教案：人教版八年级上册英语各单元语法.doc

.1. How often 引导的特殊疑问句How often do you do sth ?意为“你多久做一某事？”该句型常用来询问某动作隔多久进行一次，即询问中间隔的时间长度、动作发生的频率。常见的答语是：always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever, three times a day, once a week, every day 等。 如：-How often do you hike with your friends ? 你隔多久和你的朋友去远足一次？-Every Friday . 每周五。-How often do you clean your room ? 你多长时间打扫一次你的房间？-Often. 经常。 2. What do you/does he/she do on/in? 句型What do you/does he/she do on/in? 你/他/她在(时间)做什么？这是询问某人在某时通常干什么的句型。答语通常为I/we +动词原形+其他成分或He/She+动词的第三人称单数形式+其他成分。如：-What do you do on Sundays? 你在星期天干什么？-I often clean my house on Sundays? 我星期天经常打扫我的房子。-What does your father do after supper? 你爸爸晚饭后干什么？-He usually goes for a walk. 他通常取散步。对划线部分提问1. The teacher hardly gives us a test._ _ _ the teacher give you a test?2. I never get up before five oclock?_ _ do you get up before five oclock?3. Li Tao often has rice for lunch._ _ Li Tao often _ for lunch?4. I usually read English in the morning._ _ you usually _ in the morning?5. My mother goes to see my grandparents twice a month. _ _ _ your mother _ to see your grandparents?答案：1. How often does 2. How often 3. What does have 4. What do do 5. How often does go情态动词should的用法情态动词should和can ，may ，must一样，没有人称和数的变化，有词意，但都不能单独作谓语，必须和后面的动词原形一起构成谓语。基本意思是“应当，应该”，常用来表示建议或命令等。如：You should work harder. 你应该更努力地工作。否定式和疑问式的构成与can ，may ，must一样。如：You shouldnt play soccer in the street. 你们不应该在街上踢足球。Who should pay the taxi driver? 谁应该付出租车钱？注意：常用句型You should /shouldnt do sth 表示“建议某人（不）做某事”。其他表示“建议”的句型还有：Why not do sth? /Why dont you do sth? /How about doing sth? /What about doing sth? /Its a good idea to do sth /Youd better do sth等。一 单项填空1. We _ keep the new traffic law(交通法).A. may B. should C. can D. need 2. Id like to buy a new shirt , but I dont know _ .A. where could buy it B. I should take which C. which I should take D. where can I get it二 写出同义表达Why not have a rest?(1) Why _ _ have a rest? (2) Youd _ _ a rest.(3) You _ _ a rest. (4) _ _ having a rest?答案：1. B 2. C(1) dont you (2) better have (3) should have (4)what/how about现在进行时表将来的用法在英语中，现在进行时常可用来表示将来的动作，主要分两种情况：1. 某些表示位置移动的动词，如：go，come，leave，arrive等，其现在进行时可表示将来的动作。如My father is leaving for Nanjing tomorrow. 我爸爸将明天动身去南京。Im going camping next week. 我下周要去野营。2. 除表示位置移动的动词外，还有很多动词，其现在进行时也可表示将要发生的动作。尤其是按计划、安排等要发生的动作。如Were visiting our aunt this afternoon. 今天下午我们将去拜访我们的姑姑。一 用所给动词的现在进行时填空 1. She_(go ) sightseeing next weekend.2. I _(plan ) to spend time in the beautiful countryside.3. -What are you doing for vacation?-I _(go )camping with my parents.4. Look, the bus _(come ) !5. _ you _(do ) anything special ()tonight?6. When _ you _(leave) for Beijing?7. They _(relax) at home during National Day.8. Tonight, we _(rent ) videos and watching a lot.9. I _(meet ) you after class.二 单项填空 _ your friend _ this evening or tomorrow evening? A. Do ; arrive B. Does ; arrive C. Is ; arriving D. Are ; arriving 答案：1. is going 2. am planning 3. am going 4. is coming 5. Are, doing 6. are, leaving 7. are relaxing 8. are renting 9. am meeting C询问怎样去某地询问怎样去某地，用句型 该问句的答语有以下几种：1.“take + 限定词 + 交通工具名称”。 如：-How does your father go to Tibet? 你爸爸怎样去西藏？ -He takes the train. 他乘火车。-How does Lily get to school? 莉莉怎样去上学？ -She takes the subway. 她乘地铁。2.“by + 交通工具名称”，泛指乘坐某种交通工具。注意：该短语中交通工具名称前不加任何限定词。如：-How do you go to the cinema? 你怎样去电影院？ -I go by taxi. 我乘出租车去。-How does your brother go to school? 你哥哥怎样去上学？-He goes to school by bike. 他骑自行车去上学。3.“in /on + 限定词 + 交通工具名称”，可表达所乘的具体的交通工具。如：-How does Li Lei go to work every day? 李雷每天怎样去上班？-He goes to work in his car. 他自己开车去上班。-How did you go to school this morning? 今天早晨你是怎样去上学的？-I went to school on my fathers bike. Mine is broken. 我骑我爸爸的自行车去的，我的自行车坏了。4.“动词 + to + 地点名词”，常用的动词有walk ，ride ，drive ，fly 。如：He rides to his uncles home. 他骑车去他叔叔家。 My aunt drives to work every day. 我姑姑每天驾车上班。一单项选择1. How does your father go to work, _ foot of _ bike? A. on ;with B. with ; on C. by ; on D. on ; by2. Mary often comes to my home _ her bike. A. with B. on C. at D. in 3. -I often go to school _. What about you? -I often _ to school. A. by bus ; ride bike B. by a bus ; ride a bike C. by a bus ; by a bike D. by bus ; ride二同义句转换1. I often go there by subway. I often go there _ _ _. I often _ _ _ to go there.2. Do you go to New York by air? Do you go to New York _ _?3. Sometimes the girl goes to the supermarket on foot. Sometimes the girl _ to the supermarket.三根据汉语提示，完成以下各题的多种表达1.他们要坐船去哪儿。(1) They will go there _ _. (2) They will go there _ _.(3) They will go there _ _. (4) They will go there _ _ _.(5) They will go there _ _ _.2.格林先生明天将乘飞机去英国。(1) Mr. Green will _ _ England tomorrow.(2) Mr. Green will _ _ England _ _ tomorrow.(3) Mr. Green will _ _ England _ _ tomorrow.3.布朗先生每天步行去上班。(1) Mr. Brown _ _ work every day.(2) Mr. Brown _ _ work _ _ every day.4.李明通常乘公共汽车去上学。(1)Li Ming usually goes to school _ _. (2)Li Ming usually goes to school _ _ _. (3)Li Ming usually _ _ _to school.答案： 一. 1. D 2. B 3. D二. 1. on a subway/take the subway 2. by plane 3. walks三. 1. (1) by ship (2) by boat (3) by sea (4) in a boat (5) on a boat 2. (1) fly to (2) go to ; by plane (3) go to; by air 3. (1) walks to (2) goes to; on foot 4. (1)by bus (2) on a bus (3)takes the buscan表请求或建议时的用法can是情态动词，没有人称和数的变化，其后可直接跟动词原形，我们已经学过其基本意思是“能，会”，指在体力或脑力方面的能力。如：I /You /He /She /We can speak English. 我/你（们）/他/她/我们会说英语。-Can you sing this song in English? 你会用英语唱这首歌吗？-Yes, I can. 是的，我会唱。 /No ,I cant. 不，我不会唱。Can还可以用在疑问句中，表示委婉地邀请或向别人征求意见等，常用Can you .?“你能吗？”，肯定回答一般为：Yes. / Sure. / Certainly, Id love to .“是的（当然可以），我很愿意。”否定回答一般不直接用No，而用Im sorry. /Sorry。表示礼貌地拒绝；也可用Id love /like to ,but.表示不能接受的原因并表示歉意。如：-Can you help me take these books to the classroom? 你能帮我把这些书拿到教室去吗？-Sure, Id love to. 当然可以，我很愿意。/Sorry, I cant. 对不起，我不能去。一 单项填空1. -_ you go to the music lesson?-Sorry, I cant.A. Do B. Can C. Must D. May 2. Thats easy. I _ do that tomorrow. A. can B. may C. must D. have to 二 句型转换1. She can go to the basketball game. (给为一般疑问句并作否定回答)-_ she go to the basketball game? - No, she _.2. Jeff can come to the party. (改为否定句)Jeff _ come to the party.3. Can you come to my party on Saturday? (作肯定回答)_4. Can you go to the mall this Sunday?（做否定回答）_, I have a lot of work to do.三 改错1. -Who is the man over there? Is it Mr. Li?-No, it mustnt be him. Mr. Li is much taller.2. -Can you go hiking with me today?-Sorry, I can.答案：一. 1. B 2. A 二. 1.Can, cant 2. cant 3. Sure, Id love to 4. Sorry, I cant三. 1. mustnt 改为cant 2. I can 改为 I cant形容词比较级一形容词比较级的变化1. 规则变化（1）在形容词后直接加-er。如：tall-taller，short-shorter等。（2）以不发音的字母e结尾的只需在末尾加-r。如：nice-nicer，large-larger等。（3）以“辅音字母+y”结尾的形容词，要先把y变成i，然后再加-er。如：heavy-heavier，happy-happier等。（4）若以重读闭音节结尾且只有一个辅音字母，先双写这个辅音字母，然后再加-er。如：fat-fatter，hot-hotter等。（5）多音节和部分双音节的形容词，可不是在末尾变化，而是在前面加more。如：careful-more careful，athletic-more athletic等。2. 不规则变化good /well-better bad /badly-worse many /much-more few /little-less二形容词比较级的用法在描述单个的某人或某物所具有的特征时，需要用形容词原级形式，当把两者进行比较时，就用比较级，常见的表示这类用法的句型有：1.“A+be+比较级+than+B”表示“A在某方面超过B”。如：This book is dearer than that one. 这本书比那本书贵2.“Which /Who(se)+be+比较级, A or B?”意思是“A和B，哪个更.”。如：Which is bigger, the sun or the earth? 太阳和地球，哪个更大？Whose bag is heavier, yours or mine? 谁的包重些，你的还是我的？3.“A+be+the+比较级+of the two()”意思是“A是两者中较.的一个。”这时前面一定要加the，表示特指。如：Lily is the taller of the twins. 莉莉是双胞胎中个子较高的那个。三常与比较级连用的词1. 前面可以加上a little，a lot，much，even，still等程度副词作修饰语。如：She is much more careful than her brother. 她比她哥哥细心多了。2. 前面还可以加表示数量、倍数的修饰语。如：My brother is two years older than I. 我哥哥比我大两岁。This room is twice bigger than that one. 这个房间比那个房间大两倍。四使用比较级应注意的问题1. 避免比较对象的不相同。如：误My schoolbag is newer than you.正My schoolbag is newer than _2. 避免与自身相比。如：误Shanghai is bigger than all the cities in China.正Shanghai is bigger than all the _ cities in China.例：Shanghai is bigger than _in Jiangsu.A. any other cities B. all the other cities C. any cities D. other cities一用所给形容词的正确形式填空1. Who is _ _(outgoing), Sam or Tom?2. The strong young man looks very _(wild)3. Is Jack _(funny) than Bill?4. Her illness was _ _(serious) than the doctor first thought.5. I got _ (high) marks than my sister.二单项填空1. English is _than Japanese in China.A. popular B. popularer C. more popular D. much popular2. The two boys like sports very much. They are very _.A. unhealthy B. athletic C. more athletic D. healthier3. Mary is _ at English than her brother.A. better B. best C. good D. well4. The boy is _ than me, but he eats _than me.A. younger; more B. young ; much C. young; many D. more young ;more5. Lesson Ten is _than Lesson Nine.A. difficult B. more difficult C. difficulter D. very difficult三改为同义句1. Tom is 10 years old. Sam is 15 years old.Sam is _ _ Tom.Tom is _ _ Sam.2. My father is taller than my mother.My mother is _ _ my father.3. His bag is bigger than hers.Her bag isnt _ _ _ his.一. 1. more outgoing 2. wild 3. funnier 4. more serious 二. 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. B三. 1. older than, younger than 2. shorter than 3. as big as可数名词与不可数名词名词分为可数名词和不可数名词两大类。大多数名词为可数名词，有单复数之分，而不可数名词没有复数形式。1.可数名词变复数分为规则变化和不规则变化两种：(1)规则变化1)一般名词变复数时，直接加-s。如：book-books pen-pens hat-hats2)以字母-s，-x，-sh，-ch结尾的名词，在词尾加-es。如：bus-buses glass-glasses class-classes box-boxes fox-foxes watch-watches brush-brushes dish-dishes wish-wishes3)以-f，-fe结尾的，把f，fe变为v，再加-es。如：leaf-leaves half-halves self-selves wife-wives knife-knives wolf-wolves shelf-shelves thief-thieves life-lives 可把以上九个以-f，-fe结尾的词串成这样的一句口诀记忆：树叶(leaf)半数(half)自己(self)黄，妻子(wife)拿刀(knife)去杀狼(wolf)，架(shelf)后小偷(thief)逃命(life)忙。注意：有些词虽然也是以-f结尾，但复数形式却是直接加-s。如：roof(屋顶)-roofs belief(信仰)-beliefs proof(证据)-proofs handkerchief(手帕)-handkerchiefs4)以“辅音字母+-y”结尾的，先变y为i，再加-es。如：family-families lady-ladies city-cities5)以-o结尾的，有时加-es，有时加-s加-es的可串成口诀记忆： 黑人(Negro)英雄(hero)爱吃西红柿(tomato)和土豆(potato)。注意：千克的复数形式为kilos。如：I weight 52 kilos. 我的体重是52公斤。(2)不规则变化有些名词变复数时属于不规则变化，这种变化是通过改变单词中的某个字母或在词尾加后缀构成的。1)该a为e型：man-men woman-women Englishman-Englishmen Englishwoman-Englishwomen Frenchman-Frenchmen Frenchwoman-Frenchwomen policeman-policemen policewoman-policewomen2)该oo为ee型：foot-feet tooth-teeth goose-geese3)在词尾加-ren。如：child-children 4)其他特殊变化。如：mouse-mice2.不可数名词及其量的表示法：(1)不可数名词包括：物质名称：食物：bread meat rice cheese fish beef 饮料：milk water cola coffee wine tea 自然物质：air soil sand wood抽象名词：情感：love peace friendship joy happiness 概念：exercise knowledge energy population 学科：math geography physics chemistry(2)不可数名词的量的表示法：如果要表达出不可数名词具体的数量，可以通过“计量词+of+不可数名词”来表示。若想表达量的复数概念，只需把计量词变为复数形式即可。如：a piece of paper 一张纸 ten pieces of paper 十张纸 a cup of coffee 一杯咖啡 two cups of coffee 两杯咖啡a piece of news 一条消息 two pieces of news 两条消息 a drop of ink 一滴墨水 three drops of ink三滴墨水a bottle of milk 一瓶牛奶 five bottles of milk 五瓶牛奶 a bag of rice 一袋大米 twenty bags of rice 二十袋大米(3)可数名词与不可数名词的区别及其应用：1)可数名词单数可用修饰，复数可用基数词及some，any，few，a few，many，a lot of等来修饰。不可数名词不能直接用数词修饰，需用“基数词+计量词+of”结构，也可用some，any，little，a little，much a lot of来修饰。2)用how many询问可数名词数量的多少。用how much询问不可数名词数量的多少。3)单个单数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数；多个单数名词或复数名词作主语，谓语动词要用复数。不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。但当其前有“基数词+计量词+of”时，谓语动词依计量词而定。特别提醒：有些名词既是可数名词，又是不可数名词，但两种情况下的含义是不同的。如fish作可数名词表示“不同种类的鱼”，作不可数名词表示“鱼，鱼肉”。一 词组翻译 一个洋葱_ 六个西红柿_ 两杯咖啡_ 三茶匙调料_ 十瓶酸奶_ 四片面包_ 六位女医生_ 五名男学生_二 单项填空1. There_ two slices of chicken on the table and there _some relish on the slices.A. is ; are B. are ; is C. is ; is D. are ; are2. Pour _ yogurt into the glass, and then mix them up.A. three B. three teaspoon of C. three teaspoons D. three teaspoons of3. We use one of the two _ to cut up the beef.A. knife B. knifes C. knives D. knivs4. Turkey is delicious, but dont eat too much of _.A. it B. its C. them D. they答案：一. 1. an onion 2. six tomatoes 3. two cups of coffee 4. three teaspoons of relish 5. ten bottles of yogurt 6. four pieces of bread 7. six women doctors 8. five boy students 二. 1. B 2. D 3. C 4. A一般过去时(一)一定义：表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。二构成：一般过去时态的构成有三种形式1.主语 + was /were + 其他 2.there was /were + 其他 3.主语 + 动词的过去式 + 其他例如：He was here just now. 他刚才在这儿。There was an old picture on the wall last year. 去年墙上有一张旧画。 I did my homework yesterday. 昨天我做了家庭作业。三动词过去式的构成1.规则变化（1）一般的加-ed 如：clean -cleaned help -helped (2)以辅音字母+y 结尾的词变y为i再加-ed 如：study -studied cry -cried(3)以元音字母+y 结尾的词直接加-ed 如： play -played enjoy -enjoyed(4)以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母的词，要双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed.如：stop -stopped drop -dropped prefer -preferred2.不规则变化 go-went take-took have-had buy-bought eat-ate see-saw hang-hung meet-met win-won sleep-slept put-put come-came wake-woke read-read do-did 四常与一般过去时连用的时间状语1.yesterday及其构成的短语 Tom lost his bike yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午汤姆丢了他的自行车。2.由一段时间+ago 构成的短语 I finished my homework two hours ago. 两个小时前我就完成作业了。3.由last +时间名词构成的短语 He went to the movie last weekend. 上周末他去看电影了。4.由介词+过去时间的名词构成的短语 Our family lived in the country in1985. 1985年我们家住在农村。5.其他一些时间名词或短语 I saw her just now . 我刚才看见过她五一般过去式的句式转换1.句中带有动词的改为疑问句时，将was /were 提到主语之前，肯定回答为”Yes ,主语（代词）+was /were ” 和”Yes, there was /were ” 否定回答为”No ,主语（代词）+wasnt /werent” 和”No ,there wasnt /werent”。 改为否定句时，在was /were后加not即可。2.句中含有实义动词的，改为疑问句或否定句时，须借助情态动词或助动词did. I know the answer. 改为疑问：Did you know the answer ? 肯定/否定回答：Yes , I did . / No ,I didnt . 改为否定句： I didnt know the answer.1. do- have- stop- carry- give- come-2. (1) _ (be ) your mother in Beijing last week?(2)We _ (visit) the Summer Palace last summer holiday.(3)Mike_ (not have ) breakfast at home yesterday morning. (4) -What _ you _(do) last night ? -I _(watch) TV with my parents .3. (1) They cleaned their room yesterday (改为否定句) They _ _their room yesterday. (2) We watched a dolphin show on TV.(对划线部分提问) _ _ you watch on TV. (3) Bob wrote a letter to his friend last night. (改为一般疑问句) _ Bob _ a letter to his friend last night ? (4) He doesnt often go swimming. (用last Sunday 代替 often ) He _ _ swimming last Sunday. (5) I read todays newspaper this afternoon. (对划线部分提问) _ _ you read todays newspaper.答案：一. 1. did 2. had 3. stopped 4. carried 5. gave 6. came 二. 1. Was 2. visited 3. didnt have 4. did, do, watched三. 1. didnt clean 2. What did 3. Did, write 4. didnt go 5. When did一般过去时（二）一 一般过去时的基本用法1. 表示过去的动作或存在的状态。如：She went to Hong Kong by plane yesterday. 她昨天乘飞机去了香港。We saw the film last week. 我们上周看了那部电影。 2. 表示过去连续发生的动作。如：Li Lei got up early in the morning , had breakfast and then went to school by bus .李雷早上起得很早，吃过早饭，然后乘公共汽车上学。3. 表示过去一段时间内经常发生的动作。 如：When I was at school , I always went to school by bus .我在学校念书的时候，总是乘公共汽车上学。二 一般过去时特殊疑问句的构成一般过去时态的特殊疑问句时由“疑问词+was /were+主语+其他”或“疑问词+did+主语+其他”构成的。 如：How did