阅读理解：主旨大意型解试题分析与答题技巧(曾少珍).ppt

阅读理解试题分析与答题技巧之：,主旨大意型,一、题型特点,主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意。一般不易在文中直接找到答案。,二、题干表现形式：,1). 主题型主旨大意题的题干表现形式: The main idea of the passage is The passage is mainly about The passage is mainly discusses Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? What is the passage mainly about? 2). 目的类主旨大意题 The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to The passage is meant to . The purpose of this article is to 3). 标题类主旨大意题 The best title for the passage might be The best title for the passage would be,4,三、应试技巧,1、确定主题句； 2、文章“着墨”最多的点即文章的主旨意。,Return,三、应试技巧：如何寻找主题句,一、主题句的特点 主题句所表达的意思具有概括性 句子结构简单明了, 作者一般不会采用长句或结构复杂的句子作为文章的主题句 文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步解释,说明,论证或扩展.,应试技巧 如何寻找主题句,Passage 1 The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops.,）文首 开门见山,提出主题,随之用细节来解释, 支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想. 最常见的演绎法写作方式.,Passage 2,Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive. Man has made great progress in environment protection. Governments of many countries have established laws to protect the forests and sea resources and waste water and poisonous gases have been also dealt with. Still more measures should be taken to solve the problems. People should be further educated to realize the importance of the problem, to use modern methods of birth control and learn to recycle our natural resources. We are sure that we shall have a better and cleaned planet in the future., , , ,Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, “ It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the career. “ she said “ The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes. Shu said.,2). 首尾呼应 为突出主题, 作者先提出主题, 结尾时再次点出主题, 这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见. 通常, 前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复, 后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味,A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, compared with that of a wild animal, but it is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Mans games show how he can control his own body. No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so strong in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him.,3). 文尾 在表述细节后, 归纳要点, 印象, 结论建议或结果, 以概括主题. 这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式,10,Example 3 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.,(3)在短文中间 主题句也可以安排在段中间, 此时前面只提出问题，文中的主题由其后陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 然后再作进一步的解释, 支持或发展.,_,_ _,5). 无主题句 即主题句隐含在全文中, 没有明确的主题句. 必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。,Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida. Q: What is the main idea of the passage? A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer. B. Bingham is a diligent student. C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education. D. A good lawyer needs good education.,C,6). 注意标志词,文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后. On the whole, in short, all in all ,therefore I agree with the opinion that Given all these points above, I would support the idea that For all the reasons mentioned above, I would prefer “for example” “first” “second”等之前的句子中或者 “” “above all” 等之后的句子后。,应试技巧,三、选项分析 正确选项的特点 含有抽象名词和概括性词语. 四个选项中, 含有approach, concept, chance, opportunity, various, both, general, many, difficult, way, necessity, necessary, importance 等词的选项一般是正确选项. 四个选项中, 内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确选项 那些概括全文, 内容全面, 含义深刻, 说明道理的选项一般是答案项, 而选项内容片面, 单一的内容一般是错误选项.,错误选项的特点 以偏概全. 只是局部信息, 或是一句没有展开论述的话. 过于笼统. 即归纳的主题太泛, 与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论述. 把观点强加与作者. 读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解. 无关信息, 既在文章中没有提到或找不到语言依据的信息,An old English saying goes, “Spare the rod, Spoil the child.” In order to make a child on him and let him eat bitter foods, do hard work and plunge him into such unit or organization where he of she can get the greatest training and knowledge. In the first place Doing hard work is also necessary for a child Finally , dont always keep the child at home From the above, we can see that, for a child to accomplish anything in the world, the best way is to have a strict demand on him, let him live a hard life and go where there are difficulties,17,1. English is clearly an international language. It is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world. Over 70 percent of the worlds radio programs are in English.,本段主题句为首句, 其后的内容均说明首句。,Please find out the topic sentence of the following passages.,巩固练习,18,2. People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink.,练中学,19,练中学,3 Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.,20,4. Just as I settle down to read or watch television, he demands that I play with him. If I get a telephone call, he screams in the background or knocks something over. I always have to hang up to find out whats wrong with him. Baby-sitting with my little brother is no fun. He refuses to let me eat a snack in peace. Usually he wants half of whatever I have to eat. Then, when he finally grows tired, it takes about an hour for him to fall asleep.,有时段落是先介绍背景和细节，接着用一句综合或概括性的话概括前面所说的内容或事例，然后再围绕主题展开对有关问题的深入讨论。,_ _,21,5.Every normal person is expert in the skill of pronouncing his own language; but few people are even moderately proficient at pronouncing foreign language. Now there so many reasons for this, some obvious, some perhaps not so obvious. But I suggest that the fundamental reason why people in general do not speak foreign language very much better that they do is that they fail to grasp the true nature of the problem of learning to pronunciation, and consequently never set about tacking it in the right way.,22,Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(读写能力). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence (自信心), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ). The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literacy specialists admit tha