2014年职称英语综合类教材新增文章(汇总整理).doc

2014年职称英语综合类教材新增第二部分阅读判断第九篇 What Is a Dream？梦是什么？（B级）For centuries，people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists(心理学家) say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however，think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact，many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a persons mind and emotions. 几个世纪以来，人们对他们的梦想的奇怪的事情。一些心理学家认为，这种夜间活动的想法没有特殊意义。其他人，然而，认为梦是我们生活的重要组成部分。事实上，许多专家认为，梦可以告诉我们一个人的思想和感情。Before modern times，many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way. 近代以前，很多人认为梦包含来自上帝的信息。只有在第二十世纪，人们开始研究的一种科学方法的梦想。The Austrian奥地利的psychologist，Sigmund Freud1，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book，The interpretation of Dreams （1900），Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a persons wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings，thoughts，and fears that they are afraid to express in real life. 奥地利心理学家弗洛依德，西格蒙德，可能是科学研究的第一人的梦想。在他最著名的书，梦的解析（1900），佛洛伊德认为梦是愿望的表达。他认为，梦表达人们的情感，思想，和恐惧，他们害怕在现实生活中的表达。The Swiss psychiatrist精神病学家 Carl Jung2 was once a student of Freuds. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example，people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand，people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves. 瑞士心理学家卡尔jung2也曾经是一名佛洛伊德。荣，然而，有梦想，有不同的观点。荣格认为，梦的目的是传达一个讯息的梦想家。他认为，人们可以通过他们的梦想更多了解自己学习。例如，人梦想下降可以了解到他们有过高的自己的意见。另一方面，那些梦想成为英雄可以学习，他们认为自己太小。Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example，psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California，Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a persons daily life，thoughts，and behavior. A criminal，for example，might dream about crime. 现代心理学家继续发展有关梦的理论。例如，心理学家威廉Domhoff来自加利福尼亚大学，圣克鲁斯，认为梦是紧密相连的一个人的日常生活，思想，行为。犯罪，例如，可能梦想的犯罪。Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff，dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop. 多姆霍夫认为，有梦想和年龄之间的连接。他的研究表明，儿童不是梦像成年人一样。根据多姆霍夫，做梦是一种心理技巧，需要时间来发展。He has also found a link between dreams and gender性别. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example，the people in mens dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of womens dreams.3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world，including both modern and traditional ones. 他还发现，梦和性别之间的联系。他的研究表明，男性和女性的梦想是不同的。例如，在男人的梦想的人往往是其他人，而梦想往往涉及战斗。这不是女人的梦想成真。3多姆霍夫发现这种性别差异在人们的梦想从11世界各地的文化，包括现代和传统的。Can dreams help us understand ourselves？ Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However，one thing they agree on this： If you dream that something terrible is going to occur，you shouldnt panic. The dream may have meaning，but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. Its important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world. 梦可以帮助我们了解自己吗？心理学家继续尝试用不同的方法回答这个问题。然而，有一件事他们同意这种说法：如果你梦见什么可怕的事情将要发生，你不应该恐慌。梦想可能是有意义的，但这并不意味着一些可怕的事情会发生。记得梦的世界不是真实的世界是很重要的。词汇：psychologist n.心理学家 psychiatrist n.精神病学家（医生）Austrian adj.奥地利的 gender n.性别注释：1.Sigmund Freud西格蒙德弗洛伊德（18561939），犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。精神分析学派的创始人。他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。著有性学三论梦的释义图腾与禁忌日常生活的心理病理学精神分析引论精神分析引论新编等。2.Carl Jung：卡尔荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人。3.For example，the people in mens dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of womens dreams.例如，在男性梦境中出现的通常是其他男性，而且常与打斗有关，而女性的梦境则不是这样。练习：1.Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful意义. (不是每个人都同意，梦是有意义的)A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned2.According to Freud，people dream about things that they cannot talk about. 佛洛伊德认为，人做的梦是他们不能谈论的事情。A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned3.Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself. 荣格认为，梦不能帮助一个人了解自己。A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned4.In the past，people believed that dreams involved emotions. 在过去，人们认为梦涉及情感。A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned5.According to Domhoff，babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do. 根据多姆霍夫，婴儿没有梦想的成年人做同样的能力。A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned6.Men and women dream about different things.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned7.Scientists agree that dreams predict the future. 科学家认为，梦预测未来A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned答案与题解1.A 这句话恰好表达了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理学家认为，人脑睡眠中的活动没有特别意义；而有些人则认为，梦可以揭示人的思维和情感活动。2.A 第三段的最后一句讲的是弗洛伊德认为梦反映了人们在现实情况下害怕表达的情感、思维和恐惧。此句与本叙述一致。3.B 第四段的第二句和第三句：Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.（荣格认为，梦的用途是向做梦者传递一个信息）He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.（他认为人们通过思考所做的梦能够更好地了解自己）。他给出了两个例子来说明他的论点。4.C 文中没有提及。5.A 依据第六段，Domhoff研究得出：孩子不像成人做那么多的梦，他认为做梦也是一项心智机能，需要随着年龄增长而发展。6.A 本文第七段讲述了做梦与性别的关系。第二句更指出男人和女人做的梦是不同的。7.B 最后一段的倒数第二句讲的是：梦可能会有意义，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。因而不能预测未来。第三部分概括大意与完成句子第八篇 Screen Test试镜1 Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer.If this happens early enough，the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a survey published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them，including Australia， Canada，the US and Spain，screen women under 50. 1每年有数以百万计的妇女筛选与X射线拾取的乳腺癌的迹象。如果这发生得足够早，病情常能得到成功的治疗。根据去年公布的一项调查，有21个国家的筛查方案。九人，包括澳大利亚，加拿大，美国，西班牙，50岁以下的女性的屏幕。2 But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial，partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also，younger women must he given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser. 2但医疗效益而论，是有争议的，部分原因是辐射诱发癌症的小小的风险。同时，年轻的妇女必须给予高剂量的X射线，因为他们的乳腺组织密度。(但是，用x射线检查年轻女性，就医学上的好处而论，是有争议的，部分原因是辐射有诱发癌症的小小的危险。另外，年轻女人乳房组织紧密，给予的x射线的剂量要多一些。)3 Researchers at the Polytechnic Universityof Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160，000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the womens cumulative dose of radiation，they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause. 3名研究人员在瓦伦西亚理工universityof分析了11个社区诊所160000多名妇女筛查中的应用。经过了女性的辐射累积剂量估算，他们用两种模型计算的额外的癌症数量会造成。4 The mathematical model recommended by Britains National Radiological Protection Board （NRPB）predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100，000 women，18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers. 英国国家辐射防护委员会推荐的4的数学模型（NRPB）预测，会导致癌症筛查36每100000名妇女中，18人死亡。首选的模型科学委员会联合国原子辐射影响LED到一个较低的数字20的癌症。5 The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is“not very significant compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme，they say，detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100，000 women screened. 5的研究人员认为，辐射诱发癌的层次是“不是很重要”相比于癌症的发现和治疗数远大于。他们说，瓦伦西亚计划，检测乳腺癌300和450例每100000个女性之间的筛选。6 But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45，because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study，they suggest， could help“optimise the technique” for breast cancer screening. 6但他们指出，女性患癌症的风险从辐射可以减少40和百分之80之间如果筛选开始在50而不是45，因为他们会暴露在辐射更少。他们的研究结果，他们认为，可能有助于“优化乳腺癌筛查技术”。7“There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks，”admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. “On the basis of the current data， for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. Thats why radiation exposure should be minimised in any screening programme.” 7“有乳腺癌筛查诊断的好处和风险之间的权衡，”承认的NRPB迈克尔克拉克。但他警告说，该研究应谨慎解释。“在当前的数据的基础上，每10个癌症成功地检测并阻止有一种使人在以后的生活中的风险。这就是为什么辐射曝光应尽量减少在任何筛选程序。”答案与题解：1.A A说的是：用x射线检查可能对年轻女人不好。下面是第二段讲的意思：但是，用x射线检查年轻女性，就医学上的好处而论，是有争议的，部分原因是辐射有诱发癌症的小小的危险。另外，年轻女人乳房组织紧密，给予的x射线的剂量要多一些。2. B B 说的是：调查用x射线检查的结果。第三段的第一句话是这么说的： Valencia 理工大学的研究人员分析了11个社区诊所用x射线检查16万以上女性的结果。可见B为正确的选项。3. C C说的是：两种不同的模型预测的结果。第四段讲的是，两种不同的数学模型在预测用x射线检查女性诱发癌症的结果是不一样的。C概述了这段话。4.D D说的是：辐射诱发癌症的危险是很小的。第五段的第一句话是这么说的：The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is“not very significant” compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated .研究人员争辩说，与发现后接受治疗的癌症数字相比，由辐射诱发癌症的数字是很小的。5. C C与题干生成：Early discovery of breast cancer may save a life.乳腺癌发现得早也许能挽救生命。答案可以从第一段中找到。6.D D 与题干生成： Advantages of screening women under 50 are still open to debate .对50岁以下的女人用x射线检查的好处仍然是有争议的。第二段的第一个句子是这么说的： But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial 但是，用x射线检年轻女性，就医学上的好处而论，是有争议的这两个句子用词有些差别，但基本意思是相同的。7. E E与题干生成：Delaying the age at which screening starts may reduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancer.延缓用x射线检查的年龄也许能减少辐射诱发癌症的危险。答案在第六段。8. F F与题干生成：Radiation exposure should be reduced to the minimum.应把接受辐射降低到最小的程度。答案在文章的最后一句。第四部分阅读理解第二十九篇Ill Be Bach（B级）Composer David Cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works of classical music. It took Cope 30 years to develop the software. Now most people cant tell the difference between music by the famous German composer J. S. Bach (1685-1750) and the Bach-like compositions from Copes computer.It all started in 1980 in the United States, when Cope was trying to write an opera. He was having trouble thinking of new melodies, so he wrote a computer program to create the melodies. At first this music was not easy to listen to. What did Cope do? He began to rethink how human beings compose music. He realized that composers，brains work like big databases. First, they take in all the music that they have ever heard. Then they take out the music that they dislike. Finally, they make new music from what is left. According to Cope, only the great composers are able to create the database accurately, remember it, and form new musical patterns from it.Cope built a huge database of existing music. He began with hundreds of works by Bach. The software analyzed the data：it broke it down into smaller pieces and looked for patterns. It then combined the pieces into new patterns. Before long, the program could compose short Bach-like works. They werent good, but it was a start.Cope knew he had more work to do-he had a whole opera to write. He continued to improve the software. Soon it could analyze more complex music. He also added many other composers, including his own work, to the database.A few years later，Copes computer program, called “Emmy”，was ready to help him with his opera. The process required a lot of collaboration between the composer and Emmy. Cope listened to the computers musical ideas and used the ones that he liked. With Emmy, the opera took only two weeks to finish. It was called Cradle Falling, and it was a great success! Cope received some of the best reviews of his career, but no one knew exactly how he had composed the work.Since that first opera, Emmy has written thousands of compositions. Cope still gives Emmy feedback on what he likes and doesnt like of her music