高分子材料和应用期末翻译题资料.docVIP

Biodegradable Plastics from Renewable Sources可再生生物降解塑料能源ABSTRACT. Plastic waste disposal is a huge ecotechnological problem and one of the approaches to solving this problem is the development of biodegradable plastics. This review summarizes data on their use,biodegradability, commercial reliability and production from renewable resources. 塑料废物处理是一个巨大的经济技术问题，一个解决问题的方法是发展可降解生物塑料。本文综述的数据是从它们的使用，生物可降解性，商业的可靠性和从可再生资源中生产得来的。Some commercially successful biodegradable plastics are based on chemical synthesis (i.e. polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid,polycaprolactone, and polyvinyl alcohol). Others are products of microbial fermentations (i.e. polyesters and neutral polysaccharides) or are prepared from chemically modified natural products (e.g., starch, cellulose,chitin or soy protein).一些商业上的可降解生物塑料是在化学合成法的基础上取得成功的（如聚乙醇酸，聚乳酸，聚己内酯，和聚乙烯醇）。其他的，是通过微生物发酵产生（如聚酯和中性多糖）或通过化学改性天然产品所产生（例如，淀粉，纤维素，甲壳素或大豆蛋白）。1 INTRODUCTIONBiopolymers are polymers that are generated from renewable natural sources, are often biodegradable and nontoxic. They can be produced by biological systems (i.e. microorganisms, plants and animals),or chemically synthesized from biological materials (e.g., sugars, starch, natural fats or oils, etc.). 生物大分子是从可再生的天然资源中产生的聚合物，往往是可生物降解、无毒的。它们可以通过生物系统（例如，微生物，植物和动物），或化学合成的生物材料（例如，糖，淀粉，天然脂肪或油，等）中生产出来。Two strategies are applied in converting these raw materials into biodegradable polymers: extraction of the native polymer from a plant or animal tissue, and a chemical or biotechnological route of monomer polymerization.Biodegradable biopolymers (BDP) are an alternative to petroleum-based polymers (traditional plastics).Some BDP degrade in only a few weeks, while the degradation of others takes several months. In principle the properties relevant for application as well as biodegradability are determined by the molecular structure. 两种策略都适用于这些原料转化成可生物降解的聚合物：从植物或动物组织和化学或生物技术路线的单体聚合的聚合物中提取出来的高分子。可生物降解的生物聚合物（BDP）是可替代以石油为基础的聚合物（传统塑料）的一种聚合物。一些BDP降解仅需几个星期，而别的降解需要几个月的时间。原则上性能相关的应用，以及生物可降解性是由分子结构所决定。According to the American Society for Testing and Materials, biopolymers are degradable polymers in which degradation results from the action of naturally occurring microorganisms such as bacteria,fungi and algae (Shimao 2001). This means that BDP can be produced from natural raw materials such as starch, sugar and cellulose as well as fossil oils. In Europe, EC and DIN (e.g., 54 900) are proposing standards for the evaluation of biodegradability based on the composting technique. 根据美国测试和材料协会，生物聚合物是可降解聚合物是从天然存在的微生物中得到的，如细菌、真菌和藻类（世茂，2001年）。这意味着，可以从天然原料如淀粉，糖，纤维素和矿物油中生产BDP。在欧洲，欧盟和DIN（例如，54 900）所建议的标准是在堆肥技术生物降解性的评价基础上的。In this issue the wide use of BDP plays an important role.First,BDP can prevent or reduce any impact of industrial waste on the environment, thus providing a high level of environmental protection. Second, the use of BDP protects the soil and ensures that the application of biologically treated biowaste enhances soil carbon level. Third, the use of BDP ensures the functioning of the internal market and helps in avoiding obstacles to trade and distortion and restriction of competition within and outside the EU (Anonymous 2000b).BDP在这个问题上的广泛使用起着重要的作用。首先，BDP可以防止或减少工业废水对环境造成任何影响，从而提供了一个高层次的环保。第二，使用的BDP保护土壤，并确保该应用程序的生物处理生物垃圾提高了土壤有机碳水平。第三，使用的BDP确保了内部市场的运作的，并有助于避免对欧盟以外的内贸易的扭曲和限制竞争的障碍（匿名2000B）。3 BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS PRODUCED THROUGH FERMENTATIONBY MICROORGANISMSMany microorganisms overproduce polyesters and neutral polysaccharides if they have access to a carbon source. Both groups of compounds are easy biodegradable and they can be produced from renewable resources. Polyesters, which are more important for the production of BDP, consist of simple carbon chain monomers. About 90 polyesters are identified as intracellular storage compounds performing different properties (Jendrossek et al. 1996).3由微生物通过发酵生产的生物可降解聚合物许多微生物如果它们有机会获得碳源，它们就会过量生产聚酯和中性多糖。这两种基团的化合物是容易生物降解的，并且它们可以从可再生产资源中生产出来。聚酯对于生产BDP是很重要的，包括简单的碳链单体。大约90种聚酯被确定作为细胞内储存化合物形成不同的性质（Jendrossek等人，1996）。4 BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS FROM CHEMICALLY MODIFIED NATURAL PRODUCTSFinding new uses for agricultural commodities is an important area of research. New uses and marketsfor agricultural materials are needed to address the current slump in commodity prices. One applicationarea being investigated is the replacement of petroleum-based materials with natural materials such ascellulose, chitin, agricultural products such as starch, proteins from wheat and soybeans, milk, etc. Thesuccessful replacement of petroleum-based materials will open new value-added markets for agricultural commodities and lessen the dependence of national economy on foreign crude oil and gas. As shown above, many agricultural products can be used as blends with one or more additional materials. The main components of this material are storage and structural polysaccharides. 4从化学修饰的天然产物中得到的生物可降解聚合物为农产品寻找新的用途，是一个重要的研究领域。对于农产品，新的用途和市场是对于解决目前大宗商品价格暴跌的情况所必要的。一个应用区域被调查，此区域是把石油为基础的材料用如纤维素，甲壳素，农业产品如淀粉，小麦和大豆蛋白质，牛奶等的天然材料进行替代。成功替代石油为基础的材料将为农业商品打开新的增值市场，并且减少国民经济对外国原油和天然气的依赖。如上图所示，许多农业产品可以与一个或多个额外材料形成共混物。这种材料的主要组成部分是储存性和结构性多糖。5 PERSPECTIVES AND CONCLUSIONSThe development of biodegradable plastics is best viewed in the context of diminishing of crude oilreserves. In future years, it will be largely driven to derive more carbon for chemical processes from renewable resources and to preserve the ecosystem. As shown above there are three technological approaches to the production of BDP. Industrial chemistry can use the know-how of petrochemistry to produce suitable replacement of conventional plastics. Fermentation industry supported by developments of genetic engineering can yield microbes that more efficiently convert inexpensive raw materials to polyesters and neutral polysaccharides. The construction of new overproducing microbial strains will be facilitated by using genetic methods. These powerful technologies will allow designing industrially feasible cost-effective biological routes to a wide range of chemicals, including monomers and polymers. Now the technical background of food industry permits to develop an environmentally friendly products based on starch and composite materials.On the basis of economic and environmental considerations, the commercialization of BDP continues and shows increasing markets of products that have a relatively short-use lifetime. The number of research papers concerning BDP is an endless belt of knowledge, implicating new projects that end in building up of new manufacturing capacities.5观点和结论可生物降解塑料的发展是在原油储量递减的背景下最好的前景。在未来几年，将在很大程度上带动发展，以获得更多的碳化学过程的可再生资源和保护生态系统。如上图所示，有三种技术方法生产的BDP。可以使用石化专有技术生产出适合工业化学的产品来替代传统的塑料。发酵工业是通过基因工程的发展所支持。发酵可以产生微生物，可以更有效地转换成廉价原料成聚酯和中性多糖。采用遗传方法将促进建设新的高产微生物菌种。这些强大的技术将让设计工业上可行的符合成本效益的生物拓宽到化学品，包括单体和聚合物。现在食品行业的技术背景是在许可淀粉和复合材料的基础上，发展环境友好型的产品。在此基础上的经济和环境因素，商业化的BDP继续并显示，一个相对短的使用寿命的产品的日益增加的市场。大量有关的研究论文显示BDP是一个无穷无尽的知识带，暗示有新的项目，建立新的制造能力。Research on Butyl MethacrylateLauryl Methacrylate Copolymeric Fibers for Oil Absorbency甲基丙烯酸丁酯-甲基丙烯酸十二酯共聚纤维吸油的研究ABSTRACT: By adding hydroethyl methacrylate as potential crosslinker, the butyl methacrylate-lauryl methacrylate copolymeric (CPMA) fibers with oil-absorptive functionwere prepared using heat crosslinking technology after spinning. The effect of monomer feed ratio showed that by controlling the monomer ratio, crosslinker concentration,and crosslinking conditions, the maximum absorbencies of prepared fibers to different oil were 8 g (kerosene)/g (fiber),15 g (toluene)/g (fiber), and 34.75 g (chloroform)/g (fiber).The structures of fibers were characterized by FTIR, DSC,and SEM.摘要：通过增加潜在交联剂羟乙基甲基丙烯酸甲酯，让甲基丙烯酸丁酯十二烷基甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物（CPMA）纤维具有吸油功能，准备在纺丝后使用热交联技术。单体进料比的效果表明，通过控制单体比，交联剂浓度，和交联条件下制备的纤维，不同油的最大吸光度分别为8克（煤油）/克（纤维），15克（甲苯）/克（纤维），34.75克（氯仿）/ G（光纤）。通过FTIR，DSC和SEM对纤维的结构进行了表征。INTRODUCTIONOil-absorptive particles were widely used in the fields of waste oil recovery and wastewater purification.Compared with traditional oil-absorptive materials, ithas a three-dimensional network structure like water superabsorbent polymers. It gained excellent development prospect with the characteristics of good heat and cold resistance, large oil absorption capacity and convenient reclamation technology.14 However, becauseof its shape limit, oil-absorptive particles have many disadvantages, such as smaller specific-areas,lower absorptive rate, and absorptive abilities, compared with fibrous material and this restricted its applications.Fiber has desirable properties, such as large absorptive area, outstanding mechanical anisotropies,etc. And it could be manufactured into various forms of products, such as nonwoven fabrics, so its usingfield was effectively widened. Then, it was important to research and develop oil-absorptive functional fibers no matter in learning or application field. Buthighly oil-absorptive resin now was synthesized with single chemical crosslinking agent such as divinylbenzene,and oil-absorptive resin prepared in this way had perfect crosslinked structure, which made it insoluble in proper organic solvent. So the resin was difficult to be span into fiber.5,6 Although there were a lot of reports about oil-absorptive materials, the oilabsorptive fibers were still not successfully prepared and reported. The purpose of this research was to prepare fibers with oil-absorptive function. Methacrylate was used as monomer and hydroethyl methacrylate as potential crosslinker was put in polymerization system in this study. Resin synthesized by this method still kept a linear structure, which made it soluble in a solvent to prepare solution. After spinning, the fiber was heat-treated at certain conditions to formcrosslinked structure in fiber molecule, which made the fiber have the properties of oil-absorption. And the effect of monomer ratio, concentration of potential crosslinking agent on properties, and structures of CPMA fibers was analyzed. A detailed study of the swelling properties of CPMA fibers was conducted and the structures were characterized through FTIR,DSC, and SEM.简介油吸收颗粒被广泛使用，在废油回收和废水净化。与传统的油吸收材料相比较，它具有类似水的超吸收性聚合物的三维网络结构。因为它具有良好的耐热和耐冷性，大的吸油能力和方便的填海技术的特点，使得它具有良好的发展前景。但是，由于它的形状限制，油吸收颗粒有许多缺点，如更小的特定区域，较低的吸收速率，和吸收能力，与纤维材料相比，这种限制其应用。纤维具有理想的性能，如大的吸收面积，优秀机械各向异性等。并且它可以被制造成各种形式的产品，如非织造织物，所以它有效地扩大了使用领域。然后，吸油功能性纤维的研究和开发无论是在学习或应用领域都很重要。但现在高吸油性树脂的合成具有单一的化学交联剂如二乙烯基苯，和吸油树脂相结合，以这种方式制备的树脂有完美的交联结构，这使得它在适当的有机溶剂中的不溶性。树脂是难以跨越到纤维上的，虽然有很多的报告关于吸油材料，吸油纤维仍然没有成功地制备和报告。本研究的目的是，制备具有吸油功能的纤维。本研究中，在聚合物体系中，甲基丙烯酸作为单体、羟乙基甲基丙烯酸酯作为潜在交联剂。通过该方法合成的树脂仍保持线性的结构，这使得它可溶于溶剂中以制备溶液。纤维纺丝后，进行热处理，在一定条件下形成在纤维分子中的交联结构，这使纤维具有吸油的属性。对单体比率、潜在交联剂的性质和浓度，和CPMA纤维结构的影响进行了分析。对CPMA纤维的溶胀性能进行了详细研究，并通过FTIR，DSC和SEM的结构进行了表征。CONCLUSIONSThe following conclusions could be drawn from this study:1. The butyl methacrylate-lauryl methacrylate copolymeric(CPMA)fibers with oil-absorptive function were prepared using heat crosslinking technology,after spinning by adding hydroethyl methacrylate as potential crosslinker.2. Monomer ratio directly affected the absorbencies of fibers, especially the absorbencies to aliphatic oil. When LMA content was 25%, the kerosene absorbency could get 8.00 g/g.3. HEMA content was a main factor affecting absorptive properties of CPMA fibers, and the HEMA content was not less than 25% in this study;4. The highest absorbency of CPMA fiber to various oil was 15 g (toluene)/g (fiber), 34.75 g (chloroform)/g (fiber), and 8 g (kerosene)/g (fiber), respectively.结论从这项研究可以得出以下结论：1。甲基丙烯酸丁酯-甲基丙烯酸十二酯具有吸油性功能的共聚（CPMA）纤维是使用热交联技术制备的，纺丝后通过添加作为潜在交联剂的羟乙基甲基丙烯酸酯。2。单体比直接影响的纤维的吸收能力，特别是脂肪族油的吸收能力。当LMA含量为25，煤油吸收能力可以得到8.00克/克。3。 HEMA含量影响CPMA纤维的吸收性质是一个主要因素，在本研究中，HEMA含量为不小于25;4。 CPMA纤维的各种油的最高吸光度分别为15克（甲苯）/克（纤维），34.75克（氯仿）/克（纤维），和8克（煤油）/克（纤维）。Surface characteristics and antistatic mechanism of plasma-treated acrylic fibers表面特性和抗静电机制等离子体处理的丙烯酸类纤维AbstractAcrylic fibers are treated by nitrogen glow-discharge plasma to promote surface antistatic properties. The treated surfaces are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), specific surface area analysis (BET) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Plasma treatment is found to increase the surface roughness, to modify the nature and density of surface functionalities, and to drastically improve the wettability and antistatic ability of acrylic fibers.摘要腈纶纤维是通过氮辉光放电等离子体处理，来促进表面的抗静电性能。处理过的表面，其特征是通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM），比表面积分析（BET）和X-射线光电子能谱（XPS）来表征的。发现等离子体处理可增加表面粗糙度，修改表面功能的性质和密度，并大幅度提高丙烯酸纤维的润湿性和抗静电能力。1. IntroductionAcrylic fiber is one of leading synthetic fibers due to its high strength, good elasticity and excellentdyeability. However, the inherent poor absorbency,accompanied by the high build-up of static chargeslimits its further development. These shortcomings might be alleviated by chemical and physical modification of the fibers14. Although chemical modification of the fibers has been somewhat successful in improving hydrophilic and antistatic properties, there are environmental concerns related to the disposal of chemicals after treatment 5. Plasma treatment, as a clean, dry and environmental friendly physical technique, opens up a new possibility in this field. Plasma treatment can usually induce the following processes: dehydrogenation and consequent unsaturated bond formation, trapped stable free radicals formation, generation of polar groups through post-plasma reaction, and generation of increased surface roughness through preferential amorphous structure ablation processes. The generation of increased surface roughness and polar groups resulting from plasma treatment has asignificant influence on the overall surface charges and water absorption. Therefore, it is expected that plasma treatment can be applied to improve the wettability and antistatic ability of acrylic fibers. Although there is an abundant of literature on the surface modification of materials by plasma action612, very little work has dealt with the modification of acrylic fibers by plasma treatment 1315. In this paper, we use nitrogen glow-discharge plasma technique to improve the wettability and antistatic ability of acrylic fibers. We investigate antistatic mechanism of the plasma-treated fibers.1。介绍由于高强度，良好的弹性和优良的可染性，腈纶纤维成为一种领先的合成纤维。但其固有的吸收能力差，伴随着高积聚的静电荷限制了其进一步的发展。这些缺点，可以由化学或物理改性的纤维改善。虽然改性过的纤维已经有些成功改善亲水性和抗静电性能，但有些化学品处理后仍有相关的环境问题。作为一种清洁，干燥，环境友好型物理技术，等离子体处理，在这一领域开辟了新的可能性。等离子处理通常可以引起以下过程：脱氢和由此产生的不饱和键的形成，被困稳定的自由基形成，通过后等离子反应生成极性基团，通过优先的无定形结构的烧蚀过程，生成的表面粗糙度增加。增加表面粗糙度和极性基团的等离子体处理产生的产品具有整体的表面电荷和水的吸收显着的影响。因此，可以预期，等离子处理可以应用于改善丙烯酸纤维的润湿性和抗静电能力。虽然有丰富的文献材料用等离子处理的表面改性，但很少的工作对于用等离子处理来改性腈纶纤维。在本文中，我们使用氮气辉光放电等离子体技术，以改善腈纶纤维的润湿性和抗静电能力。我们研究的是等离子体处理过的纤维的抗静电机制。4. DiscussionSurface wettability is directly related to surface energy, more energetically stable surface results inless wettable surface. It is now established that plasma modification of the fibers results in oxidation and degradation of the fiber surfaces. 表面的润湿性直接关系到表面能，在很少的润湿表面具有更大的稳定性。它现在确立等离子体改性的纤维，使得纤维表面氧化和降解。 The oxidation creates oxidized functionalities, which lead to an increase in surface energy, while the degradation mainly changes surface morphology of the fibers. SEM photographs have shown that plasma treatment causes the increase of surface roughness. 氧化产生氧化的功能，从而导致表面能的增加，而降解主要是改变纤维的表面形态。SEM照片所示，等离子体处理导致表面粗糙度的增加。Eq. (1) indicates that for the surface having lower contact angle than 908, increasing surface roughness probably decrease the contact angle, which will contribute to the improved surface wettability. 方程（1）表明，对于具有较低的接触角大于908的表面，表面粗糙度增加，可能减小接触角，这将有助于改进的表面的润湿性。 Water is a conductor of electricity. Therefore, the improved surface wettability will decrease the accumulation of electrostatic charges. The increase of surface roughness also induces the increase in the specific surface area. The increased specific surface area will lead to a more moisturerich surface, which enhances the conductivity of the fibers. 水是导电体。因此，改进的表面润湿性会降低静电荷的积累。 表面粗糙度的增加，还引起比表面积的增加。比表面积的增加，将导致更 亲水“的表面，这提高了纤维的导电性。Plasma treatment not only causes the increase in surface roughness but also introduces the hydrophilic groups onto the fiber surface. XPS analyses have shown that amide and carboxyl groups have been created on the fiber surface after plasma treatment. 等离子体处理不仅使表面粗糙度增加，也把亲水性基团引入到纤维表面。XPS分析显示，在等离子处理后，纤维表面附着上了酰胺基和羧基基团。 There are two possibilities of generating the polar groups. The first one is that they are generated by reacting with the ambient gas during the processing. The second is that they are generated when the samples are exposed to air after plasma processing, that is, plasma treatment p