版2019版高考英语大一轮复习Unit4Astronomy讲义新人教版必修306197.doc

Unit 4Astronomy: the science of the stars重点单词1system n系统；体系；制度2theory n学说；理论3atmosphere n大气层；气氛4unlike prep.不同；不像5fundamental adj.基本的；基础的6multiply vi.& vt.乘；增加7satellite n卫星；人造卫星8crash vi.& vt.碰撞；坠落9float vi.& vt.(使)浮动；(使)漂浮n漂浮物10astronomy n天文学astronomer n天文学家astronaut n宇航员11religion n宗教；宗教信仰religious adj.宗教上的；信奉宗教的；虔诚的12globe n球体；地球仪；地球global adj.全球性的；全世界的13violent adj.猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的violence n暴力；激烈；猛烈violently adv.暴力地；猛烈地14harmful adj.有害的harm n& vt.损害；伤害；危害harmless adj.无害的15puzzle n谜；难题vt.& vi.(使)迷惑；(使)为难puzzled adj.感到困惑的puzzling adj.令人困惑的16biology n生物学biologist n生物学家17physicist n物理学家physics n物理学 18climate n气候weather n天气19pull n& vt.拉(力)；拖；牵引力push n& vt.推；推动，推进20exist vi.存在；生存existence n存在；生存21exhaust vt.用尽；耗尽；使精疲力尽exhaustion n耗尽；枯竭；精疲力尽exhausted adj.耗尽的；用完的；精疲力尽的exhausting adj.使耗尽的；使人精疲力尽的重点短语1matchwith 使和相匹配2in_time 及时；终于3give_birth_to 产生；分娩4in_ones_turn 轮到某人；接着 5preventfrom 阻止；制止 6block_out 挡住(光线)7cheer_up 感到高兴；感到振奋 8now_that 既然 9break_out 突发；爆发10watch_out 密切注意；当心；提防 11think ofas 把看作是 12come_into_being 产生；形成13make_a_trip 去旅行 14get_close_to 接近 15step_forward 向前迈步重点句型1“make itadj./n.to do sth”结构This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.(教材P26)2“Abe倍数as形容词或副词原级asB”的倍数表达法But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.(教材P31)3now that引导原因状语从句“Oh dear，” I cried, “walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.”(教材P31)语法要点主语从句What it was to become was uncertain until between 45 and 38 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.(教材P25)Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.(教材P26)1harmfuladj.有害的What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas. (教材P26)很多科学家相信，由于地球上长期有水存在，地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。(1)be harmful to对有害(2)(3)harmless adj.无害的Some boys are too crazy about playing games on the computer, which is very harmful (harm) to their health.有些男生对玩电脑游戏简直到了痴迷的程度，这对他们的健康非常有害。Air pollution and noise pollution caused by automobiles do harm to our health.由汽车产生的空气污染和噪音污染对我们的健康造成了危害。If you want to solve the problem in this way, there is no harm in calling him.如果你想以这种方式来解决问题，你不妨给他打个电话。The trouble was sparked off by an apparently harmless (harm) phrase.这场麻烦是由一句明显无恶意的话引起的。2existvi.存在；生存(没有被动语态，也不用于进行时态)They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years.(教材P26)它们也生蛋，在地球上生存了一亿四千多万年。(1)(2)(3)existing adj.现存的；现行的You cant imagine what difficulty they have existing on the money hes earning.你无法想象他们靠他挣的那点钱维持生活是多么的困难。There exists a generation gap between the young and the old.青年人和老年人之间存在着代沟。Scientists have many theories about how the universe first came into existence (exist)关于宇宙是如何产生的，科学家们有多种观点。By embracing other cultures, we actually broaden our horizons, rather than narrow any existing (exist) ones. 通过接纳其他文化，我们实际上拓宽了视野，而不是让现有的范围变得狭窄。3puzzlevt.(使)迷惑；(使)为难；(使)窘困vi.感到迷惑n(游戏的)猜谜；难题；谜How life began on earth is one of the biggest puzzles that scientists found hard to solve.(教材P27)地球生命如何起源是科学家们觉得难解决的最大难题之一。(1)(2)(3)puzzlement n迷茫；困惑The police are still puzzling about/over how the accident happened.警察仍在苦思这起事故是怎么发生的。She managed to puzzle out the meaning of that long sentence.她总算把那个长句的意思揣摩出来了。Where the lost boy has gone still remains a puzzle to us.丢失的男孩去了哪儿对我们来说仍是个谜。The whole business is very puzzling (puzzle). There is a lot more to it than meets the eye.整件事令人非常费解，远比看起来复杂。4pulln& vt.拉(力)；拖；牵引力As the rocket rose into the air, we were pushed back into our seats because we were trying to escape the pull of the earths gravity.(教材P30)随着火箭的升空，因为我们在努力挣脱地球的引力，我们被向后推回到座位上。pull back 撤回；后悔pull down 拆毁；摧毁；把往下拉；使下跌pull in (车辆)进站停靠；靠边停靠pull out 驶出；(使)退出；(列车)出站pull over (车辆)向路边停靠；驶向路边pull through康复，痊愈；度过难关pull up 拔起；停车；阻止Several houses were pulled down to make way for the new road.为了给新修的道路让路，几座房屋被拆毁了。The police car signalled to us to pull in/over.警车发出信号，要我们驶向路边停靠。We waved as the train pulled out of the station.火车驶出车站时我们挥手告别。The doctor told me that I would pull through.医生告诉我我会康复的。1in time及时；终于；总有一天They were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, which were to make the earths atmosphere.(教材P2526)最终产生了碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。on time 准时；按时in no time 立即；马上all the time 一直；始终at no time 决不(位于句首时，句子用部分倒装)at a time 一次；每次at one time曾经；一度at the same time 同时take ones time 别着急；慢慢来from time to time 不时；有时；偶尔kill time 消磨时间He managed to send the tourists to the airport in time.他设法把游客及时送到机场。After the accident, the injured were taken to the nearest hospital in no time.事故发生后，受伤的人员被立刻送进了最近的医院。At one time, half the land on the Earths surface was covered by forests.曾经，地球表面有一半的土地被森林覆盖。The technicians and experts of both parties should hold meetings from time to time for technical exchange.双方的技术人员和专家要经常召开会议，进行技术交流。2in ones turn轮到某人；接着Thus they have, in their turn, become the most important animals on the planet.(教材P26)于是，它们接着成为了这个行星上最重要的动物。(1)(2)It is ones turn to do sth轮到某人做某事(3)It turns/turned out that结果When it is in my turn, I am too excited to speak.当轮到我时，我激动得都说不出话来了。All theories are derived from practice and in turn serve practice.所有的理论都来源于实践，并反过来为实践服务。The two sons looked after their sick mother by turns.两个儿子轮流照顾他们生病的母亲。At the meeting they took turns to_put (put) forward a number of suggestions aiming to promote the reform of education system.会议上，他们依次提出了很多旨在促进教育体制改革的建议。3preventfrom阻止；制止They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere，which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.(教材P26)他们把过多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中，这使得地球上的热量不能释放到太空中去。(1) 阻止做注：以上三个短语用于被动语态时，from均不能省略。(2)protect/shelter/guardfrom保护不受侵袭(from后接能带来伤害或损害之物)No one can prevent this plan from being_carried (carry) out.谁也不能阻止这个计划的实施。He wears sunglasses to protect his eyes from the strong sunlight.他戴墨镜保护眼睛免受强烈太阳光的伤害。4cheer up(使)高兴；(使)振奋；感到高兴；感到振奋I cheered up immediately and floated weightlessly around in our spaceship cabin watching the earth become smaller and the moon larger.(教材P31)我立刻高兴起来，由于失重我在太空舱里飘来飘去，我望着(身后的)地球越来越小，而(前方的)月亮越来越大。(1)(2)Cheers! 口语(用于祝酒)干杯！I do hope she can cheer up and accept the challenge of life bravely.我真心希望她能振作起来，勇敢地接受生活的挑战。Lets go to the football game and cheer for our favorite team.咱们去看足球比赛，为我们最喜爱的球队呐喊助威。1“make itadj./n.to do sth”结构This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.(教材P26)这就产生了连锁反应，使得生命发展成为可能。【句式点拨】在“make itadj./n.for sb/sthto do sth”结构中，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式，而形容词(或名词)充当了宾语补足语成分。另外，it作形式宾语，除了可指代不定式结构外，还可以指代that引导的宾语从句：make itadj./n.thatclause。make复合结构的四种形式：make宾语宾语补足语They made it clear (clearly) to the public that they did an important and necessary job.他们向公众表明，他们所做的工作重要且必不可少。Praise makes good men better (good) and bad men worse. 赞扬使好人更好，坏人更坏。She let me see that making others feel good made me feel (feel) good, too.她让我明白了使他人开心也会使自己开心。When I first came to New York, I had a lot of trouble making myself understood (understand). 我刚到纽约时，想让别人听懂我的话非常困难。 “Make yourself (you) at home，” the hostess said to me as soon as I entered the house. 我刚一进门，女主人就对我说：“就像在你自己家一样。”2“Abe倍数as形容词或副词原级asB”的倍数表达法But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.(教材P31)而当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。倍数表达法：(1)“Abe倍数as形容词或副词的原级asB”，表示“A是B的多少倍”。(2)“Abe倍数形容词或副词的比较级thanB”，表示“A比B大(长/高/宽等)多少倍”。(3)“A倍数 asB”，表示“A是B的多少倍”。(4)“Abe倍数the size/height/length/widthofB”，表示“A(的尺寸/高/长/宽等)是B的多少倍”。(5)“A倍数whatclause”，表示“A是的多少倍”。There are five times more books in our library than in yours.我们图书馆里的书比你们图书馆里的书多五倍。Skincare is almost three times as popular in China as makeup. 护肤品在中国的受欢迎程度是化妆品的三倍。He has read twice as many books as I have.他读过的书的数量是我读过的两倍。My house is twice the size of my parents.我的房子是我父母的两倍大。The worlds population has grown to more than six times what it was in 1800.目前世界人口总量与1800年相比已经增长到当时的六倍。3now that引导原因状语从句“Oh dear，” I cried, “walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.”(教材P31)“天哪，”我大声说，“既然重力改变了，看来走路也的确需要练一练了。”【句式点拨】本句中，now that意为“由于，既然”，引导原因状语从句。在语义上相当于since，有时that可以省略。Now that I have nothing to do, I can enjoy music for a little while.既然无事可做，我可以听一会儿音乐了。Now (that) you cant answer the question, Ill ask someone else.既然你回答不出这个问题，我就问别人了。【巧学活用】 高考小作文既然你对中国传统文化感兴趣，我认为这个节日对你而言将是个有价值的经历。Now_that_you_are_interested_in_traditional_Chinese_culture,_I thought this festival would be a worthwhile experience for you.品句填词(用所给词的适当形式或根据语境写一个合适的词)1Scientists are not sure about the existence (exist) of water on Mars, so whether humans can live on it isnt proved. 2The puzzled (puzzle) expression on his face suggested that he was not able to work out the difficult problem. 3He also said the government must be willing to spend extra money to prevent people from starving.4The driver lost control of the car on the slippery road and crashed into a truck.5Technology and innovation are the building blocks of a globally (global) competitive 21st century economy.6I do believe what children eat is fundamental to their health, growth and development.7More seriously, it can release harmful (harm) chemicals into the soil and water when dumped, or into the air when burned.8At all times, you should watch out for fake websites offering downloads in exchange for your credit card number. 9They found the crashed aircraft had been smashed to pieces, killing all 4 aboard, 3 of whom were foreigners.10The festival of this year has been a great success, unlike (like) the year before when it rained nonstop.单句改错(含本单元的词汇和语法)1Schoolwork burden will encourage students to develop when it is appropriate, and will be harmful students and useless to education when it is extreme.2I felt so upset and I was . I didnt move until the young security man asked me several times. 3The current global imbalance has been / for decades for deeplyrooted reasons, many of which simply reflect commonsense reality.4At the driving school different people at different ages have the same goal and under the instruction of the coach the trainees took to drive.5Unless we get more funding well be prevented finishing our experimental programme.6His father continued to encourage him but also made it clear he did not have to play football if he didnt want to. 7There is so much rain on the island that its annual rainfall reaches as as sixty inches.8. Youll succeed time because you are always working hard.9The use of computers as a medium of communication has given birth a new language phenomenoncyber language. 10. He will come to the conference has excited every one of us; we have been looking forward to seeing him for years.课文语法填空At the very beginning the earth was just a cloud of dust after the “Big Bang”. Then the dust combined into a solid globe 1moving (move) around the sun. The earth became so violent 2that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. The earth exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were 3in time to produce many things, 4which were to make the earths atmosphere. As the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface. It allowed the earth 5to_dissolve (dissolve) harmful gases. Then life began to develop.The first extremely small plants multiplied and 6filled (fill) the first oceans and seas with oxygen. This encouraged the later 7development (develop) of early shellfish and fish. Land animals such as insects, reptiles and dinosaurs appeared 8after green plants appeared. Small clever animals spread all over the earth. But they are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat 9from escaping from the earth into space. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years 10to come (come) will depend on whether this problem can be solved. .阅读理解A Open Monday to Saturday 10：00 to 17：00 and Sunday 12：00 to 17：00. Last admissions at 16：30 each day. Personal Admission: Adults, 5; Seniors/Students, 4. Group Admission(Ten or more): Adults 4.5 per person; Students/Seniors 3.50 per person. Payment for groups must be made together.Welcome to the James Joyce CentreThe James Joyce Centre is to promote an understanding of the life and works of James Joyce. In doing so, the Centre tries to work with institutions to celebrate Irelands rich cultural heritage(遗产). The James Joyce Centre provides the casual visitor with a rewarding and memorable experience. The Centres home is a restored 18th century townhouse in the north of Dublin, the city of Joyces birth and the setting for all his works. From this central place in Joyces heartland, the Centre aims to develop an appreciation of this most remarkable and significant literary figure of the 20th century.No 35 North Great Georges Street was built in 1784 and decorated with fine plasterwork(灰泥) by Michael Stapleton. The house was restored in the 1980s and opened as the James Joyce Centre in 1996, run by members of Joyces sisters family.The Kenmare Room is used for lectures and has a small show of reproductions of Joyce family pictures. In addition, this room provides details of Joyces life and times, a reading table where visitors can sit and read works by and about Joyce, and a show of some of the many translations of Joyces works.Exhibitions The centres permanent and temporary exhibitions show various aspects of Joyces life and work. Through shows and three films, you may dig into the novel about its historical background and learn more about Joyces life. The Centre also hosts International Joyce, an exhibition that provides a wonderful introduction to the life and works of James Joyce.Walking ToursOur walking tours are available every Saturday at 11 am and 2 pm, and by advanced booking on Tuesdays and Thursdays at 11 am and 2 pm(with at least four people). Adults 10; Seniors/Students 8. For bookings, contact infojamesoyce.ie. We look forward to your visit.语篇导读本文为应用文，主要介绍了詹姆斯乔伊斯中心景点观光的相关情况。1According to the text, the James Joyce Centre _.Ahas a history of about 30 yearsBis run by Dublins governmentCis on the North Great Georges StreetDhas been well protected since its construction解析 C细节理解题。根据Welcome to the James Joyce Centre这部分内容的第三段可知，詹姆斯乔伊斯中心的前身是北大乔治街上第35号建筑，故选C项。2It can be inferred from the text that in the James Joyce Centre, you can _.Asee some movies about James JoyceBlisten to James Joyces lecturesClearn every event of James Joyces timesDhave the walking tours by yourself解析 A推理判断题。根据倒数第二段第二句可推断，在詹姆斯乔伊斯中心可以看到关于乔伊斯生活事迹的电影，故选A项。3What is the main purpose of the text?ATo comment on the James Joyce Centre.BTo tell the history of the James Joyce Centre.CTo briefly introduce the James Joyce Centre.DTo attract potential tourists to the James Joyce Centre.解析 D写作意图题。本文主要介绍了参观詹姆斯乔伊斯中心的时间、入场方式，该中心建立的原因、历史由来等内容。再根据Welcome to the James Joyce Centre以及We look forward to your visit等可推断，本文主要是想通过介绍詹姆斯乔伊斯中心而吸引游客前来游玩，故选D项。BPutting together lunches that your children will enjoy can seem like a difficult task, as you struggle to meet the tastes of your kids with all of the food in the world. There are some tips for you to complete this and give your kids a healthy treat at the same time.4_ Have your kids select their own lunchboxes or lunch bags. This will let them express their personal style and will allow them to make a choice. They can give the presentation of their lunch a personal touch that will make it more attractive. Most older kids prefer plain brown bags.5_Buy a frozen ice pack or freeze the juice boxes you plan to include.6_ In this way, he or she doesnt end up with soggy sandwiches and other lunch problems. Containers are likely to “sweat” a little when they thaw, so wrap them up well to avoid any sogginess soaking through.Try to include a good combination of your childs favorite snacks and healthy choices. If you include a bland sandwich and a pile of carrot sticks, your child may end up putting the lunch on the trading block. But if you pack lunches with delicious treats and healthy choices, kids are more apt to eat everything in the bag and look forward to lunch the next day.7_Packing school lunches is often a task that moms and dads may fear, but it doesnt have to end up that way.8_ALike all things in life, packing school lunches is really all about balance.BHowever, younger kids will jump at the chance to pick a fun lunch bag.COne of the first things you need to do is to make sure that your kids have the right containers for lunch.DYou can consult it with your children ahead of time.EYou can pack a school lunch that is both exciting and healthy, just by being a little creative.FThe frozen juice will look inviting and make your child have a good appetite.GThis will help refrigerate everything in your childs lunch.语篇导读本文为说明文。孩子上学带午餐常苦恼着父母：带什么食物？用什么工具带午餐？作者给出了一些锦囊妙计。4解析 C顺承关系。根据上段最后一句There are some tips for you可知，此处应当用One of the first things you need to do is来引出第一条建议，故选C项。5解析 B转折关系。上句说到Most older kids prefer plain brown bags，因此，此处应用表示对比的句子，故选B项。6解析 G顺承关系。空前一句中的frozen, ice, freeze和G项中refrigerate(冰冻)相对应，故选G项。7解析 A重申关系。A项与本段段首的主题句相呼应：给孩子带的午餐既要是孩子爱吃的，又要是健康的，要保持平衡，故选A项。8解析 E总结关系。本段是对全文关键信息的总结，全文结构为：提出观点具体建议总结或归纳观点，故选E项。.完形填空(状元桥原创)I grew up in