计算机专业常用英语.ppt

2.1 Reduced Instruction Set Computers,1,1. architecture 体系结构,2. RISC Reduced Instruction set Computing 精简指令集计算技术,比较 CISC complex Instruction set Computing 复杂指令集计算技术,3. assignment statement 赋值语句,4. optimize v. 优化,optimizer 优化器程序,2,5. compiler 编译器，编译程序,compile v. 编译 compiled language 编译语言,6. branch n. 分支；连接；转移,branch instruction 转移指令，分支指令 branchpoint 转移点，分支点 branch prediction 转移预测，分支预测,3,7. frequency 频率,Time 时间,Amplitude 振幅,sine wave 正弦波 period 周期 phase 相位 phase difference 相位差,4,比较 constant n. 常量,9. variable n. 变量,10. mode n. 方式，模式，状态,compatibility mode 兼容方式,5,比较 model 模型 module 模块 modulo 模(运算),11. opcode 操作码( operation code ),12. decode v. 译码,decoder 译码器，解码器，翻译程序,2.2 Microprocessor And Microcomputer,6,1. integrated circuit 集成电路,integrated software 集成软件,比较 integration 集成；芯片封装；积分 integrator 积分电路，积分器 integrity 完整性,2. semiconductor 半导体,3. chip 芯片,7,4. package 软件包；( 封装 )外壳,packaged software 套装软件,比较 packet n. ( 信息 )包；( 报文 )分组 pack v. 压缩,5. descending sort 降序排序,比较 ascending sort 升序排序,8,6. superscalar 超标量结构,superclass 超类 supercomputer 超级计算机 superconductor 超导体 superscript 上标,A microprocessor architecture that enables the microprocessor to execute multiple instructions per clock cycle. 遵循此结构的微处理器能在一个时钟周期内执行多条指令。,9,7. complex number 复数,比较 real number 实数,8. Multimedia Extensions 多媒体扩展(技术),multimedia 多媒体 extension 扩展名,9. benckmark n. 基准(测试)程序 v. 测量性能,A test used to measure hardware or software performance.一种用于测量硬件或软件性能的测试程序。,10,10. decompression n. 解压缩(uncompression),比较 compression n. 压缩 compress v. 压缩 compressor n. 压缩器,11. convention n. 规定，约定,conventional memory 常规内存,12. transistor 晶体管( transfer resistor ),Emitter 发射极 Base 基极 Collector 集电极,11,13. odd 奇数,比较 even 偶数,14. compatibility 兼容性,12,16. idle a. 空闲，等待,idle state 空闲状态,Operational but not in use. 用来说明处在可操作状态但不在使用。,13,18. launch v. 启动，激活,19. prototyping 原型法,20. project n. 投影运算,21. workstation 工作站,2.3 Multiprocessing,14,1. parallel a. 并联；并行,parallel access 并行存取 parallel computer 并行计算机 parallel interface 并行接口 parallel processing 并行处理 parallel transmission 并行传输,比较 serial a. 串行,15,2. fixed a. 固定,fixed-length field 定长字段 fixed-point arithmetic 定点运算,3. task 任务,4. traffic n. 通信业务量,The load carried by a communications link or channel.通信链路或信道载送的负荷。,5. throughout n. 吞吐量,16,6. share v. 共享,shared resource 共享资源 shareware 共享软件,7. LAN 局域网 local area network,比较 WAN 广域网 wide area network MAN 城域网 metropolitan area network,8. library (程序)库，库,17,9. single threading 单线程处理方式,single-precision 单精度 single-user computer 单用户计算机 thread 线程；线索 threaded tree 线索树 threading 线程技术,Within a program, the running of a single process at a time.在程序中，一次运行一个进程的方式。,18,10. local a. 局部；本地机,localhost 本(主)机,比较 remote a. 远程 remote access 远程访问 remote communications 远程通信 remote terminal 远程终端,11. ring network 环形网络 ring topology 环形拓扑,19,12. master processor 主处理器,master file 主文件 master record 主记录 master arrangement 主配置,比较 slave n. 从设备,20,13. kernel n. 内核核心程序,The core of an operating systemthe portion of the system that manages memory,files, and peripheral devices; maintains the time and date; launches applications; and allocates system resources. 操作系统的内核，是管理内存、文件和外围设备，维持时间和日期，启动应用程序，以及分配系统资源的那部分操作系统。,14. SMP symmetric multiprocessing 对称多处理( 技术、体系结构 ),2.4 Measuring Computer Performance,21,1. interval n. 间隔，间歇,2. parameter n. 参数,3. initialize v. 初始化 initialization n. 初始化,4. derived class 派生类,In object-oriented programming, a class created from another class,called the base class. A derived class inherits all the features of its base class. 在面向对象程序设计中，从基类中产生的类。派生类继承基类所以的属性。,22,5. clock 时钟( 电路 ),The electronic circuit in a computer that generates a steady stream of timing pulsesthe digital signals that synchronize every operation. 计算机内的产生稳定的时序脉冲信号的电子电路，该数字信号同步每次操作。,clock rate 时钟频率 clock speed 时钟速度 clock pulse 时钟脉冲,23,6. MIPS millions of instructions per second 百万条指令每秒,A common measure of processor speed. 一种测量处理器运行速率的度量单位。,7. sort v. 排序；分类,bubble sort 冒泡排序 distributive sort 分布排序 insertion sort 插入排序 merge sort 合并排序 quick sort 快速排序,24,8. port n. 端口 v. 转出，移出,An interface through which data is transferred between a computer and other devices(such as a printer, keyboard or mouse),a network, or a direct connection to another computer.一种接口，数据通过它可以在计算机和其他设备之间、网络之间或者其他直接相连的计算机之间进行传输。,To change a program in order to be able to run it on a different computer.改变一个程序，使之能在不同的计算机上运行。,3.1 Boolean Algebra,25,1. Boolean algebra 布尔代数,Boolean expression 布尔表达式 Boolean operator 布尔运算符,2. complement 补码,Complementary operation 求反运算,26,3. union 并集,比较 intersect 交 difference 差,4. negation 非,5. vector 向量,3.2 Graph Theory,27,1. vertex 顶点,2. edge 边,3. graph 图,If any two nodes in a graph can be connected by a path along edges, the graph is said to be connected. 如果图中任意两个结点间都能够用一条路径沿着边线连接起来，那么该图则被称为连通的。,28,A subgraph is a subset of the nodes and edges within a graph. 子图是图中结点和边线的子集。 A graph is directed( a digraph ) if each edge links two nodes together only in one direction. 如果每条边线仅在一个方向上将两个结点连接起来，则该图为有向图。 A graph is weighted if each edge has some value associated with it. 如果每条边线都有一些相关的值，则该图为加权图。,29,4. Loop n. v. 循环,loop check 循环检测 loop configuration 循环配置 loop structure 循环结构,5. circuit n. 电路,circuit board 电路板,30,6. tree 树,root 根 child 孩子 parent 双亲 leaf node 叶子结点 subtree 子树,3.3 Combinatorial Problems,31,1. combinatorics 组合数学,A branch of mathematics related to probability and statistics, involves the study of counting, grouping, and arrangement of finite sets of elements. 有关概率和统计的一个数学分支，研究对元素的有限集合的计算、分组和排列。,2. counter 计数器,counting loop 计数循环,32,3. list 表,list box 列表框,比较 queue 队列 deque 双端队列 stack 堆栈,4. natural number 自然数,An integer that is equal to or greater than zero. 大于等于零的整数。,33,natural language 自然语言,5. error 错误,critical error 严重错误 fatal error 致命错误 hard error 硬错误 inherent error 固有错误 intermittent error 间歇错误 logic error 逻辑错误 overflow error 溢出错,34,error analysis 错误分析 error checking 错误检测法 error-correcting code 纠错码 error detection and correction 检错纠错法 error rate 出错率 error trapping 错误捕获,比较 fault 故障；失效,35,6. object 目标码；对象；物体,object code 目标代码 object file 目标文件 object-oriented a. 面向对象,7. calculator 计算器,36,8. zero n. 零 v. 置零,Zero divide 除（以）零 Zero flag 零标志 Zero-length string 空零长度字符串 Zero out 置零 Zero suppression 消零 Nonreturn to zero 不归零,37,9. induction 感应,inductor 电感器,比较 inductance 电感，自感,10. recursion 递归,3.4 Algorithm And Its Measures,38,1. algorithm 算法,algorithm language 算法语言 ALGOL语言Algorithm Language,2. formula 公式,3. bound n. 界、限 v. 约束,upper bound 上限 lower bound 下限,39,4. procedure n. 过程,procedure call 过程调用,5. attribute n. 属性,6. linear a. 线性,linear list 线性表,7. matrix n. 矩阵,8. one-dimensional array 一维数组,40,9. poly- 前缀 多、复、聚,polygon 多边形 polyline 折线 polymorphism 多态性,5. order n. 次序 v. 排序,6. dot 点，点分符,dot-matrix n. a. 点阵 dot-matrix printer 点阵打印机 dot pitch 点距,7. sheet n. 表单,8. index n. v. 索引；下标,9. assignment statement 赋值语句,assignment operator 赋值操作符,10. update 更新；修改,4.2 Typical Data Structure Stacks And Queues,1. array 数组,2. record n. v. 记录,3. stack 栈，堆栈,pop 出栈 push 入栈，压栈,4. queue n. 队列 v. 排队,5. routine 例程,Any section of code that can be invoked ( executed ) within a program. 程序内可以调用（执行）的任何代码段。,subroutine 子例程,45,4. physical a. 物理，实际,physical address 物理地址 physical layer 物理层,比较 logical a. 逻辑,5. design v. 设计,design cycle 设计周期,All the phases involved in developing and producing new hardware or software. 设计或开发新硬件或软件所涉及的所有阶段。,46,6. general-purpose computer 通用计算机,general-purpose controller 通用控制器 general-purpose language 通用语言 general-purpose register 通用寄存器,7. special-purpose computer 专用计算机,special-purpose language 专用语言 special character 特殊字符,47,8. instruction 指令,Most programs consist of two types of statements: declarations and instructions. 大部分程序由两种类型的语句组成：声明和指令。,instruction code 指令代码 instruction set 指令集,9. compoment (组成)部分，部构，组件,A discrete part of a larger system or structure.大系统或结构中的一种可以分立的部分。,48,10. memory 存储器，内存,main memory 主存 (primary storage) secondary memory 辅存 (secondary storage),memory bank 存储器插槽 memory cell 存储单元 memory chip 存储芯片,11.CPU-Central Processing Unit 中央处理器,CPU cache CPU高速缓存 CPU fan CPU风扇,49,12. block diagram 框图，方块图,bubble chart 泡形图 flawchart 流程图,13. bus 总线,data bus 数据总线 address bus 地址总线 control bus 控制总线,14. configuration 配置,In reference to a single microcomputer, the sum of a systems internal and external components. 对单个微机来讲，配置指一个系统内部和外部的全部组件的总和。,50,15. computer classification,supercomputer 巨型机 mainframe 大型机 superminicomputer 超级小型机 minicomputer 小型机 workstation 工作站 microcomputer 微机 PDA-Personal Digital Assistant 掌上计算机,16. cabinet 机箱,51,17. 8 bits=1 byte(B),kilobyte 1KB=1024B megabyte 1MB=1024KB gigabyte 1GB=1024MB,18. transfer 传送,transform 变换 translate 翻译 transmit 发送,The movement of data from one location to another.将数据从一个地点移动到另一个地点。,To change the appearance or format of data without altering its content.改变数据的外部特性或格式，而不改变其内容。,To send information over a communications line or a circuit.经过通信线路或电路发送信息。,52,significant figure 有效数字 (同significant digits),53,1.2 Computer Codes,1. capacity 容量,2. binary a. 二进制,binary conversion 二进制转换 binary digit 二进制数字 binary number 二进制数 binary search 二分搜索 binary tree 二叉树,Either of the two digits in the binary number system,0 and 1. 在二进制数系统中0和1两个数字中的任何一个。 A number expressed in binary form.一种以二进制形式表示的数。,比较decimal a. 十进制 hexadecimal a. 十六进制 octal a. 八进制,54,3. BCD-binary coded decimal 二进制编码的十进制,4. ASCII-Amercian Standard Code for Information Interchange 美国国家信息交换标准代码,5. Internal a. 内部,internal command 内部命令 internal interrupt 内部中断 internal modem 内置调制解调器,比较external a. 外部,6. format n. 格式 v. 格式化,55,7. EBCDIC-Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code 十进制交换码,8. parity 奇偶性(检验),even parity 偶检验 odd parity 奇检验,parity bit 奇偶(检验)位 parity check 奇偶检验,56,9. monitor 监视器(同CRT cathode-ray tube 阴极射线管),比较 display 显示器,The visual output device of a computer,which is commonly a CRT-based video display. With portable and notebook computers, the display is usually an LCD-based or a gas plasma-based flat-panel display. 计算机的可视输出设备，通常是基于阴极射线的视频显示。便携式和笔记本计算机的显示器通常是基于液晶显示器或基于等离子体的平板显示器。,LCD liquid crystal display 液晶显示器,The term monitor usually refers to a display and its housing. 监视器一词通常包括显示器及其外壳。,57,1.3 What is a processor,1. interpret v. 解释,interpreted language 解释语言 interpreter 解释程序,比较compile v. 编译,2. operation 操作，运算,operation code 操作码 operand 操作数 operator 运算符,58,operating system 操作系统 operator associativity 运算符结合性 operator precedence 运算符优先级,3. high-level language 高级语言,low-level language 低级语言 assembly language 汇编语言,4. retrieve 检索,59,5. timer 定时器,time bomb 定时炸弹 time-division multiplexing 时分多路复用 time out ( timeout time-out ) 超时 timesharing 分时技术,6. release 释放；发布,To relinquish control of a block of memory, a device, or another system resource to the operating system.放弃一块内存、一台设备或另一个系统资源控制权，交予操作系统。,To formally make a product available to the marketplace.正式将某一产品投放到市场。,60,7. pulse 脉冲,PAM pulse amplitude modulation 脉冲幅度调制 PCM pulse code modulation 脉冲编码调制 PDM pulse duration modulation 脉冲宽度调制,8. control unit 控制器，控制单元,A transient signal,usually brief and with a discrete onset and offset.一种暂态信号，通常持续时间很短，且具有陡峭的上升边和下降边。,9. register 寄存器,比较 registry 注册表,61,12. current 电流,current directory 当前目录,62,1.4 Memory system,1. latency 等待时间,The time required for a signal to travel from one point on a network to another.信号从网络中一点传播到另一点所需的时间。,2. semiconductor 半导体,conductor 导体 nonconductor 绝缘体(同 insulator),63,3. magnetic a. 磁,magnetic disk 磁盘 magnetic field 磁场 magnetic head 磁头 magnetic tape 磁带,4. hierarchical a. 分层，分级，层次,hierarchical database 层次(型)数据库,比较 hierarchy n. 分层分级结构,64,5. cache 高速缓冲区,cache memory 高速缓冲存储器,A special memory subsystem in which frequently used data values are duplicated for quick access. 一种专用的内存子系统，其中存放着那些被频繁使用的数据以便于快速访问。,6. bandwidth 带宽,The difference between the highest and lowest frequencies that an analog communications system can pass. 模拟通信系统可以通过的最高频率和最低频率之差。,65,7. virtual a. 虚拟,VM virtual memory 虚拟存储器 virtual address 虚地址 virtual hosting 虚拟主机 virtual reality 虚拟现实,8. reference n. 引用,To access a variable, such as an element in an array or a field in a record. 访问一个变量，诸如数组中的一个元素或记录中的一个字段。,66,9. interface 接口,interface adapter 接口适配器,比较 interference 干扰,10. page 页,page frame 页帧 page setup 页面设置,A fixed-size block of memory. 内存中的一种固定长度的块。,67,11. DRAM 动态RAM,dynamic RAM,比较 static RAM 静态RAM,12. allocation (资源)分配,比较 location 存储单元,In operating systems, the process of reserving memory for use by a program. 在操作系统中，为某个程序保留内存以供使用的做法。,68,13. equation 等式,expansion slot 扩展槽,A mathematical statement that indicates equality with the use of an equal sign (=) between two expressions 一种用等号(=)连接两个表达式以表示它们相等的数学语句。,14. block 块；内存块,15. slot 槽,69,16. delay 延迟,比较 ROM- read only memory 只读存储器 EEPROM-electrically erasable programmable ROM 电可擦可编程ROM EPROM- erasable programmable ROM 可 擦可编程ROM PROM - programmable ROM 可编程ROM,17. RAM - random access memory 随机(存取)存储器,70,Types of integrated circuit SSI: small-scale intrgration 小规模集成 MSI: medium-scale intrgration 中规模集成 LSI: large-scale intrgration 大规模集成 VLSI: very-large-scale intrgration 极大规模集成 ULSI: ultra-large-scale intrgration 超大规模集成,18. chip 芯片,比较 integrated circuit 集成电路,71,19. sequence 序列,sequential access 顺序存取法 sequential execution 顺序执行 sequential search 顺序查找,20. hardwired 硬连线,Built into a system using hardware such as logic circuits, rather than accomplished through programming. 指使用像逻辑电路这样的硬件而不是通过软件编程的方式建立一个系统的特性。,72,Hard disk 硬盘 Hard return 硬回车 Hardware 硬件,比较 soft 软,21. ROM BIOS 存于ROM的基本输入输出系统,On PC-compatible computers, the set of essential software routines that tests hardware at startup,starts the operating system, and supports the transfer of data among hardware devices. 在PC兼容计算机上的一组基本软件例程，这些程序在计算机开机时测试硬件，启动操作系统，支持硬件设备之间的数据传输。,73,22. boot n. v. 引导，启动 ( = boot up),bootable disk 引导盘 boot failure 引导失败,23. optical disk 光碟盘 (同 compact disk),optical drive 光驱 optical fiber 光纤 optical scanner 光学扫描仪,74,24. laser 激光器 (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation ),Laser printer 激光打印机 Laser storage 激光存储,25. WORM 一些多读光碟盘 (write once read many),比较 worm 蠕虫(病毒程序),26. erase 擦除,To remove data permanently from a storage medium. 从存储介质中将数据永久消除。,1.5 input/output system,75,1. source 信息源,source code 源代码 source program 源程序 source statement 源代码语句,2. destination 目的,3. volume 卷；音量,A disk or tape that stores computer data. 存储计算机数据的一张磁盘或一卷磁带。,The loudness of an audio signal. 声音信号的响度。,76,4. intermediate language 中间语言,A computer language used as an intermediate step between the original source language,usually a high-level language, and the target language,usually machine code. 一种计算机语言，介于初始的源语言(通常是高级语言)和目标语言(通常是机器代码)。,5. matching 匹配(法),6. keyboard 键盘,keyboard buffer 键盘缓冲区 keyboard shortcut 键盘快捷键 keycap 键帽,77,7. modem 调制解调器 (modulator/demodulator),modulation 调制 demodulation 解调,8. synchronize v. 同步,synchronization n. 同步 synchronous a. 同步的,9. sink 接收器,A device or part of a device that receives something from another device. 从其他装置接收数据的设备或部分设备。,78,10. buffer n. 缓冲区，缓冲器 v. 缓冲,11. terminate v. 终止,比较 terminal n. 终端,12. coprocessor 协处理器,13. accumulator 累加器,14. peripheral n. 外(围)设(备),15. map v. 映射 n. 映像、映射,16. pattern 模式,pattern recognition 模式识别,79,17. argument 参数，变元，自变量,比较 parameter 参数 pass by address 按地址传递 pass by value 按值传递,18. coherence n. 同调，一致性，相干性,19. DMA direct memory access 直接存储器存取,20. interactive a. 交互,interactive fiction 交互式故事 interactive session 交互式会话 interactive voice system 交互式语音系统,A type of computer game in which the user participates in a story by giving commands to the system. 一种计算机游戏，在游戏中用户通过对计算机系统发出命令的方式参与到某个故事中。,80,21. capture v. 捕获,22. response time 响应时间,23. mouse 鼠标(器) relative pointing device 相对定位设备 如 trackball 跟踪球,bus mouse 总线鼠标器 mechanical mouse 机械鼠标器 optical mouse 光鼠标器 optomechanical mouse 光机械鼠标器 serial mouse 串行鼠标器,81,mouse pad 鼠标垫 mouse port 鼠标端口 mouse sensitivity 鼠标灵敏度 mouse trails 鼠标踪迹,24. cursor 光标,cursor blink speed 闪烁速度,25. touch screen 触摸屏,82,graphics tablet 图形输入板 graphics printer 图形打印机 graphics processor 图形处理器 graphics interface 图形界面,27. light pen 光笔,light emitting diode 发光二极管 light source 光源 lightwave system 光波系统,26. graphic a. 图的，图形的,83,digitizing tablet 数字化仪,29. accuracy n. 准精确度性,比较 precision 精密度,28. digitize v. 数字化,The degree to which the result of a calculation or measurement approximates the true value. 计算或测量的结构与真实值相近的程度。,The extent of detail used in expressing a number.用来表达一个数的精细程度。,84,30. reliability n. 可靠性,31. scan v. 扫描,scanner 扫描仪 Types of scanner： flatbed scanner 平板式扫描仪 feed scanner 送纸扫描仪 drum scanner 鼓式扫描仪 handheld scanner 手持式扫描仪,32. sensor 传感器,85,33. speech recognition 语音识别,speech