版2019版高考英语大一轮复习Unit3Inventorsandinventions讲义新人教版选修806187.doc

Unit 3Inventors and inventions重点单词1.patent n专利证书；专利权2.passive adj.被动的；消极的；被动语态的3seize vt.抓住；捉住；夺 4.valid adj.有效的；确凿的5file n文件；档案；文件夹vt.将归档；提交 6.ripe adj.熟的；成熟的7jam n堵塞；阻塞；果酱 8.dynamic adj.充满活力的；精力充沛的；动态的；发展变化的9tap v轻打；轻拍；轻敲n轻轻地敲击(声)；(水)龙头10current n(水或气)流；电流adj.现在的；当前的11extention n扩大；延伸12distinguish vi.& vt.显示的差别；使有所不同；辨别distinguished adj.卓越的；著名的distinguishable adj.易分辨的13cube n立方体；立方cubic adj.立方的14abrupt adj.突然的；意外的abruptly adv.突然地；唐突地15convenient adj.方便的；便利的；就近的convenientlyadv.便利地；方便地convenience n方便；便利16caution n小心；谨慎cautious adj.小心的；谨慎的cautiously adv.小心地；谨慎地17expectation n预料；期待；期望expect v期待；预期；认为18merry adj.愉快的；高兴的merrily adv.愉快地；高兴地19criterion n(评判的)标准；尺度criteria(pl.)20freezing adj.冰冻的；严寒的freeze v冰冻frozen adj.冻结的21innocent adj.清白的；无罪的；天真的innocence n天真；清白22bear vt.忍受；忍耐；负担stand，endure(近义词)23associate vt.联想；联系n同伴；伙伴association n联系；协会24practical adj.实际的；实践的；实用的practice v& n练习；实践impractical adj.不明智的；不现实的25competence n能力；胜任；本领competent adj.能胜任的；有能力的；称职的26merciful adj.宽大的；仁慈的；慈悲的merciless adj.残忍的；无情的mercy n宽恕；仁慈重点短语1.call_up 给打电话2.now_and_then 偶尔；有时3beaten_track 被踩出来的路；常规；惯例4.dive_into 迅速把手伸入；一心投入5in_truth 的确；事实上 6.hang_on 不挂断；紧紧握住；稍等7out_of_order 次序颠倒；发生故障 8.get_through 接通(电话)；(设法)做完9set_about 开始；着手set_out_(to_do) 着手做；动身10ring_back 回复电话ring_off 挂断电话重点句型1.before 作从属连词，在句中连接时间状语从句The next morning I got up early before the sun was hot.(教材P20)2“only状语”置于句首的倒装句Only after you have had that recognition can you say that you are truly an inventor.(教材P21)3so.that.如此以至于The criteria are so strict that it is difficult to get new ideas accepted unless they are truly novel.(教材P21)4“祈使句and/or/otherwise陈述句”结构Follow it up, explore all around it, and before you know it, you will have something worth thinking.(教材P25)语法要点复习过去分词(用作定语、表语和宾语补足语)I carried in my hand a small net used for catching fish.(教材P21)He seemed embarrassed by the failure of his patent.(教材P24)Catherine wants her paintings displayed in the gallery.(教材P24)1distinguishvi.& vt.辨别；显示的差别；使有所不同Here was a chance for me to distinguish myself by inventing something merciful that would catch snakes but not harm them.(教材P20)这回我有机会来表现一下自己，我要发明某种仁慈东西，既可以把蛇抓到又不会伤害到它们。(1)(2)(3)distinguishable adj.易分辨的；能区分的Reading good books enriches our mind and teaches us to distinguish between right and wrong.阅读好书既能丰富我们的知识又能教我们分辨是非。Daniel Anderson, a famous psychologist, believes its important to distinguish televisions influences on children from those of the family.著名心理学家丹尼尔安德森认为区分电视和家庭对儿童的影响是很重要的。Distinguished(distinguish) for its magnificent church towers, the city is an attraction to visitors from all over the world.以其宏伟的教堂建筑而闻名遐迩，这座城市吸引了来自世界各地的游客。2convenientadj.便利的；方便的；就近的They abruptly disappeared into a convenient hole in the wall.(教材P20)他们突然就消失在附近的墙洞里了。(1)(2)(3)conveniently adv.便利地；方便地The Internet makes it convenient for us to get in touch with each other.互联网使得我们相互联系便利了。Ill call in two weeks to arrange a meeting at your convenience(convenient)我会在两周后再打电话，把会议安排在您方便的时候。【巧学活用】 高考小作文如果您方便的话，让我们8：30在学校门口碰头。If_it_is_convenient_for_you,_lets_meet_at_8：30_outside_the_school_gate.【提示】convenient作表语时，不用人作主语，而要用物或形式主语it，其后常接介词for或to或动词不定式，但后跟不定式时，只能用介词for。3bearvt.(bore；borne/born)忍受；忍耐；负担；生育I cannot bear the smell of burnt sausage on the barbecue.(教材P24)我忍受不了烤肉架上烤焦的香肠的气味。(1)(2)(3)Shaw, an animal lover, said he couldnt bear to_part/parting(part) with his dog.肖是一个喜爱动物的人，他说他舍不得与自己的爱犬分离。The woman star couldnt bear the media to_expose/exposing(expose) her private life to the public.这位女明星无法忍受媒体将她的私生活公诸于众。The idea for the TV show was_born(bear) in his hospital room.这个电视节目的想法诞生于他的病房。You must bear it in mind that your parents hope to depend on you to become a good doctor.你要记住你的父母希望你成为一名好医生。【提示】 borne和born都是bear的过去分词，表示“出生，出自”时用born，并且仅用于被动式；表示“生育”时用borne。4associatevt.联想；联系Although he is most often associated with the invention of the telephone.(教材P26)虽然人们常把他与电话的发明联系在一起(1)(2)(3)You must bear it in mind that you should never associate with bad companions.你必须要牢记千万别和坏人交往。We are working in association(associate) with a local company to raise money for the homeless.我们联合一家当地的公司，为无家可归的人筹款。Health is frequently thought to_be_associated(associate) with a balanced diet and regular exercise.人们总是把健康的生活与均衡饮食和经常锻炼联系在一起。1call up给打电话；使回忆起When I called up my mother in the countryside on the telephone she was very upset.(教材P20)我给住在乡下的母亲打电话的时候，她感到很心烦。(1)call与打电话有关的短语：(2)The sound of happy laughter called up memories of his childhood.这幸福的笑声唤起了他对童年的回忆。I tried to call you up last night, but no one answered the phone.我昨晚曾打电话给你，但没人接。The game was called off because of the bad weather.比赛因天气恶劣被取消。The Ministry of Education calls on/upon students to exercise for an hour every day.教育部呼吁学生每天锻炼一个小时。2set about开始；着手做(about是介词，其后常接名词或动名词)I set about researching the habits of snakes to find the easiest way to trap them.(教材P20)我着手研究蛇的习性，以便能找到捕蛇的最简易的方法。set out (to do sth)开始(做某事)；动身；启程set off表示“启程；开始”，多指开始踏上征程，常常和on, for等搭配；还可以表示“使爆发；引发”。Paul set about working/set out to work the moment he got home.保罗一到家就开始工作。She is going to set out/off for France at five oclock in the morning.她准备早上五点钟出发去法国。The enemys tank truck caught fire and set off a chain of explosions.敌人的油罐车着火，引起了一连串的爆炸。3get through接通(电话)；(设法)做完；通过；(使)熬过；用完；耗尽I cant get through.(教材P26)我打不通电话。【一词多义】写出下列句中get through的含义。It took us only a few minutes to get through the customs.通过I couldnt get through to her because her phone was busy all day. 打通电话I managed to get through the project and the pain was worth it in the end. (设法)做完Eliza found writing helped her get through the rough days. 熬过The little boy got through all his money in just one week and had to ask his mom for some more. 用完Luckily, he got through the exam and his efforts paid off. 通过(1)(2)Its time I got down to thinking(think) about that essay.是时候我该认真思考一下那篇论文了。“祈使句and/or/otherwise陈述句”结构Follow it up, explore all around it, and before you know it, you will have something worth thinking about to occupy your mind.(教材P25)跟随它，在它的周围探索，不知不觉中，你脑中将会充满值得思考的事情。【句式点拨】本句为“祈使句and陈述句”结构。(1)祈使句and陈述句If.，主句(2)祈使句or/or else/otherwise陈述句If.not.，主句(3)名词词组and陈述句Work hard, and you will pass the exam.努力学习，你会通过考试的。Work hard, or/otherwise you will fail the exam.努力学习，否则你考试会不及格的。One more hour, and we will_do(do) the job better.再给一个小时，我们会把工作做得更好。【提示】 以上结构后面的陈述句多用表示将来意义的时态结构。.品句填词(用所给词的适当形式或根据语境写一个合适的词)1David Harris is professor of law and a distinguished(distinguish) scholar at the University of Pittsburgh.2Bearing(bear) a heavy burden, the single mother has to work hard to bring up her children.3Mom drove cautiously(caution) through the snow and the children wondered what she was going to show them. 4She argues that the sooner we set about collecting(collect) information, the more active well be. 5I believe Im competent in this job, and have wonderful performance beyond your expectation(expect). 6The groups you associate with often determine the type of person you becomehealthy or unhealthy. 7The exhibition was organized by the school in association(associate) with local artists.8We sit for long hours in front of a computer, glued(glue) to our chairs or stuck to our phones. 9Id like to place things where it is convenient(convenience) to get them.10When the ice is heated above freezing(freeze) point, it begins to change into a liquid state.单句改错(含本单元的词汇和语法)1It is the superior intelligence and the use of language that distinguish man the other animals.2The moment she came back from work, she set to clean the kitchen thoroughly.3Many people associate dark clouds depression and gloom.4The girls face called the image of his dead wife in his mind. 5You must bear it in mind your parents urge that you shouldnt play with fire.6The earthquake has destroyed most houses in the village. How are they going to get the winter?7Alexander tried to get his work in the medical circles.8We cannot hear a woman singing in the next room.9We were going to play football, but it was /hot we decided to do otherwise. 10Seize the chance you will regret it.课文语法填空When I called up my mother in the countryside 1.on/over/through the phone, she told me snakes came near the house now and then, and they seemed to 2.have_made(make) their home there. I got the chance to distinguish3.myself(I) by inventing something merciful to catch snakes. No products can help me catch snakes, so I set 4.about researching the habits of snakes in order to trap them. I decided on three approaches: firstly 5.removing(remove) their habitat; secondly, attracting them 6.into a trap using perfume or food, and thirdly cooling them. I used the 7.frozen(freeze) bowl to make the snakes 8.less(little) active, and then collected them. The next day we 9.merrily(merry) set all of them free, in other words we released them back into 10.the wild.阅读理解AHumans have launched themselves into the outer space. Theyve landed on the moon. Theyve built habitable space stations that orbit the Earth. The next giant leap for mankind is to reach another planetspecifically, Mars.The problem is that its no easy task. The planet is 586 times further away from the Earth than the moon, and itll take around 180 to 220 days to reach Mars, depending on where each planet is in its orbit. Such long periods in space have suggested many potential health problems, including hormonal changes, skin conditions, and muscle and bone deterioration(损耗)Heres where some furry friends come in. A wide range of animals have been in space, from fruit flies and spiders to cats, and dogs. Such experiments began as far back as the late 1940s in first tests to see if living things could withstand the extreme gforce(重力) of a rocket launch.Mice continue to play a very important part in space experiments, mainly because the animals make excellent test subjects. Theyre small, which makes them inexpensive and easy to care for. In addition, their size and short life span make it possible to do the equivalent of several human years of tests in a much shorter time. Finally, because mice are mammals, they share many common characteristics with humans in terms of genetics, biology and behavior.Astromice have hit the headlines recently, as a team of scientists led by Betty Nusgens, professor of biology at the University of Liege in Belgium, found that the mice suffered a 15 percent thinning of their skin after 91 days aboard the International Space Station(ISS)This experiment was part of a wider NASA mission(任务) called the Mice Drawer System(MDS). The Italian Space Agency developed the facility, which allows six mice to be housed, monitored, and automatically fed and watered aboard the ISS, among which three survived during the mission. The mice have participated in 20 separate experiments, to study such effects as osteoporosis (骨质疏松症), anemia(贫血) and heart health.Results for the 20 experiments are coming in gradually. But its clear that mice continue to play an important role in the ongoing quest to conquer the final frontier.语篇导读本文为说明文。人类从未停止对未知的探索，继人类踏上月球之后，人类开始探索去往火星的旅程。1We can infer from Paragraphs 23 that _.AMars is the farthest planet away from Earth discovered so farBthe journey to Mars could put humans health at riskCit was in the late 1940s that animals were first sent to the ISSDanimals that have been sent into space have mostly survived解析 B推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句可知，正是因为去往太空可能会有这些健康问题，所以第三段写到要先用小动物来做实验，故选B项。2The underlined word “withstand” in Para.3 means _.Aset upBhold upCwork outDcome across解析 B词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句子可知，这些实验早在20世纪40年代就开始了，第一个实验是观测生物是否能够忍受火箭发射的巨大重力。hold up支持住；承受住，故选B项。3According to Betty Nusgens and her team, the mice aboard the ISS _.Asuffered the loss of part of their skin Ball survived for the duration of the missionCwere fed and watered by the astronauts Dparticipated in 20 experiments that made great breakthroughs解析 A细节理解题。根据第五段可知，在国际空间站待了91天后，这些老鼠的皮肤变薄了15%，故选A项。4The main purpose of the article is to _.Adescribe the role mice play in scientific researchBreport on the results of the Mice Drawer SystemCanalyze how mice could pave the way to MarsDchange peoples traditional attitudes toward mice解析 C写作意图题。文章主要讲述了为检测人类在去往火星探索的旅程中可能遭受的身体损害，需要用小动物来做实验，而在众多小动物中，老鼠被认为是最适合的，因此老鼠为人类通向火星奠定了基础，故选C项。BWhat do you do when you need to look something up? Go to the library? Open an encyclopedia(百科全书)? Click onto the Internet? These days, most people go straight to Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia. But how reliable is it?There is no denying the popularity and usefulness of Wikipedia. It attracts as many as 78 million visitors every month, and the site is available in more than 270 different languages. Its one of the most comprehensive resources available, which includes almost all details, facts and information that may be concerned. Its got much more information than an ordinary encyclopedia. The site is updated on a daily basis by thousands of people around the world. Anyone with an Internet connection can log on and edit the contents or add a new page. And you dont need any formal training.Of course, there are some controls. Wikipedia has a team of more than 1,500 administrators who check for false information. And main targets for harmful comments (such as politicians) are offlimits to public editing. But with more than 16 million articles to keep an eye on, it isnt easy. So, while Wikipedia benefits from being constantly updated with information from all over the world, its also open to “vandals”(破坏他人财产者)Some of the damage is easy to notice. One person drew devil horns and a moustache on Microsoft chairman Bill Gates photo, while another edited Greek philosopher Platos biography to say he was a “Hawaiian weather man who is wildly believed to have been a student of Barney the purple Dinosaur and to have been deeply influenced by his dog, Cutie”But other things are harder to spot. The most common form of vandalism involves adding tiny items of false information into the biography of a famous person. Unbelievably, some of this misinformation has appeared in newspapers, with The Daily Mail, The Guardian and The Independent all having fallen victim to the dirty tricks. For example, in an article about British comedian Sir Norman Wisdom, one newspaper claimed that he cowrote Dame Vera Lynns wartime hit Therell be bluebirds over the White Cliffs of Dover. He did no such thing. And in another article, it was reported that TV theme tune composer Ronnie Hazlehurst had written the S Club 7 hit Reach. Once again, not true.So, if youre going to use any information from Wikipedia, make sure you doublecheck it first.语篇导读本文为议论文，介绍维基百科的受欢迎程度，指出其优点，同时也指出其有些信息有虚假成分的不足之处。5Which of the following would the author most probably agree with?ABefore using the information from Wikipedia, one should first check it.BThough popular and widely used, Wikipedia provides little reliable information.CIt is understandable that some people add false information to Wikipedia.DUpdated on a daily basis, any information from Wikipedia is reliable.解析 A细节理解题。根据最后一段可知，A项准确地表达了作者的建议。B项表述过于否定；C项表述有误；D项表述过于肯定，故选A项。6We can learn from the passage that _.Abecause of its popularity, 78 million people from 270 countries visit Wikipedia monthlyBWikipedia is the most comprehensive resource with all information we needCanyone who has access to the Internet can edit any contents of Wikipedia as they likeDthe primary job of the administrators is to make sure true information is conveyed解析 D细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，A项表述有误；由第二段第三句可知，B项错误；由第三段第三句可知，C项错误。D项是对第三段第二句的另一种表述，准确反映了原文信息，故选D项。7What does the underlined part “offlimits” in Paragraph 3 mean?ANot convenient.BNot welcome.CNot accessible.DNot boundless.解析 C词义猜测题。根据第三段第一句可推知，offlimits意为“禁止入内；禁止使用”，故选C项。8Whats the writers attitude to Wikipedia?ANegative.BWorried.CIndifferent.DObjective.解析 D观点态度题。从全文来看作者分别介绍了维基百科的优缺点，客观地对其进行了评述，故选D项。.语法填空Grow vegetablesWith high inflation(通货膨胀) and food shortages across Russia, some Russians are growing their own 1.vegetables(vegetable). The countrys struggling economy has kept food prices rising and put millions of people 2.in poverty. In the former Soviet Union, Russians 3.who/that lived in traditional country homes called dachas often grew their own food.Today, many Russian familiesincluding some in citiesare again growing food 4.to deal(deal) with the hard economic times. Irina Bulozhenko lives and works in Moscow. “Our grandma has a dacha where she grows lots of things like cabbages and beets. I am cooking borscht right now 5.and am using our beets and carrots. The onions are ours. So we are saving on what we 6.have grown(grow) in summer. So thats why we dont feel it so badly.”But for some families, 7.growing(grow) their own share food is still not enough. To help them, Russian volunteers have set up Share Food Program. The food 8.is donated(donate) by restaurants or individuals, and given to those in need.Tatyana Golubyeva said that receiving food through the program had become 9.important(importance) to her family. “We spend now a lot less on food than before, when we did not know about Share Food Program and did not use it. Now we hope that well get not only bread, 10.but some other food, as well.” She noted that the donations had cut the amount her family spends on food in half.语篇导读本文为说明文。俄罗斯经济的不景气，导致食品物价上涨，国