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1 Meaning 1单词相似,意思不同 e.g. economic VS economical、aggravate(恶化) VS aggravating(激怒)2 句子关系不能随便改变。原本是but改为,and就是很大的变动,影响句子意思。3 注意that或者其他修饰词前后,subject与verb是否make sense. Eg evidence that suggests XXX evidence 与 suggests可以搭配 Plans that cut into XXX plans 与 cut不能,plan 不能cut,要变:plans that are to cut4 原本是低层级句(比主句级别低)改为用and、but连接改变句意。5 and,but等转折、并列词不可轻易去掉。6 同位语修饰紧邻名词的时候,也要注意是否make sense,同37 限定修饰词一般放在verb之后, eg surpassed only by sth8 注意Ving前面(或者说句子中)时间限定词影响,保证一致Eg now drawing XXXXX9 called XXX 修饰某人某物,紧跟noun修饰最好,不要用非限制。10 不能随便增加语气词,例如should2 Concision1 it is. that 与 there be.that 一样,一般是wordy的象征2 注意隐藏的redundant。Eg rice production与harvest是同义表述。3 ones doing 即所有格+gerund 都是awkward典型,但是当出现在插入语中,需要简洁表述时,有可能是对的4 注意that从句中的it,还有直接SVO中it的指代,可能和that、S造成redundant5 recommend与should不能同时出现 (命令虚拟)6 for doing;of doing大多数都是wordy的7 自己的看法:sth that are(is) XX 劣于 adj sth 劣于 用to连接()access to water Eg water that is accessed accessed water access to water8 VAN模式 1 verb adjective(or adverb) Noun 2 that 通常比 with好9 OG 57:that 放句首没有用形式主语it代替好;to be形式尽量用直接的is am are代替;the fact 不能随意添加,有特例(by the fact that平行结构)注意:GMAT中的错误省略1 除了of 连接介词可以改: a wall of stone 变成 a stone wall 其他介词不可以省略:the women of china 不可以 the china women2 time/quantit/measurement都要of3 reporting verb之后的that不能省,除了say(said)3 S-V agreement单数主语+verbs 复数主语+verb1 and与additive phrase 例如:as well as, along with. And使主语成为混合主语 + 复数;而as well as 不改变主语 Eg Joe,as well as Tim, is still bla bla bla.2 either or; neither nor都存在时,单复数由距离verb最近的词决定只有either或neither出现,一定用singular.3 集合名词基本全用singular4 SANAM some any none all more/most 由后面单词决定Eg some of the money was. Some of the documents were.5 each、every在subject之前用单数,subject之后看情况 eg They each are bla bla bla .6 数量词: the number of/a number of Of引导介短由名词决定 eg half of the pie is ; half of the slices are Majority/minority Eg the majority of XX are The majority has 4 parallelism 1 一些词例如:was ving/can lose/ to increase 要求在平行结构中自动省略这些词2 大多数句子平行要求相同引导词,也有特例,待补充。3 X , Y , and Z 类似结构注意and之前的comma不能省略4 名词的平行: 实意名词:rock holiday cat 动作名词:eruption withdrawal development复杂动名词:(经常意义上的动名词) giving tasting tracking 简单动名词:tracking XX accurately is important原则上,只有自己分类里的才能平行,不能交叉。5 其他平行:working verb和自己平行 不定式与不定式平行,不需要一样的介词 形容词与分词可以平行 Eg:XX,thawed but still fresh,is on display. 从句平行6 大平行和补充: 确定的大平行下,除了VERB 平行,主动被动和tense平行也要注意 很多正确句子只要求形式平行:Sdateand were fasioned 这里同一个主语 形式平行 注意is可以做连词,前后要平行 X,Y,and Z平行注意是核心词的平行 Eg: reversals in XX,the onset of ice age,the spliting apart of XX,and great volcanic eruptions. 注意从句平行的层次Suggest that Aand that BSuggest that A verb1and verb2 两者完全不同,意思也不同. 大平行要求VERB形式一致,且and、but都是平行结构的连词,不分递进和转折。7 一些平行标志词:辅助识别平行项的几个插入词:then, as a result, in turn, thereby 这些词表示平起平坐8 the way for sb to do is to do 平型结构5 pronouns1 代词优先指代和它模式相似,位置相同的noun,尤其是在平行结构中,即使中间有很多插入语noun,也指代清晰2 关于this these that those: this和these不能在宾语位置上裸奔 it 完全指代,指代noun及其修饰词;those,that是核心指代。 4个都可以在noun前面做adj;that和those可以在被修饰后指代前面的noun,that 和 those表示同种不同物,是newcopy.The money spent by her parents is more than IT was expected to be.The money spent by her parents is less than THAT SPENT by her children.3 relative pronoun:which,that,who,whose,whom,where,when引导relative clause. whom who 必修饰人,which必修饰事物,that不能修饰人,whose可以修饰人和事物. Eg:the town whose water supply was limited. which whom 可以跟在介词后 who在从句中主语,whom做宾语。Many of whom,whom做of的宾语,记! that,whom在relative clause中做宾语可以省略 where,in which,when具体区别见小语法点。4 there指代前面的名词地名,antarctic oil .there Oil in antarctic .there . 5 it they代词 指代顺序为:核心词宾语表语修饰语中名词。 不能指代主语核心词时,自动往后指代。6 常见指代错误:同一个代词修饰不同事物;同一个事物被不同代词所修饰7 it不能指代人8 when 和if 的差别:when引导时间状语从句,强调的是当什么时候;if引导条件状语从句,强调的是某某条件,注意运用。6 modifiersVing、介词短语、which等relative clause、to do 不定式、同位语1 noun modifier: noun 与 modifier必须touch2 verb modifier:比NM的modifier更自由的放置,但是一定要make sense.3 关于限制与非限制:限制(essential)是全句重要信息,决定了noun的性质,因此不能用comma隔开。XX that非限制(non-essential)不限定noun,没那么重要,可以用逗号分隔。 XX,which注:GMAT有一种微弱倾向:不喜欢which用于限制性从句4 which与Ving: Which只能修饰最靠近的(有几种跳跃),绝对不能修饰整个句子! Ing形式更加灵活:可以直接修饰noun 引导结果状从更好Which与Ving详细见小语法点。5 touch原则的例外: of 短语 Eg:his way of XX that bla bla. that修饰way 避免头重脚轻 that sex ratio will be favored which bla bla bla 简短插入语(non-essential)XX,such as XX, that bla bla 平行结构共同修饰6 所有格:绝对没有of sth s的结构; sbs doing结构一般都不好7 用relative clause替代分词结构避免时态问题8 绝对词组:Noun+很长的noun modifier 句首句末 可以+with9 .although必须+完整的主谓注:although的省略:although的省略一般只置于句首,或插在【主句主语和谓语之间】,来修饰主语。如果变为【主句,although】从句的形式,although从句就不要省略的好。10 sth called XX一定要直接接,不要分开11 关于having done A) having done和having been done都不是动名词结构,因此不能充当名词成分! 所以SC中,如果这两个结构做主语、宾语等,必错!B) having done和having been done做后置定语,必错!having done做后置定语,一般都要改成相应的定语从句having been done做后置定语,一般都要改成相应的done做过去分词,或者改成定语从句C) having done和having been done用于“with独立主格”中必错!指with+ sb./sth+ having done/having been done这种情况12 that定从和Ving定语: OG 89BAT总结:That:强调动作一次性,具体时间和行为Ving:强调多次性和客观性Elory总结:当定从有时态上的变化的时候不能改为分词ing,因为他表示the civilization至今还繁荣着。(也就说ing有强调现在时态的限制缺点?)7 verb tense、mood、voiceTense:1 一般现在 用在经常发生和普遍真理还有法律法规 无特殊情况 GMAT更喜欢一般现在!2 进行时态:静态动词例如signify,基本不用进行时 signifying 基本上错OG Q103:allow 状态动词不用进行时态3 现在完成:从过去开始但仍持续到现在从过去开始,虽未持续到现在,但是其影响持续到现在since,within是现在完成的标志,具体的时间标志,用一般过去eg:he traveled the world in 2001.若无具体时间,也可以用现在完成时表示一个人的经历、品质等。Eg:tim has traveled all over the world.4 过去完成时:只有一个过去的时间或者动作,不能使用过去完成时若本句中有很清晰的sequence;有before,after表示顺序的词;用and,but连接没有特别强调动作的先后;同一个主体发出的先后动作时,一般不用过去完成时unnecessary.总结:只有需要说明或者强调一个动作在另一个动作之前的顺序时,用过完.Eg:joe learned about an epoch in which dinosaurs had walked on the earth.Had walked 在这里和 JOE的learned动作毫无关系,因此用walked表述即可.5 conditional tense:有两点,第一点用于tense中,过去的观点看未来, 注意一定是从过去看未来Eg: we believed that our university would help us.He said that he will write.第二点,用于虚拟语气if then结构详见小语法点。6 OG第三题:现在完成时比一般过去时能更好的 跟一般现在时结合7 OG Q16 previously用一般过去时8OG Q57一般现在时 跟一般过去时也能平行,逻辑合理,现在开始追随到过去date ,形成是过去形成的。Were fashionedMOOD:虚拟语气表达作者“认为”或“想去做”,两种情况: 不可能或者不真实的情况下(if句)(假设虚拟) 有表达建议、渴望和要求的词以及that(命令虚拟)假设虚拟:1 用if 、as if 、as though2除了动词to do,必须用were,不用was,假设虚拟语气的对动词的规则与一般过去时相同。ifthen的结构幷不仅仅适用于假设虚拟语气,也同样适合其他的时态、语态。Ifthen里的then常常被省略。常见结构:1.表示确定: If present, then presenteg: if she eats pizza, then she becomes ill.2.表示某种程度的不确定: if present, then can or mayIf she eats pizza, then she may bocome ill.3.确定-用于将来时态: if present, then futureIf she eats pizza tomorrow, then she will become ill. 4.不确定-将来时态: if hypothetical subjunctive, then conditionalIf she ate pizza tomorrow, then she would become ill.5.从未发生-过去式:if past perfect, then conditional perfectIf she had eaten pizza yesterday, then she would have become ill.注意:then常常省略,if也不用一直放在句首。 Would绝对不能出现在if part,should在整句中都不可以出现。 If句主动,then句就要主动,反之亦然。If和then句主被动保持一致!3 to do 放句首要考虑使用虚拟语气命令虚拟:更重要1 用命令性词汇引导句子,形式为:subject+命令词+that+从句主语+be+.2 第三人称单数不加s;to be形式通常用be ,不用am is are3 that 绝对不可以省略(除了下列固定搭配)4 只加that:demand,dictate,insist,mandate,propose,recommend,request,stipulate,suggest 只加不定式:advise,allow,forbid,persuade,want 两种都加:ask,beg,intend,order,prefer,urge,requireEg:we require that he be here / we require him to be here.少数特例:prohibit + from doing 等5 命令动词变为名词也可以 eg: his demand that.6 whether 后不加虚拟语气Voice:1由于gmat考试倾向于简洁有效,所以主动要优于被动。如果仅仅及物动词可以使用被动语态的形式;而宾语不是直接产生动作,永远不要用被动语态2 动作的真实施动者可以用by连接,若描述一个方法或者工具导致某种动作时,通常用through or because of.3 注意题目划线部分外的by,可能导致选项的被动形式Wrong: The shuttle launch seen around the world by people of all ages, all races , and all religions. Right: The shuttle launch WAS seen around the world by people of all ages, all races, and all religions.8 comparison1 比较中的标志词;likeAsUnlikeAs(adj.)asMore than As much asLess thanAs little asFaster than As fast asDifferent fromThe same asIn contrast to/with2 Like versus As like是介词,后面只加名词、代词等。不能表达such as的举例、列举功能!但是可以用来比较noun,注意make sense。Like做对比时的位置: like只能比较Noun1. X, like Y, V+O; 2. Like Y, X+V+O; 3. X+V+O, like Y. 所有对比的对象都是X。 As 有六种用法: AS做连词+句子:as=while;as=because,since;as=in the same way (做比较) AS做介词+noun:as=function as,in the role of As=is,are As=when I was务必要注意:as 加 noun只能是列举,不能放句首做比较!3 比较中的平行要注意:eg:unlike XX,YY is bla bla bla 逻辑上:对比的必须是同一类事物 结构上:语法结构也要对称4 省略:比较句的第二部分可以省略 所有格的省略:My car is bigger than the Smithscar只要不会有歧义,可以省略第二部分的单位、动词或整个从句 助动词千万不能随便省略 详见下5 more adj than ;more than可以不做比较,而做一个adv修饰,表示程度6 there be 句型的比较要重复there be7 rather 单独出现表转折,加句子,不加todo不定式8 but also:面前必须有not(only)but和also不能分开9 关于谓语动词是否补出:Helping verb:do be haveDo:实意动词, + simple present(past)Be(am is are):be动词, + progressive(进行时态)和被动Have:完成时态词,+ doneOur cars were designed to inspire envy, and they do. 如果把inspire加上,they do inspire,没有问题。如果用are,就不对,要用they are inspiring我的观点: S+V 没有object,不补出谓语动词 XX flourished at the same time as YY.XX do not eat as others. 这里因为没有宾语,就不需要do来指代前面的行为 others (eat) SVO,要补出谓语动词 XX do not eat soup as others do. 这里do后面是do(eat soup)10 比较同一集体中的不同对象或者同一时期的不同成员,要记得用other排己11 whereas=while Whereas要求核心对称即可 但是后面如果+介词短语,最好主语开头也+介短 注意while常常会因为多义词而导致歧义,从而不能表示转折12 对:3 times as old as; 3 years older than 错:3 years as old as: 3 times older than 13 当用more和less时,要注意避免出现歧义。特别是more在形容词+名词之前时。如:We have even more efficient engines than before. 此句意思模糊,到底是说more efficient的engines呢,还是engines more efficient呢?应改为:We have even more engines that are efficient than before.或:We have engines even more efficient than before.14 当出现比较时,一定要感受是谁在和谁比较,是两个词在比较,还是两个句子,两个状态在比较?15总结:Helping Verbs= do,be,have A)如果用Helping Verbs替代主句Working Verb,被Helping Verb替代的词,一定在前句中出现过。=即be动词对be动词, do对实意动词, have对完成时 B)有时, Helping Verb是用来替代主句中某个被强调的动词的(不是Working Verb),此时,被替代的动词形式应该与Helping Verb一致。 C)在比较结构(或对比结构)中,时态发生变化了,后句be动词绝对不能省略。 =反向考点:be动词省略了,意味着前后时态一致。附:elory大神的比较总结:1. 比较:(1) whereas = while(while前后句子之结构要求并列相对)(2) whereas连接的平行比较只要求对比的核心逻辑上有对称关系,不要求对称位置必须是对称名词,下面句子中主从句的主语分别是energy和nuclear power并不是对称名词,但是对比的核心都是“核能发电占总产出能量的份额”:如OG12-131 Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear power, whereas nuclear power accounts for just over 33 percent of the energy produced in Germany.*:但是如果whereas后面接介词短语,那么主句的开头也必须需要是介词短语(whereas后出现介词短语或者状语都会非常对称),如果whereas后接单纯主谓宾(或主系表),主句也要尽量用单纯的主谓宾(或主系表)来对应,(3) 标准书面语中,like/unlike后只加名词(不一定具体名词)表比较,不能加不定式短语,分词短语(prep 1-54 unlike cooking with speices错),句子或介短。(后面接这些东西的时候unlike要改为whereas等等)。(4) like/unlike是严格的硬梆梆比较,比较对象必须严格对等,中间不能插入任何成分比如介词短语2whereas/while这种连词连接的比较成分不要求含义上绝对的平行,核心意思平行即可具体见prep 1-211。3. they, their, it都是完整指代,即指代包含了被指对象的所有修饰成分*注意仅仅是修饰词,如: In Japan elderly people are treated with far greater respect than they are in most Western countries.如果前面的elderly people没有其他修饰,后面时可以用they来指代的。2) one和that,those是核心词指代。3) that , one , it itone that三者均可用作代词, 指代前面提到的名词。一般说来, it指代同名同物; one与that则指代3. 1) compared with直接跟在逗号后面可以修饰逗号前面名词短语的核心词:Example: In the United States, while the number of foreign-born residents and their children is higher than ever, the percentage of the population they represent is not; in 1910 this group made up 35 percent of the population, compared with 20 percent in 2000.2) Compared with也可以修饰前面整个分句,compared with后面的名词与主语比较:Example:u Today, more than 43 percent of Californians under the age of eighteen are Hispanic, compared with about 35 percent a decade ago.u In the United States, Fifty-two percent of high school graduates go on to college, compared with thirty-five percent in Canada and fifteen percent in Great Britain, Japan, and West Germany.u One baby in four is now born to a mother aged thirty or older, compared with just one in six in 1975. 3) as compared to/with中as指代前面整句的核心含义:A recent review of pay scales indicates that, on average, CEOs now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio in 1980.9 odds&ends在句子改错中首先应该考虑的是几大原则:主谓一致、平行结构、代词指代、修饰词、时态语态和主被动、对比、习惯用语。当这些原则都没办法选出正确答案时,可以尝试用额外的方法来确定正确答案:连词、标点符号和量词。1 连接词:分两种conjunction:and but or subordinator: although because2 conjunction:Run-on sentence:comma连接两个完整主句;改正:一定要加上连词Comma + 连词(and yet so )都可以连接完整句子3 subordinator:一句话只能有一个connecting wordalthough +句子,习惯放句首Although后面+完整句子,但是放句首时可以省略,放句中句末都不行,yet也一样关于 although,though,even though用法待补充4 关于because 和 due to: because 可以接复杂句子,而due to、because of一定要加核心原因。 due to一般不放句首,且due to正确与否要看主句主语是否是due to后原因的结果(make sense) 一说due to=caused by5 yet是连词 应该有主语 和谓语; 如果想省略那最好不要在主句之后跟一样4标点符号: 逗号comma:不要用“,and”分开两个有同样主语的verbJim walked to school,and later ate his launch. 后面少主语Jim walked to school and later ate his launch. 无逗号,同一主语发出2个verb动作Jim walked to school,he later ate his launch. run-onJim walked to school,and he later ate his launch. 补出主语,2个完整句子分号连接两个相关的完整的句子。两个叙述必须是独立的句子。如:Wrong:Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; doing everything together.(第二部分不是独立的句子)Right: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; they do everything together.同时分号还可以连接很多带有逗号的部分,本身就是一个“大逗号”:I listen to Earth, wind & fire; Wow, Owls; and Blood, Sweat & Tears.连接副词并不是真正的连词(如however、therefore、in addition),这时候要用分号去连接句子。如:Wrong:Andrew and Lisa are inseparable, therefore, we never see them apart.Right: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; therefore, we never see them apart.冒号用于对前一个句子的进一步解释或发展。冒号前的句子必须是完整的句子,冒号后的部分不能独立的成为一个句子。冒号前需要解释的部分与分号后的部分要尽量的接近。破折号 有一个OG特例 sth believe that X(they believe)that Y 这里破折号= in another word5 数量词:Many修饰可数,much 修饰不可数;the numbers of 必错;用numbers的时候要用greater than,而不能用more than;Increase和decrease描述一件事情经过时间的变化,而greater和less指两件事情的比较。10 idiom补充在OG上常见的,manhattan自行查阅1 estimate to be VS. date

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