任仲传.点之一,高送转除权除息日前.ppt

Deviant Behaviour Amongst Adolescent Youth An analysis using the Theory of Planned Behaviour,Grace Skrzypiec October 2005,The Research Question,Can the Theory of Planned Behaviour advance our understanding of why some juveniles engage in criminal acts while others do not?,The Research Question,Bridges the disciplines of Psychology and Criminology:,The Theory of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen, 1991),with prominent theories of crime,The Theory of Planned Behaviour,Crime Theories,Big Three:,Control Differential Association Strain theories,As well as:,Routine Activity Rational Choice,Multi-theory Comparisons,Agnew (1995) compared leading theories of crime Crime theories can be distinguished along four dimensions: independent variables; dependent variables; conditioning or structuring variables; and motivational processes.,Motivational Processes,the moral evaluation of crime; the rational evaluation of crime; ones level of negative affect; and ones level of “freedom”.,Moral Evaluation of Crime,An individuals evaluation of the crime which involves two separate concepts: moral evaluation of the crime, and moral pressure experienced by the individual,Moral Evaluation of the Crime,favourable and unfavourable “definitions” of crime charged evaluations constitute variables of attitude Therefore moral evaluations moral attitudes.,Moral Pressure,is the pressure exerted by an individuals beliefs to commission or not commission a crime Therefore moral pressure moral norms,The Rational Evaluation of Crime,the likelihood that ones crime will be detected; evoke negative/positive reactions from others; arouse positive/negative feelings within themselves; and bring on other positive/negative effects due to the commission of the crime attitudes self-efficacy (perceived behavioural control) subjective norms,Negative Effect,an emotionally based concept said to be generated by “strain” or negative treatment by others generally involves emotions of frustration and anger Ajzen and Fishbein (2005) suggest that anticipated emotions merely form a subset of behavioural beliefs and so can be measured through the corresponding attitudes,Freedom,derives from control theory the independent variables increase the freedom to engage in crime rather than increasing self-control Self-control measured separately in the study,Summary,The motivational processes identified by Agnew (1995) are those which lead to the development of beliefs about criminal behaviour and which are associated with attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control.,The Theory of Planned Behaviour,Crime Theories and TPB,Self-Control,Higgins and Marcum (2005) found that the Theory of Planned Behaviour mediated the effects of low self-control on intended alcohol consumption. Therefore the role of low self-control with regard to the Theory of Planned Behaviour is hypothesised to influence attitudes and beliefs,Self-Control and TPB,Situational Context Theories,Is perceived behavioural control the major driving force for criminal behaviour? Is it sufficient to consider only perceived behavioural control as a determinant of criminal behaviour?,Self-Control,Is low self-control a determinant of criminal behaviour? Is self-control mediated by the Theory of Planned Behaviour?,Importance of the Research,If this research shows that the Theory of Planned Behaviour is significant in the criminal context, then changes in criminal behaviour may be possible through theoretically driven interventions, which focus on the personal antecedents of behaviour, rather than the management of a multitude of variables as suggested by Weatherburn (2001) in his review of the “causes” of crime.,Methodology,Four Stages: Questionnaire Development Pilot of Survey Survey Administration Statistical Analysis,Analysis of Data,Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) techniques will be used to analyse elements in the model and a conclusion will be reached about the key aspects of the Theory of Planned Behaviour and its relevance in criminology.,Structural Equation Modelling,Confirmatory Technique used most often to test a theory Allows relationships between variables Allows estimations of error,How it works: Relationships in the model are directly translated into equations. This model produces a set of parameters which are used to estimate a population covariance matrix. This matri