的自然语序是主语在前，谓语在后，倒装语序主要是指主谓倒装。英语中倒装语序使用较多，主要是为了加强语气、突出重点、平衡句子结构等，而汉语中倒装语序使用相对较少，所以英译汉时，常常得将倒装语序转换为自然语序。1. Slowly climbs the summer moon.夏天的月亮慢慢地爬上来了。2. These differences should not hinder us from establishing normal state relations, still less should they lead to war.这些分歧不应妨碍我们建立正常的国家关系，它们更不应该引起战争。3. In front of me walked the little man who once walked so fast I had to run to follow him. 瘦小的父亲走在前面，他曾经走得那么快，我得跑才能赶上他。4. Up the road came a sound of creaking axles, and then a slow cloud of dust, and then a bull-cart bearing Ransic Bilbro and his wife.路那头传来了轧轧的车轴滚动声，徐徐地腾起一簇灰尘，接着出现了一辆牛车，车上坐着冉西比尔布洛和他的妻子。肯定与否定转换由于英汉语言习惯的不同，英语中有些肯定句在汉语中习惯用否定句来表达；而有些否定句，在汉语中则习惯用肯定句来表达，即通常所说的“正说反译，反说正译”。英语否定句中常含有否定词no，not，never，否定前缀non-, in-, im-, ir-, dis-, 否定后缀 less等的句子，汉语否定句则指含有否定词语“不”、“没”、“非”、“未”、“否”、“无”、“勿”、“别”等词语的句子。肯定转换为否定frost-free refrigerator 无霜冰箱Freeze! 别动！Wet paint! 油漆未干！A pollution free car 无污染的车Keep off the lawn! 请勿践踏草地！Keep your hands off! 请勿动手！5. As he slipped his coffee, he opened a still damp morning paper, and began reading. 他一面喝咖啡，一面翻开油墨未干的晨报，看了起来。6. Fathers attitude toward anybody who wasnt his kind used to puzzle me.以前我总不懂父亲为什么对那些脾气和他不一样的人采取那么个态度。7. He went to an outdoor phone booth and dialed Chicago, then New York, then San Francisco.Silence. Silence. Silence.他到一个户外公用电话亭，先给芝加哥、又给纽约、旧金山打了电话。没有回音。没有回音。没有回音。8. The naughty boy is far from honest and his excuse is pretty thin. 这个调皮的男孩很不老实，他的借口一点也站不住脚。否定转换为肯定9. You cant be too careful! 你要特别小心。10. But there is another story, a family saga, that may turn out to be important to unlocking the mystery of what actually happened between Lewinsky and the President. 但是，莱温斯基喝总统之间究竟发生了什么事，另外一个故事，即家史，最终对解开这个谜十分重要。11. The United Nations Organization has not, so far, justified the hopes which the people of the world set on it.到目前为止，联合国辜负了世界人民给予的希望。12. Then, after the easy rolling Mid-lands, the dramatic Peak District, with its genuine steep fells, never fails to astonish me, for I feel that it has no business to be there. 另外，在穿过地势微微起伏的米德兰之后，山石峻峭、风景奇特的皮克区也总是使我感到特别惊奇，总觉得它在那儿出现得不可思议。主动与被动转换英语中的被动语态较多，而汉语中则相对较少，因此，在英译汉中，被动语态常常可转换成主动语态，当然有时也可以保留其被动语态。而英语中的主动语态，有时在汉译时，也可以根据汉语的表达习惯用被动语态加以表达。1. Heat is constantly produced by the body as a result of muscular and cellular activity.由于肌肉和细胞活动的结果，身体不断产生热。2. I was convinced then and I am convinced now that while the risks were great, so, too, was the potential reward.我当时确信，而且现在也确信：尽管风险极大，但潜在的报偿也是极大的。3. In future conflicts, similar logistical problem are likely to be repeated- raising the prospect of mass confusion in a full-scale mobilization.在未来的冲突中，类似的后勤问题大概还会重复出现，使得大规模的动员中有可能出现大乱。4. His dismissal turned out to be a blessing in disguise.他被解雇反而证明是一件好事。5. And again the Pravda passed from hand to hand. The paper became worn and torn from so much handling.那张真理报又被传来传去，结果传得太多，报纸给磨蹭弄破了。* 常用被动句型的翻译：It is hoped that 希望。It is reported that 据报道。It is said that 据说。It is supposed that 据推测。It is asserted that 有人主张。It is believed that 有人相信。It is generally considered that 大家认为。It was told that 有人曾经说。6 归化英汉文化冲突较多，翻译中有时直译原文会使译语读者感到费解、甚至误解，而汉语中又有意义相同或相近、且具有自己鲜明文化色彩的表达法时，就可以加以归化。翻译成语、典故、形象词语时常用归化。恰到好处的归化可以使译文地道、生动、简洁，便于译语读者理解。As timid as a hare Wet like a drown ratAs stubborn as a muleSeek a hare in a hens nestAs dumb as an oysterCry up wine and sell vinegarTalk horseKill the goose that lays the golden eggsDrink like a fishLove me, love my dog.Once the wife of a parson, always the wife of a parson.One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.Fine feathers make fine birds.1. He may always possess merits which make up for everything, if he loses on the swings, he may win on the roundabouts. 他也许总是保持着弥补一切的有点，失之东隅的，他可以收之桑榆。2. Im a diplomat, a linguist, altogether a spectacled cream puff. 我是个外交官，一个语言学家，总而言之，是个戴眼镜的银样蜡枪头。 3. Everybody said how well the new Secretary was doing, but old Mr. Carr said shortly, “Yes, New brooms sweep clean.”人人都说新任秘书干得好，但卡尔老先生却简慢地说：“新官上任三把火。” 7切分英语中长句较多，长句中修饰语多且长，使句子结构复杂，而汉语中长句相对较少，修饰语也少而短。所以英译汉时，不能照样复制，而是得根据汉语的特点，灵活处理，切分就是一种常用的方法，是指把英语中的长句分解成两个或者两个以上的句子。它常包括单词分译、短语分译和句子分译三种情况。单词分译单词分译是指把原文中的一个单词拆译成一个句子。采用单词分译主要有两个目的：一是为了句法上的需要。由于一些单词在搭配、词义方面的特点，直译照搬会使句子生硬、晦涩、翻译腔十足，而把某个单词分译却能使句子通顺，且不损伤原意。二是为了修饰上的需要，如加强语气，突出重点等。英语中的名词、动词、形容词和副词都可以分译。1. At present people have a tendency to choose the safety of the middle-ground reply.现在，人们都倾向于采取不偏不倚的态度来回答问题，因为这样安全，不招风险。2. We recognize that Chinas long-term modernization program understandably and necessarily emphasizes economic growth. 我们认识到，中国的长期现代化计划以发展经济为重点，这是可以理解的，也是必要的。3. Tobacco addicts remain hopelessly blind to signs that say No Smoking.瘾君子对那些“禁止吸烟“的布告牌视而不见，真是不可救药。短语分译短语分译是指把原文中的一个短语分译成一个句子。名词短语、分词短语、介词短语等有时都可以分译成句。4. Inviting green Angel Island, once a military installation, contains meandering trails and picnic spots ideal for a days excursion. 迷人的天使岛郁郁葱葱，小径蜿蜒，是一日游的理想野餐场所。但在过去它却是一个军事基地。5. Once considered and art colony, Sausalito is now a chic enclave of boutiques and high-priced homes nestled in the hillsides. 索萨利托曾被认为是艺术的集散地，可现在山坡上却到处是时装精品店和高级住宅，豪华漂亮。6. Several blocks from the park, running parallel to it, Clement Street bustles like a second Chinatown with dozens of ethnic restaurants. 离公园几个街区便是与公园平行的克莱门特街。那儿有几十家少数民族餐馆，热闹得如同第二个唐人街。句子分译句子分译可以分为简单句的分译、并列复合句的分译、主从复合句的分译以及其它情况的分译。-简单句的分译简单句的分译要根据实际情况，灵活处理。7. Its crisp climate and heartstopping views make it a great walking town for the fit. 这里气候凉爽干燥，景观令人惊叹，对于身体好的人来说是徒步游览的好去处。8. This turn-of-the-century structure is the place to catch the ferry to Sausalito.这座房子建于世纪更迭时期，就在这儿乘船去索萨利托。-9. In 1921 his mothers death was closely followed by that of his three-year-old daughter Marigold. 1921年他的母亲去世，紧跟着他3岁的女儿玛丽戈尔也死去。-并列复合句的分译含有并列分句的英语复合句，常常在分句连接处加以切分，译成两个或两个以上的句子。10. Helen March picked up the telephone seconds after the first ring and sounded puzzled when Alan asked for June.电话铃响过几秒钟之后，海伦玛奇拿起话筒。听到艾伦问起琼，她的声音流露出迷惑。11. The recruitment of Chinese labor was not universally accepted in racially conscious 19th century America and some white workers were unsettled by their appearance in large number.在种族意识十分强的19世纪美国，招募中国劳工的做法并非普遍为人接受。由于工地上大批出现中国劳工，某些白人工人感到心绪不宁。12. Latin must have been very laborious, even if you were brought up to it; but no doubt it gave the Romans, and the Greeks too, a fine and easy way of establishing their posthumous fame.即使你从小就在拉丁语语言环境中长大，学起来你也定会感到吃力。然而，毫无疑问，拉丁语给了罗马人，以及古希腊人一条死后留名的绝妙捷径。-主从复合句的分译含有从属成分的英语复合句，常常在分句连接处加以切分，译成两个或两个以上的句子。13. White House officials have acknowledged during the past week that disclosure of the secret dealing was the latest and most serious in a number of recent issues that have raised broad questions about the administration credibility. 在过去的一周中，白宫官员们承认，秘密交易的泄漏是近来发生的一系列问题中最新最严重的一个。这些问题已使许多人对政府的信誉明显地产生了怀疑。14. In the course of my travels in America I have been impressed by a kind of fundamental malaise which seems to me extremely common and which poses difficult problems for the social reformer.我在美国期间，注意到了一种根深蒂固的忧郁症。我觉得这种忧郁症似乎极其普遍，这给社会改革家出了难题。15. But, should Clinton decide to play the heavy with China, the politics are reversible, though there is a feeling among some analysts that with the US such a huge market for Chinas exports, the last thing that China will do is to risk cutting off access to it.但是，如果克林顿决心下大赌注，政治形式是可以逆转的。尽管有些分析家觉得，美国是中国出口商品的巨大市场，中国决不愿冒失去这个市场的风险。-其他情况的分译有些长句的翻译得根据具体情况、意群的分布等进行灵活处理，合理进行切分，使译文层次分明，观点正确。16. One of the nastiest storms so far arose when Andrew Mortons book Diana: Her True Story, first serialized in the Sunday Times, announced that the Princess of Wales had tried to kill herself several times, largely because she was despondent over the Prince Charless friendship with another woman. 当安德鲁莫顿的黛安娜：她的真实故事一书首在星期日泰晤士报上连载时，一场迄今为止最恶劣的风暴出现了。该书宣称，威尔士王妃已数次试图自杀，主要是因为她对查尔斯王子与另一女子的亲密关系尔感到沮丧。17. The surly Bentley Drummle, wh