北语1003春口译导学材料四.doc

北语1003春口译导学材料四第七课 说服性口译Unit 7 Interpreting Persuasive Speeches教学内容：1. 广而误之2. 共创未来3. 第二文化4. 环境保护重点：顺译法；社会发展领域常用词汇及语言表达方法一、顺译法：（Literal Translation）即“照字翻译”，按照原文顺序翻译。顺译是指一种顺着来源语的词序,按部就班地选择目标语的对应词进行传译的方法。 例如:While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times.尽管两组的表现都比随机猜测的结果正确度高，但是每组几乎有一半的参加者做出了两个或更多的错误选择。If the negotiations between the rich nations and the poor nations make headway, it is intended that a ministerial session in December should be arranged.如果富国和穷国之间的谈判获得进展的话，就打算在12月份安排召开部长级会议。As an obedient son, I had to accept my parentsdecision that I was to be a doctor, though the prospect interested me not at all.作为一个孝顺的儿子，我接受父母的决定，去当大夫，虽然我对这样的前途毫无兴趣。二、逆译法:把位于句末的从句放在句首。例如:1、The policemen set him free when his ransom had not yet been paid.他还未交赎金，警察就把他放了。2、Obviously, there would be no point in investing in a computer if you had to check all its answers, but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong.显然，如果计算机给出的全部答案均需要核查，花钱买计算机就毫无意义。不过，人们也应该信赖自身内部的计算能力，在认为计算机有问题时进行复查。三、分译法:有时也可以译为并列句。例如:Electricity is such an important energy that modern industry couldnt develop without it.电是一种非常重要的能量，没有它，现代化工业就不能发展。（原文由suchthat引导的结果状语从句译为汉语的并列句）四、表语从句翻译法:大部分情况下可以采用顺译法，间或也可以用逆译法。如：1、My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable.我的观点是一代人经常抱怨下一代人是不可避免的。（顺译法）2、His view of the press was that the reporters were either for him or against him.他对新闻界的看法是，记者们不是支持他，就是反对他。（顺译法）3、Water and food is what the people in the area are badly needed.该地区的人们最需要的是水和食品。（逆译法）五、同位语从句翻译法：先翻译从句,即从句前置。例如:1、This is a universally accepted principle of international law that the territory sovereignty doesnt admit of infringement.一个国家的领土不容侵犯，这是国际法中尽人皆知的准则。2、Despite the fact that comets are probably the most numerous astronomical bodies in the solar system aside from small meteor fragments and the asteroids, they are largely a mystery.在太阳系中除小片流星和小行星外，彗星大概是数量最多的天体了，尽管如此，它们仍旧基本上是神秘莫测的。第一篇广而“误”之Passage 1The Effects of Misleading AdvertisingNotes to the text:1. Adolescents, especially female adolescents, are particularly vulnerable, however, because they are new and inexperienced consumers and are the prime targets of many advertisements.Particularly vulnerable 特别脆弱Particularly 意为“格外”，“尤其”。例如：He isnt particularly clever. 他并不特别聪明。注意：particularly 和especially意思相近，常可通用。例如：She likes the country, particularly/especially in spring.她喜欢乡村，特别是在春季。而specially则指为特别目的专门而作。例如：These books are designed specially for beginners.这些书是专门为初学者而设计的。另外，当particularly用于否定句时，句意会随着它的位置不同而不同。例如：I dont particularly want to see him now. 我现在不特别想见他。I particularly dont want to see him now. 我特别不愿意现在见到他。2Advertisers are fully aware of their role and do not hesitate to take advantage of the insecurities and anxieties of young people, in the guise of offering solutions.(1) be fully aware of 清楚地意识到 be aware of/that 觉察到；关注例如：I was quite aware of this before we married. 我们结婚前，我就知道这一点。 He wasnt aware that he had drunk too much. 他没意识到自己已经喝得太多了。当be aware of/that 理解为“机警得”、“关注的”时，与be conscious of/that 意义相近。例如：Some people are more politically aware/conscious than others.有些人比其他人懂得政治。(2). do not hesitate to take advantage of毫不犹豫地去利用 take advantage of(趁机)利用；欺骗 例如：She took advantage of his good nature. 她利用了他的好心。注意：advantage, profit 和 benefit这三个词均表示获得的利益或好处。advantage指物质利益及竞争中所占的优势或有利条件。例如：Your fluency in the English language gives you an advantage over the other candidate for the job. 他的流利的英语是你胜过另一位求职者的有利条件。profit多限于物质或金钱的利益。指利润时多用复数。有时也用于其他地方，意思为“益处”。例如：They are tireless in hunting for super profits. 他们不倦地追求超额利润。benefit是最常用的词，可兼指物质利益或精神方面的好处。例如：He derived much benefit from reading good novels. 看优秀小说使他获益匪浅。(3) in the guise of offering solutions 假装提供解决方法 in/under the guise of 在.的伪装下，假扮作例如：He went to the party in the guise of a clown.他扮作小丑去参加聚会。 A lot of nonsense was talked under the guise of philosophy. 打着哲学的幌子，讲了一大堆废话。3The right perfume or beer resolves doubts about femininity or masculinity. 恰当的香水或啤酒打消了别人对女性气质或男性气质的怀疑。意思即：合适的香水体现女性气质，合适的啤酒体现男性气质。4No politician or educator is more pervasive or persuasive than advertising.没有一个政治家或教育家能像广告那样深入人心，具有说服力。no.be more than 是比较级的形式表示最高级。例如：No one is more intelligent than Peter in this class. 彼得是这个班上最聪明的。5It teaches us to be consumers, to value material things above all else, to feel that happiness can be bought, that there are instant solutions to lifes complex problems,(1)value material things above all else 注重物质财富胜过一切 above all else, 意思为more than anything else。例如：He likes the game of baseball above all else. 他爱好棒球胜过其他。(2)solution to . 解决.的方法例如：He can find no solution to his financial troubles. 他找不到解决经济困难的途径。6The value of a person, especially the value of a young woman, depends upon the products used.depend upon此处的意思为“视.而定”，“取决于”。例如：The quality of service depends upon how much you pay for it. 服务质量取决于你付多少钱。7She is supposed to have no lines or wrinkles, no scars or blemishes.be supposed to 应该，被期待是 例如：You are supposed to report it to the police as soon as possible. 你应该尽快报告警方。8Desperate to conform to an ideal and impossible standard, many women go to great lengths to manipulate and change their faces and bodies.go to great lengths to 意思为take great trouble to 花大力气，大费周折例如：He went to great lengths to get his father a birthday present.他费了很多周折给父亲买了生日礼物。9A woman is conditioned to view her face as a mask and her body as an object,妇女被要求将自己的脸看作是一张面具be conditioned to 受限制要.10. She is constantly in need of alteration, improvement, and disguise. She is made to feel dissatisfied with and ashamed of herself, whether she tries to achieve “the look” or not.(1). feel dissatisfied with 对.感到不满 be dissatisfied with/at 对.感到不满例如：Were dissatisfied with the result. 我们对这个结果感到不满意。注意：dissatisfied和unsatisfied 有所不同。前者意为对某事不满意，例如：feel dissatisfied about it 对这事感到不满后者除此之外还有“未曾满足”的意思，例如：unsatisfied demand 未曾满足的要求Curiosity was unsatisfied.好奇心没有得到满足。两个词在作“不满意”解时，dissatisfied语气比unsatisfied重些。(2)ashamed of 对.感到羞愧例如：You should be ashamed of yourself for committing such a mistake.你犯了这样的错误应该自觉羞愧。11Ironically, the heavily advertised products, such as cosmetics and weight-reduction drinks, are even detrimental to physical attractiveness.be detrimental to 损害了.例如：Smoking is detrimental to health. 吸烟危害健康。12There is very little emphasis in the media on nutrition and exercise媒体对营养和锻炼一点也不注重emphasis on 注重，强调（名词词组） 例如：The government issued a new economic policy, with a greater emphasis on reducing inflation.政府发布了一项重在降低通货膨胀的新经济政策。lay/place/put emphasis on/upon 注重，强调(动词词组)例如：Our English course places great emphasis on conversational skills.我们的英语课很注重对话能力。13Adolescent females are also discouraged from growing up and becoming adults.discourage from 劝阻，阻止例如：Fear of war discouraged him from going abroad.害怕战争使他未能出国。14Somehow placed in a double bind, they are supposed to be sexy and virginal,experienced and naive, seductive and pure.placed in double bind 处于两难境地bind此处意为“困境”，例如：The firm was caught in financial bind. 公司陷入了财政困难。15Misleading advertisements and commercials depict a world in which love and passion are reserved solely for products, in which sexuality becomes a commodity, and in which young women are the worst victims.be reserved for 留给，注定例如：The garden is reserved for those who work in the museum.花园专门留给那些在博物馆工作的人。A great future is reserved for you. 光明的前途正等着你。第八课 学术性口译Unit 8 Interpreting Academic Speeches教学内容：1. 人机之争2. 生物革命3. 文化冲突4. 语用能力重点：意译法；文化教育领域常用词汇及语言表达方法意译法意译法是指“抛弃外语习语原有的形象而采用本族所熟知的形象或借喻”。也就是说在不可能用直译法保留英语习语的表达形式，即可用意译法根据上下文把习语的含义表达出来。例如：Among the blind the one-eyed man is king.此习语用意译法可译 “山中无老虎，猴子称霸王”。而若用直译法译为“盲人国里，独眼为王”，就可能使中国读者理解含义有些困难。(1)Among so many well-dressed and cultured people the country girl felt like a fish out of water.同这么多穿着体面又有教养的人在一起，这位乡下姑娘感到很不自在（2）she was born with a silver spoon in her mouth.她生在富贵之家（3）Every man has a fool in his sleeve.人人都有糊涂的时候直译兼意译法有时为了更恰当地表达原意，祢补有些句子或习语在直译后含义不堪清楚明了的不足，就用直译兼意译后，再将含义译出，前者表达字意，后者表达寓意，两相映衬，相的益彰例如：（1）A little pot is soon hot.壶小易熟，量小易怒（2）All asses wag their ears. 驴子爱摆耳朵，傻瓜装聪明（3）Let sleeping dogs lie. 睡狗莫惹，麻烦莫招(4) Every bird likes its own nest.鸟爱自己的巢，人爱自己的家第一篇人机之争Passage 1Two Kinds of BrainNotes to the Text:1Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen, I would like to thank you for inviting me to talk about the subject of the difference between a brain and a computer. difference between a brain and a computer 人脑与电脑的差别 difference between A and B A和B之间的差别 例如：There is an essential difference between computers and humans. 电脑与人之间有着本质的区别。除了there be 的句型之外，动词词组make difference 也很常用。例如：make a difference 有区别make a great deal of/ a world of difference 大有区别make no/little difference 没有/几乎没有什么两样make some difference 有点不同One false step will make a great difference. 失之毫厘，谬之千里。注意：make a difference 和make a difference between 有所不同，后者意为treat differently, 即“区别对待”。例如：The law makes a difference between offensive and criminal behavior.法律对无礼行为和犯罪行为区别对待。2The large mammalian brain is the most complicated thing, for its size, known to us. for its size 就其体积而言，以其大小 例如：Jaguar is, for its size, the most powerful flesh-eating animal in the world.美洲虎是世界上同类体型的食肉动物中最凶猛的。for介词词组表示“对于”，“就而论”的还有：For style it leaves nothing to be desired.就文章风格而论，它堪称完美。He worked well for such a young fellow. 就他这样年轻的小伙子来说，他干得不错。He is a big boy for his age. 就年龄来说，他是个大个子的男孩。3These many billions of cells are interconnected in a vastly complicated network that we cant begin to interpret as yet. as yet意为“至今，尚且”，仅用于否定句中，或修饰含否定意义的词语。例如：As yet they have not heard from him. 他们尚未收到他的消息。This extract is taken from an as yet unpublished novel.这段文章选自一部尚未发表的小说。4Even the most complicated computer man has yet built cant compare in intricacy with the pare with 较之，与相比较 例如：compare in quality/number/efficiency 在质量上/数量上/效率上进行比较Compare the translation with the original. 把译文与原文对照。My radio is rather an old-fashioned model compared with yours. 我的收音机和你的相比就显得很过时了。注意：compareto 的意思是“比做”。例如：We often compare eloquence to a fast flowing river. 我们常常用滔滔不绝来比喻口才。Life is compared to a voyage. 人生好比一次航程。5Computer switches and components number in the thousands rather than in the billions.rather than 意为more exactly than, more truly than 而非；与其不如例如：The job will take months rather than weeks. 这项工作将花费几个月而不是几周的时间。It was what he meant rather than what he said. 与其说他这是明说，倒不如说他是暗示。I prefer to walk rather than to ride. 我宁愿步行，而不要乘车。6Our “program” is so much more enormously complex, though, that we might like to define “thinking” in terms of our creativity in literature, art, science and technology.in terms of 此处译为“依据，从角度”。 例如：He thought of everything in terms of money. 他从钱的角度考虑任何事情。7In that sense, computers certainly cant think.in that sense 从那个意义上来看此处sense 意为meaning. 例如：I m using “man” in its broadest sense, including both men and women. 我所用的“人”这个字是广义的，包括男人和女人。He is in every sense ( = in all meanings of the word) a gentleman.无论从什么意义上说，他都是个绅士。/他是个纯粹的绅士。8If it could be made as complex as a human brain, it could be the equivalent of a human brain and do whatever a human brain can do.equivalent something equal to 等值物，等同物例如：He changed his pounds for the equivalent in dollars.他将英镑兑换成了等值的美元。9Long before we approach a computer as complex as our brain, we will perhaps build a computer that is at least complex enough to design another computer more complex than itself.（1）long before 远在之前，在之前很久。例如：They had moved out of the house long before the mail arrived.信件到达之前很久，他们就搬走了。before long 不久，很快（与noon意义相近）例如：We should have news of his whereabouts before long.不久我们肯定会知道他在哪里。（2）at least 至少 例如：You should at least tell me. 你至少要告诉我。第二篇生物革命 Passage 2 The Biological RevolutionNotes to the Text:1. In his book Brave New World, published in 1932, Aldous Huxley predicated a big biotechnological revolution about to take placeabout to 将要，即将试比较be about to 和be going to。在时间上be about to 指最近的将来，be going to 指不久的将来；前者是书面语，后者多用于口语； 用be about to 时，不可加时间副词，而be going to 则可加。be about to 一般后接不定式，有时也可接动名词。例如：Im about going. 我正要去。在意义上，be about to 表示即将发生的动作，如：The train is about to leave. 火车就要开了。Be going to 多指打算，计划做某事，带有主观的意向和决心，或指很可能，即将要发生的事，表示客观的必然、或然。例如：Hes going to buy his daughter a red pair of shoes.他打算给女儿买一双红鞋。Shes going to have a baby.她就要生孩子了。2With 70 years separating us from the publication of this book, separatefrom 将分开， 例如：Please separate the rotten fruit from the good ones. 请把烂的和好的水果分开。seperateinto 分解成为 例如：The coach separated the team into two small groups.教练把整个队分成两个小组。3According to Huxley, the most significant threat posed by contemporary biotechnology is the possibility that it will alter human nature and thereby move us into a “posthuman” stage of history.(1) according to Huxley, 赫胥黎认为according to后接名词或代词，译为“根据，按照”。例如：According to my watch, its 2 oclock. 根据我的表，现在是两点钟。(2) pose: be the cause of (something difficult to deal with);present 引来，带来 例如：The high cost of oil poses serious problems for industry.石油高价给工业带来了严重的问题。Pollution poses a threat to the continued existence of this species.污染威胁到该物种的继续生存。(3) thereby 由此，因此 例如：He became a British citizen, thereby gaining the right to vote.他成了英国公民，因此有了选举权。4It will blur the line between what we achieve on our own and what we achieve because of the levels of various chemicals in our brains.(1) blur the line between . 模糊之间的界线blur：make difficult to see or see through clearly 使模糊不清 例如：Tears blurred my eyes. 泪水模糊了我的双眼。The rain blurred the windows.雨水模糊了玻璃窗。(2) what we achieve on our own 我们凭自己的本事所取得的成绩on ones own 凭自己的本事，靠自己的努力5The only problem is that there are many subtle aspects of human aging that the biotech industry hasnt quite figured out how to fix: people grow mentally rigid and increasingly fixed in their views as they age.(1) figure out 意为to come to understand or discover by thinking想出（原因/解决办法）。例如：We still havent figured out how to do it.我们仍未想出这事该怎么做。Medical scientists havent figured out the cause of the Serious Acute Respiratory Syndrome, known as atypical pneumonia to the general public.医学家们还未找出严重急性呼吸系统综合症，即公众所知的非典型性肺炎的病因。(2)grow + adj. become . (gradually) 变得. 例如：Its growing dark.天色渐暗。The sound of music grew faint as the band marched away,随着乐队的远去，音乐声渐渐飘散。(3)as they age: as they grow older 随着年龄的增长6Worst of all, they just refuse to get out of the way, not just of their children, but their grandchildren and great-grandchildren.(1) worst of all 最糟糕的是 例如：Worst of all, I could have avoided it. 最糟糕的是，我当时是可以避免这件事的。(2)get out of the way 不挡道；不干涉，不妨碍 例如： Tell them to get out of my way.叫他们别来妨碍我。7If someone doesnt live up to social expectations, he tends to blame bad genetic choices by his parents rather than himself.(1) live up to social expectations 无愧于社会的期望live up to ones promises 信守承诺(2)tend to: have an inclination to, be likely to 往往，倾向于. 例如：Plants tend to die in hot summer if they are not watered.植物在炎夏不浇水就会枯死。(3)blame 责备，责怪 例如：Public opinions blamed his hooks for leading youngsters astray. 舆论指责他的书把年轻人引向歧途。8Human genes have been transferred to animals and even to plants to produce new medical products; and animal genes have been added to certain embryos to increase their physical endurance or resistance to disease.(1)transfer to 转移到. 例如：The football player is hoping to he transferred to another team soon.(2)add to 添加到 例如：Add a few dishes to the menu.往菜单上添几道菜。(3)resistance 抵抗；抵抗力 例如：The army put up a stiff resistance to the enemy.部队队敌军进行了顽强的抵抗。She has little resistance to germ and is often ill.她队病菌缺乏抵抗力，因此常常生病。9The medical profession is dedicated to the proposition that anything that can defeat disease and prolong life is unequivocally a good thing.(1) dedicated to . : devoted to . 献身于，致力于(2) anything that: whatever, no matter what 无论什么 例如：Goats eat anything that they can find.山羊找到什么就吃什么。10The fear of death is one of the deepest and most abiding human passions, so it is understandable that we should celebrate any advance in medical technology that appears to put death off.(1) abiding: lasting for a long time and unlikely to change 永久的 例如：The experience left me with an abiding hatred of dogs.那次经历让我对狗产生了永久的憎恨。(2)put off 推迟，延期 例如：Ill have to put off my visit /put off going until next month.我不得不推迟到下个月再去(拜访)。11Ideally, one would like not merely to live longer but also to have ones different faculties fail as close as possible to when death finally comes.(1)Ideally, one would . 理想的状况是(2)not merely . but also .相当于not only .， but also . 不仅而且(3)as . as possible 尽可能 例如：Lets try to get there as soon as possible.让我们尽快赶到那儿。(4)close to 接近；几乎 例如：The coast was close to $ 1 million.成本接近一百万美元。He came close to losing his temper.他差一点儿发脾气。12At age 65, only one person in a hundred is likely to come down with Alzheimers; at 85, it is one in six.(1) one person in a hundred 每百人中有一例，即百分之一one in six 每六个中有一个(2)be likely to 可能 例如：Rain is likely in all parts of the country today.今天全国范围内都可能降雨。Its unlikely that they will lose the election.他们不太可能竞选失败。(3)come down with :catch an illness 患病 例如：I think Im coming down with a cold.我想我是患了感冒了。13Were still trying to make sense of what is happening.make sense of： come to understand 理解 例如： :Can you make sense of