量词和介词用法总结.doc

量词用法总结量词基本用法一般量词一般性的表示个数的量词piece, bit, item, article这一组中主要有piece, bit, item, article 等词，但piece具有独特的地位，在使用其他词的地方一般都可使用piece 代替之。比如：a piece of meat/ paper/ bread/ music/ information/ furniture/ machinery, etc. 一片肉/ 一张纸/ 一片面包/ 一首曲子/ 一条信息/ 一件家具/ 一台机器等a bit of news/ wood/ advice/ trouble, etc. 一条消息/ 一块木头/ 一条建议/ 一件麻烦事等an item of news/ crime/ program/ business, etc. 一条新闻/ 一宗罪行/ 一个项目/ 一笔生意等an article of export/ furniture/ clothing/ luggage, etc. 一宗出口/ 一件家具/ 一件衣服/ 一件行李等以形状表示个数的量词band bar bunch cake comb drop ear flight gathering head pack slicea band of robbers 一帮强盗a bar of chocolate/ candy 一块巧克力/ 一块糖a bunch of flowers/ grapes/ keys 一束花/ 一串葡萄/ 一串钥匙a cake of soap/ ice 一块肥皂/ 一块冰a comb of bananas 一串香蕉a drop of rain/ blood 一滴雨/ 一滴血an ear of corn/ wheat 一棒玉米/ 一穗麦子a flight of stairs/ arrows/ sparrows 一段楼梯/ 一阵箭雨/ 一群麻雀a gathering of friends 一帮朋友a head of cabbage/ cauliflower/ sheep 一棵卷心菜/ 一块花菜/ 一头羊a pack of matches/ cards 一盒火柴/ 一副牌a slice of meat/ bread/ beef 一片肉/ 一片面包/ 一块牛肉表示容积的词bottle bowl pail glass cup handful spoonful mouthful packeta bottle of ink/ milk/ wine 一瓶酒/ 一瓶牛奶/ 一瓶葡萄酒a bowl of rice/ porridge 一碗米饭/ 一碗粥a pail of water 一桶水a glass of beer 一杯啤酒a cup of tea 一杯茶a handful of soil 一抔土a spoonful of oil 一汤匙油a mouthful of snow 一口雪a packet of cigarette 一包烟表示行为动态的量词fit flash displaya fit of laughter 一阵笑声a flash of light 一道闪电a display of force 一番武力展示a violent gust of wind 一阵狂风a thrill of horror一阵恐惧a thrill of joy一阵喜悦a burst of applause/laughter 一阵掌声/大笑a fit of cough/laughter/giggles一阵咳嗽/大笑/傻笑a spasm of fear 一阵恐惧特殊量词much, a great deal of, a large amount of, a little, little 只能修饰或指代不可数名词。much, a great deal of, a large amount of表示许多，强调说话人带有肯定的观点；a little 有一点，也强调说话人带有肯定的观点；little 没多少，强调说话人带有否定的观点。如：I have much homework to do this evening. 今天晚上我有许多家庭作业要做。You can save a great deal of time and effort when you know where to look. 如果知道从哪里去查找的话，就可以节省下大量的时间和精力。When this kind of coal burns it gives off a large amount of smoke. 这种煤燃烧时放出大量的烟雾。Holmes thought for a little while. 福尔摩斯考虑了一小会儿。Sorry, there is little that I can do to help you. 对不起，我几乎不能做什么来帮助你。many, a good many, many a, a few, few, a number of, numbers of 只能修饰或指代可数名词。many, a good many, many a, a number of, numbers of表示许多，强调说话人带有肯定的观点；a few 有几个，也强调说话人带有肯定的观点；few 没几个，强调说话人带有否定的观点。如：But now. people cut down many trees. 但是现在。人们砍掉了许多树。A good many students in our school have taken an active part in the movement against pollution. 我校有许多学生积极参加了反对污染的活动。Many a woman has influence upon her husband. 多数的妇女都对其丈夫有影响。In the past / last few years he has studied very hard. 在过去的几年里他学习很认真。Few of my friends were there. 我的朋友中几乎没有人在那里。Experts suggested a number of possible reasons. 专家提出了一些可能的原因。Large numbers of birds migrate south every winter. 每年冬季大量的鸟类迁徙南方。a lot (of), lots (of) plenty (of), a large quantity of, large quantities of, a variety of, varieties of, a mass of, masses of 可以修饰或指代可数名词或不可数名词。a lot (of), lots (of) plenty (of), a large quantity of, large quantities of, a variety of, varieties of, a mass of, masses of表示许多，强调说话人带有肯定的观点。如：He has a lot of/lots of homework (to do) tonight. 他今晚有许多家庭作业（要做）。He has lots of/ a lot of annoying habits. 他有很多让人讨厌的习惯。They gave us plenty of help in our English learning. 在英语学习上，他们给了我们很多帮助。We have saved a large quantity of/ large quantities of money by using new technology. 通过使用新技术我们已经节约了大量的钱。There are a large quantity of/ large quantities of apples in this fruit garden. 这个果园里有大量的苹果。Most people prefer doing a variety of/ varieties of work, rather than the same job day in, day out. 与日复一日不变的工作相比，大多数人更喜欢从事多种多样的工作。There are a variety of/ varieties of animals in this forest. 这片森林中有各种各样的动物。There are a large mass of/ masses of dark clouds in the sky. 天空中有许多乌云。介词用法总结介词基本用法about(1) 关于，有关。如：Its all about being able to run faster, jump higher and throw further. 仍然是为了能够跑得更快、跳得更高、掷得更远。(2) 在周围，在附近。如：He looked about the classroom, but saw nobody. 他四处看了看，没看到任何人。above(1) 位于上方。如：Above the surface of the water, the towers rise to a height of nearly 700 feet. 塔身高出水平面将近700英尺(2) （数目、价钱、重量、能力等）大于，超过。如：He is above me in every way. 他各个方面都比我强。(3) 非能力所及、不至于（做出）。如：The lecture was above the heads of most of the audience. 大部分听众听不懂这个演讲。according to按照；根据，鉴于。如：He has been in prison three times according to our records. 根据我们的记录, 他曾入狱三次。across(1) 穿过，跨过、从一边到另一边。如：It has sailed across the Atlantic many times. 它已多次横渡大西洋。(2) 在的对面。如：The post office is just across the street. 邮局在街对面。after(1) 在之后。如：He entered the room after his father. 他跟在他父亲身后进了房间。(2) 追赶、追求。如：Mrs Sterling got so angry that she ran after them. 斯特林夫人非常生气，向他们追了过去。(3) 依照、仿造。如：Will you please make the box after this model? 你能按照这个模型做盒子吗？against(1) 倚靠、紧靠。如：Put your bicycle against the tree. 把你的自行车靠墙放着吧。(2) 反对、逆向。如：We sailed against the wind. 我们逆风航行。(3) 预防、准备时用。如：We have saved some money against our old age. 我们存了一些钱，以备老年之用。(4) 表示对比关系。如：He was elected by a majority of 20 votes against 10. 他以20票赞成、10票反对当选。(5) 违背、违反。如：Its against your conscience to do that. 你那样做违背了你的良心。ahead of在之前。如：His ideas are always ahead of his time. 他的思想总是领先于那个时代。along顺着；沿着。如：Along the river bank there is a hedge. 沿河岸有一排树篱芭。among(1) 在中间，在之中，之一，通常用于三个或三个以上之中。如：Hemingway is among the worlds greatest writers. 海明威是世界上最伟大的作家之一。(2) 和反身代词等连用，表示“相互间”。如：The members were divided among themselves. 成员间意见有分歧。apart from除之外；且不说；缺少。如：Apart from tears, only time could wear everything away. 除了眼泪，只有时间能使每件事情消逝。Apart from their house in London, they also have a villa in Spain. 他们在伦敦有房子，此外在西班牙还有一座别墅。around在周围，四周。如：How far is it from here? Just around the corner. 离这多远?就在拐角处。as如同；当作；以的身份。如：He poses as a friend. 他摆出一副朋友的样子。The risk is as nothing compared to the gain. 所冒风险与所得相比不足挂齿。as a result of因此，由于；作为的结果。如：All people in that region have suffered as a result of this war. 作为这一战争的结果，该地区所有的人都遭受痛苦。as for/to至于，关于。如：As for homework , some students hate it. 至于家庭作业，一些学生很厌恶它们。at(1) 在（某地点或场合）。如：We had lunch at a nice outdoor caf, then rode out of the city. 我们在一家不错的室外餐馆里吃了中饭，随后就开车出了城。(2) 在（某时间、时刻）。如：At the end of the 16th century, about five to seven million people spoke English. 十六世纪末期大约有五百万到七百万人说英语。(3) 处于（某种状态）；在进行（某动作）。如：This was a time when the two countries were at war. 这是在两国交战的时期。(4) 向（某方向、目标）。如：Roy acted quickly and drove the bus straight at the thieves. 罗伊行动迅速，开车直冲窃贼而去。(5) 以、按（价格、速度等）。如：I bought the flat at a low price. 我以低价买了这间公寓。(6) 擅长于（某方面）。如：I am an expert at high flying exercises. 我是高空飞行方面的专家。(7) 对（引起某情绪）。如：He was astonished at what he found. 他对自己所发现的感到震惊。because of由于，因为。如：Because of the dream, we persevere! 因为梦想，我们坚持不懈！Because of pollution, a lot of plants died. 由于污染，很多植物死亡了。before先于；在以前。如：Phone me before noon. 中午前给我打电话。We got up before sunrise. 我们在太阳升起之前起床。behind(1) 在后面。如：Suddenly, they heard a voice behind them. 突然他们听到后面有声音。(2) （时间上）比晚。如：The clock is behind time. 这钟慢了。(3) （能力等）不如或落后于。如：Im behind you in ability. 我能力上不如你。below在低于的位置；在下面，强调“表示非垂直并不与表面接触的下方”。如：The temperature is below zero. 温度在零度以下。The price of houses is not likely to fall below the present level for some time to come. 房价一时不见得会跌到目前的价格以下。beneath低于；在下方；表示在某物之下，几乎接触或接近。如：I found an ant beneath the rock. 我在岩石下找到了一只蚂蚁。beside(1) 在旁边。如：His wife was sitting beside him holding a large cake. 他的妻子正坐在他的身边，托着块大蛋糕。(2) 和相比。如：Jill seems dull beside her sister. 吉尔没有她姐姐聪明。besides除之外（还有）；而且，还有；强调“除之外还有”，包含该介词的宾语在内。如：All the students go to park, besides John. 除了约翰以外，所有的学生也都去公园了。（约翰也去了） We go to school every day besides Sunday. 除了星期日，我们每周的其他几天也要上学。(星期日也要上学)between在之间，强调“在两者之间”。如：Between us we own most of this company. 我们两人共同拥有这家公司的大部分。She can see the difference between good and bad. 她能看出好与坏的区别。beyond(1) 在的那边、在以外。如：No one could tell what was beyond the mountains. 没人知道山那边有什么。(2) （时间）晚于、过了。如：Dont stay there beyond midnight. 别过了午夜还待在那里。(3) 超过（能力、范围等）、为所不及，无法。如：Past experience has taught us that certain accomplishments are beyond attainment. 以往的经验告诉我们有些事是办不到的。but除去，除了；多和nothing, not anything, nobody, nowhere, who, all等连用，可以接名词、代词、介词短语、形容词、不定式等。Nothing is left of it but memories and some houses far from the centre of the city. 什么都未能留下来，除了那些记忆和一些远离城市中心的房子。but for要不是（主句中常用虚拟语气）。如：But for his help, we couldnt have finished our work on time. 要不是他帮忙，我们不可能按时完成工作。by(1) 在/从旁边。如：One day she woke up and found a flying chair by her bed. 一天她醒来，发现床边有一张飞椅。(2) 到（时）为止、不迟于。如：By 1884, a statue which was 151 feet tall, had been erected in Paris. 到1884年，一座高达151英尺的雕像在巴黎竖立起来了(3) 表示动作的执行者，如：The parts of town where they lived were places decided by white people. 他们在城里的居住区域都是由白人决定的。(4) 以（某种方式、手段等）。如：They produced young generally by laying eggs. 它们一般是通过产卵来繁衍后代的。(5) 乘坐（车船等）。如：The children go to school by car every day, but today, they are going to school on foot. 孩子们每天都坐车去上学，但今天他们步行去。(6) 按计算。如：Sugar is sold by the pound, and petrol by the gallon. 糖论磅卖，汽油按加仑卖。(7) 表示数量增减或差别的程度。如：The export has increased by 11% from January to May. 出口从一月到五月增加了11%。(8) 和seize, take, hold等动词连用，说明接触身体的某一部分，如： She seized the child by the collar. 她抓住了小孩的衣领。by means of通过，借由。如：We shall solve this problem by means of law and education. 我们用法律和教育这两个手段来解决这个问题。by virtue of由于，凭借。如：He was promoted because of his family background, not by virtue of his own ability. 他被提升是因为家庭背景，而不是凭自身才能。contrary to与相反。如：He passed the examination, contrary to what I expected. 他考试及格了，和我预料的情况相反。down沿着；向下。如：He fell down the stairs. 他从楼梯上摔了下来。He ran off down the street. 他沿着街道跑远了。during在期间；在时候。如：She lived in California during the winter. 整个冬天她住在加利福尼亚州。He left during the lecture. 在讲演过程中，他离开了。except除外；强调“从整体里减去一部分”，着重于“不包括，排除在外”。如：We all passed the exam except Tom. 除汤姆（没通过考试）外，我们都通过了考试。except for除了之外其他都；常用来对某种基本情况进行具体的、细节方面的修正，其后接的宾语一般与句子所涉及的东西不属同类，而是指从整体中除去一个细节、一个方面。如：Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 你的作文除了少数拼写错误外还是不错的。Except for a desk or two, the classroom was empty. 除了一两张课桌外，这个教室是空的。for(1) 表示目的、目标、用途等，即“为”、“替”、“给”。如：Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed. 救援人员为那些家园被毁的幸存者盖起了避难所。(2) 由于、因为。如：She apologized for being late. 她为迟到表示歉意。(3) 历经、计、达。如：For miles and miles you see nothing but trees. 好几里路过去你只能看见树。(4) 对于。如：Eggs are good for you. 鸡蛋对你有好处。(5) 作为（意思接近as）。如：I had a sandwich for breakfast. 我早饭吃了三明治。(6) 表示赞成、支持。如：Are you for or against? 你是赞成还是反对？(7) 表示方向、倾向、能力，即“向”、“往”。如：They were not leaving for Montreal until later, so they went on a tour of the city. 他们要晚些时候才动身去蒙特利尔，因此就在多伦多市内游览了一番。(8) 与交换、用。如：The man was ordered to pay 3,450 for the cost of the trip. 此人被责令交付旅费3,450英镑。(9) 就而言、至于。如：It is quite warm tonight for February. 这天气对于二月来说算暖和的了。(10) 引导不定式动词的逻辑主语，如：A special village is built for the competitors to live in. 一个特殊的村庄（即奥运村）建起来供运动员入住。for fear of以免，以恐。如：He says many people are leaving Dobley for fear of another air strike. 许多人担心会发生另外的空袭，正在离开多波雷。from(1) 从、自。如：Three weeks from today is our national day holiday. 今天起三周后就是国庆假日。(2) 离多远。如：The town is sixty miles from London. 这个镇子离伦敦60英里。(3) 源自，来自。如：The idea for this dictionary came from an important meeting in Britain in 1857. 编纂这本字典的想法源自于1857年在英国举行的一次重要会议。(4) 由于，因为。如：The villagers all died from hunger. 村民都被饿死了。(5) 和（不同）、和（有区别）。如：I couldnt distinguish him from his twin brother. 我无法分辨他和他的双胞胎兄弟。(6) （阻止）使不做某事、（保护）使不受（之害）。如： The firefighter saved the boy from the fire. 消防员把男孩从火海中救了出来。(7) 从（判断）、根据。如：They could tell this from the way the bones were joined together. 他们可以基于骨头连接的方式做此判断。from behind从后面。如：The sun emerged from behind the clouds. 太阳从云层后面钻了出来。in(1) 表示在某时间或空间里。如：It was very dangerous because if I was caught I could be put in prison for years. 那很危险，因为如果我被抓住，就可能要坐几年的牢。(2) 表示在（一段时间）之后，与将来时连用。如：Whens the next train? 下一班火车什么时候？In five hours time! 五个小时之后。(3) 表示处于某种状态之中。如：He did not look forward to being in debt because his restaurant was no longer popular. 他不希望由于餐馆不受欢迎而负债。(4) 在方面。如：She had become a specialist in womens diseases. 她已是治疗女性疾病方面的专家。(5) 用、以（某种语言、原料、材料、情感等）。如：A message was written in pencil on the door. 门上用铅笔写着一条信息。(6) 穿着，戴着。如：She is in a white coat today. 她今天穿着一件白大衣。(7) 在过程中，在时。如：It is an interesting study and can help you avoid difficulty in communication. 这是个有趣的研究，能帮助你在交际过程中减少困难。in addition to除以外（还）。如：In addition to French, he has to study Japanese. 除了法语外，他还得学日语。in advance of在前面。如：Can you pay in advance of shipment? 你们可以在货送到之前付款吗？in case of万一，假如发生。如：In case of fire, open this safety door. 万一发生了火灾，打开这扇安全门。in charge of负责。如：She is in charge of personnel. 她是负责人事管理的。in defense of保卫；为辩护。如：They had to fight in defense of hearth and home. 我们必须为保卫家园而战。in exchange for以为交换。如：What would you give me in exchange for my recorder? 我把我的录音机给你，那你用什么交换呢?in face of面对。如：He showed great bravery in face of danger. 面临危险，他表现得非常勇敢。in favour of赞成，支持。如：The professors spoke out in favour of reform. 教授们大胆发言，表示赞成改革。in memory of纪念。如：This monument was erected in memory of F.D. Roosevelt. 这座碑是为纪念F.D.罗斯福而建立的。in need of需要。如：This house is in need of repair. 这栋房子需要整修。in place of代替。如：I used honey in place of sugar. 我以蜂蜜代替糖。in relation to与有关。如：I have nothing to say in relation to that matter. 关于那件事, 我没什么好说的。in search of寻找。如：He glanced as if (he was) in search of something. 他看了一下好像是在找东西似的。inside在里面。如：They are imprisoned inside a small prison. 他们被监禁在一间小牢房里。in spite of尽管。如：He kept on smoking in spite of warnings. 他不管警告仍然继续抽烟。instead of代替，反而。如：I enjoy reading instead of dancing. 我喜欢读书而不是跳舞。in terms of依据，按照，从方面来说。如：Let each child read in terms of his own taste and choice. 让每个孩子根据自己的兴趣爱好和选择来读书。in the course of在过程中。如：In the course of discussion, everyone showed great interest in my teaching methods. 在讨论期间，大家对我的教学方法充满极大的兴趣。into(1) 进入。如：I was brought into peoples homes in the 1970s. 我被带到了上世纪70年代人们的家中。(2) （时间）持续到，进行到。如：They worked far into the night. 他们一直干到深夜。(3) 使成为。如：When the plants grew into forests, reptiles appeared for the first time. 当植物繁茂生长成为森林时，爬行动物第一次出现了。(4) 进入某种状态。如：The crowd broke into cheers and the drunk bowed. 人群欢呼起来，醉汉向人们鞠躬致谢。like像，似，如。如：Bricks covered the ground like red autumn leaves. 残砖就像秋天的红叶覆盖着大地。near靠近；（时间）接近。如：They are working near the house. 他们正在房子附近劳动。The accident happened near midnight. 事故是在半夜时分发生的。of(1) 表示所有关系，即“的”。如：They saw the covered stadium, home of several famous basketball teams. 他们看到了加顶的大型运动场，那是几支著名篮球队的驻地。(2) 表示特征（作表语或定语）。如：The spelling of English has always been a problem but it was more of a problem in the days before a dictionary. 英语拼写一直是个问题，而在字典诞生前这更是个难题。(3) 表示数量或种类。如：There were many different species of dinosaur and several of them have been found in China. 当时有许多不同种类的恐龙，其中一些也已在中国被发现。(4) 在带先行词的句子中，表示谈某人的情况。如：It would be wrong of me not to trust a gentleman such as yourself, sir. 先生，未能相信您这样的绅士我真是做错了。(5) （和某些动词连用）表示“想到”、“谈到”等。如：If we are honest with ourselves, most of us have dreamed of being famous. 说实在的，我们中的大多数人都曾经梦想过出名。(6) （和某些形容词连用）表示“对的某种情绪”。如：Festivals let us enjoy life, be proud of our customs and forget our daily life for a little while. 节日让我们享受生活，让我们为自己的习俗感到骄傲，还可以暂时忘却生活中的烦恼。(7) （和名词或形容词连用）表示动宾关系。如：They produced a new record in 1996, which was a celebration of their time as a real band. 1996年他们推出了一张新专辑，像一个真正的乐队那样以此来庆祝他们以往的时光。(8) 和一名词连用，表示同位关系。如：The city of Shanghai lies at the mouth of the Yangtze River. 上海市位于长江的江口。off (1) 从上下来。如：Im very sorry, sir. You must get off the bus. 抱歉先生，您必须下车。(2) 离不远处。如：There is a petrol station just off the main road. 离主干道不远处有家加油站。(3) 脱离、偏离。如：What he said was off the subject. 他所说的偏离了正题。on(1) 在上、在旁边，靠近。如：Theres a label on the handle with my name and address on it. 手把上有一张写着我名字及地址的标签。(2) 在（星期几、某日、某日的早中晚等）时候。如：At about 3:00 am on July 28, 1976, people saw bright lights in the sky. 1976年7月28日凌晨3点左右，人们看到天上一道道明亮的光。(3) 关于、论及。如：The editor asked me to write an article on unemployment. 编辑让我写一篇有关失业的文章。(4) 对、朝向。如：The musicians of whom the band was formed played jokes on each other as well as played music. 组成乐队的音乐人演奏音乐，还彼此打趣逗笑。(5) 在中、处于状态。如：She was on night duty in the hospital. 她在医院值夜班。(6) 一.就。如：On arriving at the shore, the girl struggled up the cliff towards the light she had seen. 一到岸边，女孩就朝着她看到的灯光方向挣扎着往峭壁上爬去。on behalf of代表。如：I must, on behalf of my company, thank you again for your generous help. 我必须代表我的公司再次感谢你们慷慨的帮助。on top of在上面。如：He puts her card on top of a pile of books. 他把她的卡片放在一堆书上面。onto在之上。如：He got onto the bike and left without a word. 他骑上自行车，一句话也没说就走了。opposite在的对面。如：You can see the bank opposite the cinema. 你可以看见银行就在电影院对面。outside在范围之外。如：He ran outside the house when he heard the bang. 听到巨响，他跑出了房子。over(1) 在上方、从上方（经过）。如：The aeroplane is flying over the river. 飞机从河上飞过。(2) （紧贴着）在上面。如：He spread a cloth over the table. 他在桌上铺了一块桌布。(3) 在（某问题）上、对于（某事）。如：but there is fierce debate over whether it is human activity that has caused this global warming or whether it is just a natural phenomenon. 到底是人类活动导致了全球变暖还是这仅是一个自然现象，对此问题争论激烈。(4) 经过（一段时间）、过完（一段时间）。如：We know that the levels of carbon dioxide have increased greatly over the last 100 to 150 years. 我们知道二氧化碳水平在过去的100到150年间大量地提高。(5) 超过、比多。如：There are over 250 sports and each one has its own standard. 总共有250多项运动项目，每个项目都有自己的标准。past越过；经过；晚于。如：It was past one oclock when he came in. 他进来的时候已经过了一点钟了。Then he slowly walked past the house. 然后他慢慢地走过这座房子。per每；每一。如：How much money do you make per year? 你每年赚多少钱?plus加，加上。如：Twelve pounds a week plus lunch. 每周十二英镑，外加午餐。regardless of不管，无论。如：Fools pursue pleasure